6 issues in 2009! - fleischwirtschaft.com - Allgemeine Fleischer Zeitung
6 issues in 2009! - fleischwirtschaft.com - Allgemeine Fleischer Zeitung
6 issues in 2009! - fleischwirtschaft.com - Allgemeine Fleischer Zeitung
- No tags were found...
You also want an ePaper? Increase the reach of your titles
YUMPU automatically turns print PDFs into web optimized ePapers that Google loves.
U1_FLWI01_Cover.<strong>in</strong>dd 32 22.08.2008 9:49:41 UhrVolume 23D 42804 FMedia-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Journal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>g4/2008Nutritive ValueMeat – an essentialpart of balanced dietRef<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g Raw MaterialsVirtually unlimited<strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ations possibleFermentationDevelopment of newformats and productsMeat QualityInfluence of black boneon meat qualitySlic<strong>in</strong>g and Packag<strong>in</strong>g: Precise adjustment necessary for safe packsResearch & DevelopmentQuality <strong>in</strong>dicatorsof pectorals of partridgesJournal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>g6 <strong>issues</strong> <strong>in</strong> <strong>2009</strong>!Also available asE-paperonwww.<strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.<strong>com</strong>Год издания 1Журнал для мясоперерабатывающих предприятий и научных учреждений381 / 2008ИнтервьюСергей Е. Юшин:Проблемах и перспективахрынка мяса в РоссииВыращиваниеУлучшение качественныепоказатели мясаОбвалка ПтицыЭффективность обвалкиокорочков бройлеровКлиматехникаРавномерныеклиматические условияАнализ РынкаРынок мяса имясопродуктов в РоссииЗадачи перед мясной отраслью РоссииИсследования и РазработкиВлияние высокого давления накачество ферментированных колбасIn Russia – on the way to new markets. Circulation <strong>in</strong> Russia 9,000 copies <strong>in</strong> Cyrillic scriptAsk for our separate folder – contact 069 7595-1852Also available as E-paper on www.<strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.<strong>com</strong>
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Time Schedule and Topics <strong>in</strong> FocusTIssues Clos<strong>in</strong>g Date Topics <strong>in</strong> Focus Fairs and Exhibitions391 February18, <strong>2009</strong>2 April16, <strong>2009</strong>3 June25, <strong>2009</strong>4 August28, <strong>2009</strong>5 October1, <strong>2009</strong>6 December4, <strong>2009</strong>Jan. 21, <strong>2009</strong> Anuga FoodTec Preview Issue /Natural and Synthetic Cas<strong>in</strong>gs,Clos<strong>in</strong>g Cas<strong>in</strong>gs and Wrapp<strong>in</strong>gs /Slaughter<strong>in</strong>g and Dress<strong>in</strong>gMarch 17, <strong>2009</strong> Industrial and Staff Hygiene, Dis<strong>in</strong>fect<strong>in</strong>g /Season<strong>in</strong>gs, Additives and Ingredients(cheese, vegetable etc.)May 26, <strong>2009</strong> Production of Convenience Foods /Production of Meat Products: Smok<strong>in</strong>g,Liquid Smoke, Ripen<strong>in</strong>g Technology,Cook<strong>in</strong>g, Pickl<strong>in</strong>g, Tumbl<strong>in</strong>g /New TechnologiesJuly 31, <strong>2009</strong> South America Country Special /Self-service Packag<strong>in</strong>g / Cutt<strong>in</strong>g TechnologySeptember 3, <strong>2009</strong> Anuga Preview Issue /Worldwide Food Expo Preview Issue /Slaughter<strong>in</strong>g, Rough and F<strong>in</strong>e Dismantl<strong>in</strong>gNovember 6, <strong>2009</strong>Computer Systems, Logistics, Sort<strong>in</strong>gand Transport Technology /Plann<strong>in</strong>g, Build<strong>in</strong>g and Fitt<strong>in</strong>g Out of PlantsIn addition the latest news from <strong>in</strong>ternational meat research anddevelopment <strong>in</strong> every issue.We reserve the right to make any necessary changes.Prodexpo <strong>2009</strong>, Moscow, Russia,February 9 – 13, <strong>2009</strong>Foteg, Istanbul, Turkey, March 5 – 8, <strong>2009</strong>Anuga FoodTec, Cologne, Germany,March 10 – 13, <strong>2009</strong>Technoalimentaria, Barcelona, Spa<strong>in</strong>,March 