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Notes1 International Action Network on Small Arms (IANSA) (2006) ‘Bringing the globalgun crisis under control’, http://www.iansa.org/members/IANSA-media-briefing-lowres.pdf(last checked by the author August 2007).2 Using data from Annex 2 of Muggah R. (2007: forthcoming) ‘A hard pill to swallow:risk factors and impacts of collective violence on population health in Africa’,WHO/AFRO chapter on collective armed violence.3 See SIPRI 2007 Yearbook, chapter 2 and the work of the Human Security Centre:www.humansecuritycentre.org4 From 1990 to 2003. UNDP (2005) Human Development Report, p.154.http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_chapter_5.pdf5 HIIK (2006) ‘Conflict Barometer 2006’, p.3. Heidelberg Institute for InternationalConflict Research at the Department of Political Science, University of Heidelberg.6 Collier, P. (2007) The Bottom Billion: Why the poorest countries are failing and whatcan be done about it, Oxford: Oxford University Press.7 UN Millennium Project (2005) ‘Investing in Development: A practical plan to achievethe MDGs: Overview’, New York.8 See, for example, Batchelor P. and S. Demetriou (2005) ‘Securing Development:UNDP’s support for addressing small arms issues’, UNDP. Also, according to the2005 Human Development Report: ‘Insecurity linked to armed conflict remains one ofthe greatest obstacles to human development. It is both a cause and consequence ofmass poverty.’9 Average of IMR as infant deaths per 1,000 live births: 105.5 for conflict countries,68 for non-conflict countries. Source: World Bank (2007) ‘World DevelopmentIndicators 2007’,web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/DATASTATISTICS/0,,contentMDK:21298138~pagePK:64133150~piPK:64133175~theSitePK:239419,00.html (last checked bythe author in May 2007)10 Average of undernourishment as a percentage of population: 35.5 per cent forconflict countries, 21.8 per cent for non-conflict countries. Source: World Bank(2007b) ‘Health, Nutrition and Population Data’,http://devdata.worldbank.org/hnpstats (last checked by the author May 2007).11 Average life expectancy: 48.31 for conflict countries, 53.19 for non-conflictcountries. Source: World Bank (2007) World Development Indicators 2007, op. cit.12 Average adult literacy: 48 per cent for conflict countries, 68 per cent for nonconflictcountries. Source: World Bank (2007) World Development Indicators 2007,op. cit.13 Average of physicians per 1,000 people: 0.14 for conflict countries, 0.37 for nonconflictcountries. Source: World Bank (2007) World Development Indicators 2007,op. cit.14 This data was not calculated by Oxfam. It applies to sub-Saharan Africa during1970–93. Source: Messer, E., M. J. Cohen, and J. D’Costa (1998) ‘Food from peace:Breaking the links between conflict and hunger’http://www.ifpri.org/2020/briefs/number50.htm (last checked by the author August2007)30Africa’s missing billions, IANSA, Oxfam, and Saferworld, October2007
15 Average of HDI value: 0.408 for conflict countries, 0.540 for non-conflict countries.Source: UNDP (2006).16 Average GDP per capita: $1839 for conflict countries, $2997 for non-conflictcountries. Data is PPP, averaged from 1990-2006. Source: International MonetaryFund, World Economic Outlook Database, April 200717 Small Arms Survey (2004) Small Arms Survey 2004: Rights at risk, p.192. Oxford:Oxford University Press.18 Small Arms Survey (2004) op. cit., p.194 and Collier, The Bottom Billion, op. cit.19 UNDP and Government of Ghana (2006) ‘Illicit small arms in Ghana: A baselineassessment’, p.24.20 Small Arms Survey (2003) Small Arms Survey 2003: Development denied, p.139.Oxford: Oxford University Press.21 Ebo A. (2003) in: ‘Armed violence and poverty in Nigeria, March 2005. Mini casestudy for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative’, p.9, Jeremy Ginifer and OlawaleIsmail Centre for International Cooperation and Security Department of PeaceStudies.22 Pkalya R., Adan M. and Masinde I. (2003) ‘Conflict in Northern Kenya: A focus onthe internally-displaced conflict victims in Northern Kenya’, ITDG. Of 251 peoplekilled, 54 were children, 64 were women, and 133 were men.23 Ebo, A., (2003), p. 9. as found in: Armed violence and poverty in Nigeria, March2005 Mini case study for the Armed Violence and Poverty Initiative Jeremy Giniferand Olawale Ismail Centre for International Cooperation and Security Department ofPeace Studies24 Pkalya, R., Adan M.and Masinde I. (2003). ‘Conflict in Northern Kenya: A focus onthe internally-displaced conflict victims in Northern Kenya’. ITDG25 Dowdney L. (2005) op. cit., p.307.26 Statement By The Minister of Foreign Affairs, Hon. Raphael Tuju, whileaddressing Ministerial Summit On Armed Violence And Development In Geneva,Switzerland, 7 June, 2006http://www.mfa.go.ke/statement%20by%20the%20Minister.htm27 Stewart, F. and FitzGerald V. (2001) War and Underdevelopment, Volume 1,Oxford: Oxford University Press, p.97.28 Using the classification from the Conflict Barometer. HIIK (2006) ‘ConflictBarometer 2006’, op. cit.29 Algeria, Angola, Burundi, CAR, Chad, DRC, Republic of Congo, Côte d’Ivoire,Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Niger, Nigeria,Rwanda, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Sudan, Uganda. Somalia had to beomitted due to lack of data.30 OECD data, from DAC2a dataset. DAC donors to all Africa at constant 2005 $ =$279,303 www.oecd.org/dataoecd/50/17/5037721.htm (last checked by the author20 August 2007).31 HIV and AIDs: $16.3bn/year, from Oxfam International (2007) ‘The World is StillWaiting’, Oxfam Briefing Paper 103.TB: $2.2bn/year and malaria: $3.1bn/year, from DATA (2007) ‘The Data Report2007’, Health, p.6.31Africa’s missing billions, IANSA, Oxfam, and Saferworld, October2007
Page 4 and 5: abuse human rights and ignore the r
Page 6 and 7: conflict is one important factor in
Page 8 and 9: Using the definitions from the Heid
Page 10 and 11: Table 1: Selected country results f
Page 12 and 13: Table 2: Key costs to the national
Page 14 and 15: Direct costs, with a focus on medic
Page 16 and 17: example, tend to be major losers in
Page 18 and 19: Faso increased military investments
Page 20 and 21: combatants and have brought their w
Page 22 and 23: Exactly quantifying African product
Page 24 and 25: principles of customary internation
Page 26 and 27: Diversion from stockpiles: As state
Page 28 and 29: Appendix: Methodology for cost toAf
Page 32 and 33: Education in Africa: $5bn/year, fro
Page 34 and 35: 65http://www.oxfam.org.uk/applicati
Page 36 and 37: 104 Amnesty International, IANSA, a
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