11 – 15, <strong>2009</strong>Internorga, Hamburg, Germany, March 13 – 18, <strong>2009</strong>IPACK-IMA, Milan, Italy, March 24 – 28, <strong>2009</strong>Ingredients, St. Petersburg, Russia, April 1 – 3, <strong>2009</strong>Hannover Messe <strong>2009</strong>, Hannover, Germany,April 21 – 25, <strong>2009</strong>Eurocarne, Verona, Italy, May 21 – 24, <strong>2009</strong>Meat Industry, Moscow, Russia,May 26 – 28, <strong>2009</strong>Fooma, Tokyo, Japan, June 9 – 12, <strong>2009</strong>Pack Expo, Las Vegas, USA, October 5 – 7, <strong>2009</strong>Anuga, Cologne, Germany, October 10 – 14, <strong>2009</strong>AgroProdMash, Moscow, Russia,October 12 – 16, <strong>2009</strong>FI India, Mumbai, India, October 23 – 24, <strong>2009</strong>Ch<strong>in</strong>a Foodtech, Beij<strong>in</strong>g, Ch<strong>in</strong>a,October 27 – 29, <strong>2009</strong>Worldwide Food Expo, Chicago, USA,October 28 – 31, <strong>2009</strong>38 | 39Fleischwirtschaft International
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Advertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card N0. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>P401 Circulation Pr<strong>in</strong>t run: 9,778 copiesDistributed circulationon an average9,329 copies2 Trim Size 210 mm width, 297 mm height, DIN A4Type Area189 mm width, 265 mm heightNumber of columns: 4 columns, breadth of columns: 45 mm1 column 45 mm2 columns 93 mm3 columns 141 mm4 columns 189 mm3 Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g process and b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g method, pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g materialSheet-fed offset pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g, Adhesive b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g,ColoursIn accordance with the Euroscale,DIN 16539 OffsetColour sequence black, cyan, magenta, yellowScreen rul<strong>in</strong>g 60 screen,Paper quality Cover: 250 g/m 2 , art paper,almost wood-free, glossyContents: 90 g/m 2 , art paper, glossyDot ga<strong>in</strong> values 40 % area: 14 % (tolerance ± 3 %)80 % area: 12 % (tolerance ± 2 %)Pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g materialOur pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pany works with CtP (Computer to Plate).We therefore prefer digital data files on CD-ROM con form<strong>in</strong>gwith the guidel<strong>in</strong>es of Deutscher Fachverlag GmbH.A pre-press proof must be supplied. Bleed advertisements mustbe created with 4 mm trim/bleed difference. In the event of nonobservationof the dfv guidel<strong>in</strong>es guarantees are excluded.4 Dates Frequency of publication: 6 <strong>issues</strong> yearlyPublish<strong>in</strong>g dates see editorial calendarClos<strong>in</strong>g dates see editorial calendar5 Publisher Deutscher Fachverlag GmbHAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Dept. ‘Fleischwirtschaft’House address Ma<strong>in</strong>zer Landstr. 25160326 Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>, GermanyPostal address 60264 Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>, GermanyTelephone +49 (0) 69 7595-1852Telefax +49 (0) 69 7595-1840Internetwww.<strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.<strong>com</strong>e-mailanz-flw@dfv.de6 Paymentconditions 3 % discount on payments on advance calculations ororder confirmation or direct debits received by the dateof the advertisement‘s publication2% discount on payments with<strong>in</strong> 14 days of <strong>in</strong>voice date2% discount on direct debits received with<strong>in</strong> 14 days of<strong>in</strong>voice dateNet payment with<strong>in</strong> 30 days of <strong>in</strong>voice dateBank DetailsFrankfurter SparkasseFrankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>Account no. 34 926Sort-code 500 502 01SWIFT BIC HELADEF1822IBAN DE56 5005 0201 0000 0349 26Agency Commission 15 %CommerzbankFrankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>Account no. 586 555-500Sort-code 500 400 00SWIFT BIC COBA DE FFIBAN DE68 5004 0000 0586 5555 00
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Advertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card No. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>P7 Advertisement sizes and ratesDiscount scale see page 44, po<strong>in</strong>t 11size columns total width x height s<strong>in</strong>gle coloured multicoloured 1x 3x 6x 12xmm mm H H H H H H1/1 page 4 1060 189 x 265 4,092.00 5,925.00 5,332.50 5,036.25 4,740.00 4,443.753/4 page landscape 4 780 189 x 195 3,011.00 4,360.00 - 3,924.00 3,706.00 3,488.003/4 page portrait 3 795 141 x 265 3,069.00 4,444.00 - 3,999.60 3,777.40 3,555.20Juniorpage 3 570 141 x 190 2,200.00 3,186.00 - 2,867.40 2,708.10 2,548.801/2 page landscape 4 520 189 x 130 2,007.00 2,907.00 - 2,616.30 2,470.95 2,325.601/2 page portrait 2 530 93 x 265 2,046.00 2,963.00 - 2,666.70 2,518.55 2,370.401/3 page landscape 4 340 189 x 85 1,312.00 1,901.00 - 1,710.90 1,710.90 1,520.801/3 page ** portrait 353 72 x 297 - 2,122.00 - 1,909.80 1,909.80 -1/4 page landscape 4 260 189 x 65 1,004.00 1,453.00 - 1,380.35 1,307.70 1,162.401/4 page corner 2 260 93 x 130 1,004.00 1,453.00 - 1,380.35 1,307.70 1,162.401/4 page portrait 1 265 45 x 265 1,023.00 1,481.00 - 1,406.95 1,332.90 1,184.801/8 page landscape 4 120 189 x 30 463.00 671.00 - 637.45 603.90 536.801/8 Seite corner 2 130 93 x 65 502.00 727.00 - 690.65 654.30 581.60Special positions 2nd. 3rd and 4th cover 6,128.00 5,515.20 5,208.80 4,902.40 -41Price per one column width/one mm height per mm 3.86 per mm 5.59Island advertisements per one column width/one mm height per mm 7.70 per mm 12.30** Special placement next to <strong>in</strong>dex of contents. Only available multicoloured and bleeded. 40 | 41Fleischwirtschaft International
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>P30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success1/2 page portrait W x HType Area 93 x 265Bleed * 102 x 297s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 2,046.00multicol. F 2,963.00Information Sheet FormatsSupplement toAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card No. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>Cutt<strong>in</strong>g scheduleAd type areaAd with bleed4 mm trim each outer edge <strong>in</strong> addition to size bleed4 mmSizeType AreaSizeBleed1/1 page W x HType Area 189 x 265Bleed * 210 x 297s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 4,092.00multicol. F 5,925.0036 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007MicrobiologyGram-negative bacteria a public health riskber of 1.3x10 5 , 4.1x10 4 , 6.8x10 3 ,and 3.6x10 3 cfu/g, respectively <strong>in</strong>Table 4.Highest proteolytic activitywas observed <strong>in</strong> P. putida underpsychrotrophicconditionswhereas P. acidovorans isolatesshowed no proteolytic activity(Tab. 5). Antibiotic susceptibilityresults of the isolates obta<strong>in</strong>edfrom the raw m<strong>in</strong>ced meat areshown <strong>in</strong> Table 6.DiscussionIn this study, Pseudomonaswas the most dom<strong>in</strong>ant organismfollowed by Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter. SAHAand CHOPADE(2001) reportedsimilar results; 47 (47.96%) outof 98 bacterial stra<strong>in</strong>s were Pseudomonasand 28 (28.57%) wereAc<strong>in</strong>etobacter <strong>in</strong> 12 retail meatsamples. NORTJE et al. (1990) reportedthat Pseudomonas spp.<strong>com</strong>prised 37.2% of 1,265 psychrotrophicmicrobial populationsfrom meat and meat contactsurfaces, and Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter andAlcaligeneswere isolated <strong>in</strong>4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. Infresh meat samples, ERIBO andJAY (1985) found Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter<strong>in</strong> 14.6% (n=20), of which 16were A. lwoffii and 4 were A. calcoaceticusisolates. However, <strong>in</strong> astudy by GENNARI and LOMBAR-DI (1993), A. lwoffii (71.7%) andA. anitratum (24.1%) were reportedas the frequent Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacterspecies <strong>in</strong> food stra<strong>in</strong>s.With this <strong>in</strong>vestigation, P. fluorescens(biotype I, II) has beenisolated as predom<strong>in</strong>ant speciesfrom Pseudomonas isolates.These biotypes of meat associatedPseudomonas fluorescens havebeen dealt with only a few studies(MOLIN and TERNSTROM, 1982).SHAW and LATTY (1984). P. fluorescensbiotypes I and III werereported to exist <strong>in</strong> meat (MOLINand TERNSTROM, 1982). SHAWand LATTY (1984) found P. fluorescensbiotype I <strong>in</strong> 4% and P.fluorescens biotype II <strong>in</strong> 0.9%amongst 787 stra<strong>in</strong>s of Pseudomonasisolated from meat.Microbial growthThe results of this work regard<strong>in</strong>gtotal mesophilic bacteriaand Enterobacteriaceaewerelower than <strong>in</strong> the previous studiesperformed <strong>in</strong> Turkey (ELMALIand YAMAN, 2005; TEKINSEN etal., 1980). In this study, the meancount of Enterobacteriaceae wassimilar to and the total mesophilicbacteria count was lower thanthose of KHALAFALLA and EL-SHERIF, (1993). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to theTurkish Food Codex 2000/5(Anonymous), maximum countof total aerobe mesophilic bacteria<strong>in</strong> fresh m<strong>in</strong>ced meat has to be5x10 6 cfu/g. So, presented resultsshow that the total aerobe mesophilicbacteria counts <strong>in</strong> rawm<strong>in</strong>ced meat are with<strong>in</strong> the acceptablelimits.Psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceaeare widely distributed <strong>in</strong>meat and meat products, their existence<strong>in</strong>dicates the possiblepresence of harmful bacteria(LINDBERG et al., 1998; O’BRIENand MARSHALL, 1996). Some ofthe psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceaemay constitute a publichealth problem if present <strong>in</strong> largenumbers (LINDBERG et al., 1998).Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this study, the meanamount of psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceaewas 3.6x10 3 cfu/g.This result correlates the resultsKHALAFALLAand EL-SHERIF’s,(1993). MOUSA et al., (1993) reportedthat the mean values fortotal mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceaewere 7.2x10 8 cfu/g. and4.3x10 5 cfu/g., respectively.UZUNLU and YILDIRIM (2003) reportedthat Pseudomonas spp.could be isolated by 4.6x10 4 cfu/g<strong>in</strong> ground beef. The presence ofthese bacteria <strong>in</strong>dicates that generalhygiene and especially thehigh level of aerobe mesophiliccount and Pseudomonas countaffect the shelf life of ground beef.Proteolytic activityProteolytic activity is importantfor the development of rawmeat texture and flavour (TOL-DRA, 1998). However, extra-cellularenzymes, especially proteasessecreted by psychrotrophicbacteria mostly Pseudomonasspecies, are well-known causes ofspoilage <strong>in</strong> meat, milk and dairyproducts. Spoilage bacteria suchas Pseudomonas are generallynot harmful, but they will causefood to deteriorate or lose qualityby gett<strong>in</strong>g mouldy, develop<strong>in</strong>g abad odour, or feel<strong>in</strong>g sticky on theoutside (SIRAGUSA et al., 1998).Pseudomonas <strong>in</strong> meat can also allowfor aerobical spoil<strong>in</strong>g at refrigeratortemperatures (GENNA-RI et al., 1989; SAHA and CHO-PADE, 2001). In addition, Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacterplay an important role <strong>in</strong>the spoilage of meat and foodsunder various conditions (FRA-ZIER and WESTHOFF, 1995).In the present study, 48% ofthe P.putida isolates had proteolyticactivity under psychrotrophicconditions. The otherPseudomonas species such asP.fluorescens biotype I and P. fluorescensbiotype II showed proteolyticactivity <strong>in</strong> 40% and 12%of the isolates, respectively. P.acidovoransisolates had no proteolyticeffect (Tab. 5). GRIFFITH(1989) reported that P. fluorescensisolates showed proteolyticactivity. In another study; BRAUNet al. (1999) also reported proteolyticactivity of Pseudomonasfluorescens <strong>in</strong> raw and heatedfood.Antibiotic resistanceAntibiotic use may cause an <strong>in</strong>crease<strong>in</strong> antibiotic resistance notonly <strong>in</strong> pathogenic bacterialstra<strong>in</strong>s but also <strong>in</strong> stra<strong>in</strong>s of endogenousflora of humans and animals.Multiresistant bacterialstra<strong>in</strong>s of animal orig<strong>in</strong> mayspread <strong>in</strong>to human population eitherby direct contact or throughfoods of animal orig<strong>in</strong>. From resistantstra<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the human <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,genes cod<strong>in</strong>g for resistanceto antibiotics can be transferredto bacterial stra<strong>in</strong>s belong<strong>in</strong>gto natural microflora (BO-GAARD and STOBBERINGH, 2000).Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonasis critical especially whenhospital <strong>in</strong>fections are concerned,<strong>in</strong> which contam<strong>in</strong>ation withmeat may play a role. In recentyears, Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter hasemerged as an important noso<strong>com</strong>ialpathogen and it is one of themost resistant bacteria to antibioticsand metals (DESHPANDE etal., 1993; GENNARI and LOMBAR-DI, 1993). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the presentresults, Pseudomonas, Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacterand Alcaligenes specieswere mostly resistant toamoxicill<strong>in</strong>, ampicill<strong>in</strong> and secondgeneration cephalospor<strong>in</strong>swhereas these bacteria were notresistant to ceftriaxone, a thirdgeneration cephalospor<strong>in</strong>. This is<strong>com</strong>parable to the results of GEN-NARI and LOMBARDI, 1993, exceptfor ceftriaxon resistance (Tab. 6).ConclusionRaw m<strong>in</strong>ced meat sampleswere contam<strong>in</strong>ated with foodTab. 5: Proteolytic activities of Pseudomonas isolates from raw m<strong>in</strong>ced meatsamplesSpecies Number of isolation Proteolysis at +4 °Cabs. % abs. %P. fluorescens biotype I 12 40.0 10 40.0P. fluorescens biotype II 3 10.0 3 12.0P. putida 14 46.7 12 48.0P. acidovorans 1 3.3 – –Total 30 25Source: CITAK and KAMANLI Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Only P. acidovorans non-proteolyticTab. 4: Microbial counts (cfu/g) of the analysed microorganisms <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>cedmeat samples (n±=±53; positive samples: 100% each)BacteriaCount cfu/g (log10/ml)M<strong>in</strong> Max MeanTotal aerobe mesophilemicroorganisms (30 °C) 2.8x10 2 (2.45) 5.5x10 6 (6.74) 1.3x10 5 (5.11)Total psychrotrophicmicroorganisms (4 °C) 1.2x10 2 (2.08) 8.5X10 5 (5.93) 4.1x10 4 (4.61)Total Enterobacteriaceae(30 °C) 1.0x10 2 (2.00) 6.8x10 4 (4.83) 6.8x10 3 (3.83)Total psychrotrophicEnterobacteriaceae (4 °C) 2.2x10 (1.34) 3.75x10 4 (4.57) 3.6x10 3 (3.56)Source: CITAK and KAMANLI Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Aerobe mesophile counts with<strong>in</strong> acceptable limits3/4 page portrait W x HType Area 141 x 265Bleed * 150 x 297s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 3,069.00multicol. F 4,444.0030 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success3/4 page landsc. W x HType Area 189 x 195Bleed * 210 x 215s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 3,011.00multicol. F 4,360.00*4 mm trim each outer edge <strong>in</strong> addition to size bleed!Advertisement sizes and rates30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success1/2 page landsc. W x HType Area 189 x 130Bleed * 210 x 150s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 2,007.00multicol. F 2,907.0030 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without successJuniorpageW x HType Area 141 x 190Bleed * 150 x 210s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 2,200.00multicol. F 3,186.0042
PMedia-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Fleischwirtschaft International** Special placementnext to <strong>in</strong>dex of contents.Only available multicolouredand bleeded.*4 mm trim each outer edge <strong>in</strong> addition to size bleed!Information Sheet FormatsSupplement toAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card No. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>Bediener: afrb Produkt: FLWI Ausgabe: 003 / 3 Ressort: Aktuell Name/Pag<strong>in</strong>a: X030 /30 Status: IsTypeset Deadl<strong>in</strong>e: 06-06-2007 12:00FLWI NAME: X030 LETZTE. AEND.: 21Jun2007 17:47:51 BED.:afrb ZEIT: 09:49:31 DATUM:07Sep2007 BINTZ30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success30 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007ServiceT he Institute for Risk AssessmentSciences (IRAS) and theDepartment of Farm AnimalHealth of Utrecht Universityproduced a report on quantitativehistological studies of bov<strong>in</strong>esmall <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e before andafter process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to natural sausagecas<strong>in</strong>gs. In the conclusionsof the report it is stated that tak<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to account: the available scientific data onthe distribution of BSE <strong>in</strong>fectivity<strong>in</strong> the gastro<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>altract of bov<strong>in</strong>es; the fact that the ileum is notsuitable for cas<strong>in</strong>g production; the risk reduction dur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g; the very low level of consumptionof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs;it can be concluded that <strong>com</strong>merciallyprocessed cas<strong>in</strong>gs do notpose a measurable risk, <strong>in</strong> termsof BSE, for consumers.EFSA was asked by the EuropeanCommission to providean op<strong>in</strong>ion on the evaluation ofthe design of the study and, ifneeded, to issue re<strong>com</strong>mendationson the topics that shouldbe addressed <strong>in</strong> future studies onthe subject. Furthermore EFSAwas asked to evaluate the conclusionsof the report and to reassessthe BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g<strong>in</strong>to natural sausage cas<strong>in</strong>gs.On the basis of several previousop<strong>in</strong>ions of the ScientificSteer<strong>in</strong>g Committee (SSC), dat<strong>in</strong>gback to a period between December1997 and April 2005, EF-SA’s Scientific Panel on BiologicalHazards (BIOHAZ) analysedthe design of the study <strong>in</strong>detail and considered the IRASstudy <strong>in</strong>adequate for the purposeof demonstrat<strong>in</strong>g the safetyof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs of cattleorig<strong>in</strong>at<strong>in</strong>g from BSE risk countriesdue to the follow<strong>in</strong>g reasons.BIOHAZ assessmentThe BIOHAZ Panel and itsWork<strong>in</strong>g Group exam<strong>in</strong>ed <strong>in</strong> detailthe IRAS Report receivedand identified concerns <strong>in</strong> thefollow<strong>in</strong>g sections.Materials and Methods The process of selection ofslaughterhouses and animals tobe sampled did not accord withscientific randomisation. The mean age of sampled cattlediffered from the mean age ofanimals slaughtered <strong>in</strong> EUMember States (MS). The proposed passage <strong>in</strong>to asoak<strong>in</strong>g tank could <strong>in</strong>fluence tissuevolume and <strong>com</strong>promise theresults. The cas<strong>in</strong>gs production procedureused for the study is notequivalent to the protocols thatwere utilised <strong>in</strong> some EU MS before2001. It is not clear whether only onemach<strong>in</strong>e or different mach<strong>in</strong>escan be used to mechanicallyprocess the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es <strong>in</strong> order toobta<strong>in</strong> reproducible results. The study does not considerpotential cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationsand does not provide evidencethat all the pre-conditions wouldbe verifiably met under real-life,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions. The process described <strong>in</strong>volvespassage of all the jejuna processedon the day through “strip<strong>in</strong>gf<strong>in</strong>gers/blades” of the same(s<strong>in</strong>gle) mach<strong>in</strong>e. For that reasoncontam<strong>in</strong>ation along the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof the same animal or to <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esof different animals myoccur. With these mechanisms, ifBSE-agent were present <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>eof some animal(s) processedon the day, a risk of theagent be<strong>in</strong>g spread to processed<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es of the same batchcould be assumed. Unfortunately,the study provides no considerationof the cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationrisks and related controlmeasures. The further handl<strong>in</strong>g of theremoved material (ileum) is unknown;no decontam<strong>in</strong>ation proceduresare foreseen. This study was not conductedon <strong>in</strong>fective material; thus any<strong>in</strong>formation on the reduction of<strong>in</strong>fectivity is lack<strong>in</strong>g. The quantification was performedonly <strong>in</strong> a two-dimensionalway, and this could <strong>com</strong>promisethe results of the study.Results The weight reduction of the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es after process<strong>in</strong>g can bedue to water content reductionwhich could lead to a concentrationof the <strong>in</strong>fective agent. The presumed reduction <strong>in</strong>content of lymphoid tissue isquestionable. It is likely that, afterprocess<strong>in</strong>g, some aggregatedand disaggregated lymphoidstructures rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong> cas<strong>in</strong>gs.However, immunohistochemistry(IHC) was not performed toidentify lymphoid cell types. There is variation <strong>in</strong> the percentageof total lymphoid tissuearea between Brazilian and Uruguayancattle. This raises concerns<strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>com</strong>parabilityof materials and reproducibility. There is no reduction <strong>in</strong> thequantity of enteric neural tissue. Given the uncerta<strong>in</strong>ties <strong>in</strong>volved<strong>in</strong> this study, the estimatedamount of residual lymphoidtissue is considered to be morevariable than <strong>in</strong>dicated. TheIRAS study used a methodologypreviously described <strong>in</strong> a studyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs from sheep; <strong>in</strong> <strong>com</strong>parisonwith the data fromsheep, cas<strong>in</strong>gs process<strong>in</strong>g frombov<strong>in</strong>es accord<strong>in</strong>g to IRAS producesmuch more residual lymphoidtissue. The report does not take <strong>in</strong>toaccount the possibility of crosscontam<strong>in</strong>ationand the frequencyof cas<strong>in</strong>gs consumption.Discussion and Conclusions In the report there is no volumetriccalculation to reliablyquantify tissue deformation. In the literature there are notenough data to prove that thereis no <strong>in</strong>fectivity <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e,exclud<strong>in</strong>g ileum, of <strong>in</strong>fected cattle. If prions were present <strong>in</strong>to the<strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es, the proposed process<strong>in</strong>gof the material could allowcross-contam<strong>in</strong>ation. The assumptions drawn fromthe study can partially not beconfirmed by new data or arequestionable because of methodologicalproblems.BIOHAZ Conclusions1. The IRAS report provides evidencethat significant amountsof lymphoid tissue and the entireplexuses of the enteric nervoussystem rema<strong>in</strong> after preparationof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.2. Preparation of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsby the methods described <strong>in</strong> theReport reduces to a limited extentthe amount of gut associatedlymphoid tissue <strong>in</strong> the f<strong>in</strong>alproduct. Because of methodologicalproblems, however, thequantitative results provided <strong>in</strong>the IRAS report cannot be utilisedfor a BSE quantitative riskassessment of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.3. The production methods ofbov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs described <strong>in</strong> theReport and previously employed<strong>in</strong> MS would not preclude contam<strong>in</strong>ationevents should a BSE<strong>in</strong>fected animal be processed.4. The IRAS Report does not <strong>in</strong>cludean <strong>in</strong>fectivity study thatwould be relevant for risk assessmentof bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs.5. The conclusions made <strong>in</strong> theIRAS report go far beyond thevery limited orig<strong>in</strong>al scientificdata provided <strong>in</strong> the report.6. No new data have emergedthat suggest a need for anychange of the previous risk assessmenton bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>e.7. For a re-assessment of the BSErisk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gs there are,at present, <strong>in</strong>sufficient data, requir<strong>in</strong>gappropriately designedmorphometric,experimentalPrPsc and <strong>in</strong>fectivity studies.For a relevant re-assessmentof the BSE risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e cas<strong>in</strong>gsappropriately designed morphometric,experimental PrPsc and<strong>in</strong>fectivity studies would be necessary.Moreover, it would benecessary to study under reallife,<strong>com</strong>mercial conditions thepotential for cross-contam<strong>in</strong>ationof the processed <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es.EFSARe-assessment of BSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>es without success1/3 page landsc. W x HType Area 189 x 85Bleed * 210 x 105s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 1,312.00multicol. F 1,901.001/4 page landsc. W x HType Area 189 x 65Bleed * 210 x 85s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 1,004.00multicol. F 1,453.001/4 page corner W x HType Area 93 x 130Bleed * 102 x 150s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 1,004.00multicol. F 1,453.001/4 page portrait W x HType Area 45 x 265Bleed * 54 x 297s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 1,023.00multicol. F 1,481.001/8 page landsc. W x HType Area 189 x 30Bleed * 210 x 50s<strong>in</strong>gle col. F 463.00multicol. F 671.00ContentsApply<strong>in</strong>g clean room technology for packag<strong>in</strong>gcooked sausages and ham, <strong>in</strong> addition to the microbiologicaladvantage, on expiry of the use-by dateafter 20 days sensory test<strong>in</strong>g does not reveal anydifference by <strong>com</strong>parison with the fresh product.ColumnsEditorial ..................................... 3News ..................................... 6, 7Bus<strong>in</strong>ess News .......................... 7, 8Foreign Markets ........................... 10Industrial News .................. 22, 26, 32Abstracts .......................... 16, 40, 52Service ................................ 30, 40Advertisers, Flag .......................... 40Food lawMart<strong>in</strong> HartigThe new “Hygiene Package” of the EU ...................................................... 11Hygiene strategyJulius GrüterNo difference <strong>com</strong>pared with fresh product ................................................ 17Packag<strong>in</strong>gCarol<strong>in</strong> HeisterkampCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions for the meat <strong>in</strong>dustry ..................................................... 24Slaughter<strong>in</strong>gAhmet Daoudi, Mourat El Allouchi, Susanne Kaufmann and Andreas StolleDromedary Slaughter – Fac<strong>in</strong>g towards Mecca ............................................ 27MicrobiologySumru Citak and Neslihan KamanliGram-negative bacteria a public health risk .................................................... 34Meat process<strong>in</strong>gAsirgeldi Besimov, Mustafa Karakaya, Mustafa T. Yilmaz and Cemalett<strong>in</strong> SariçobanSome emulsify<strong>in</strong>g properties of turkey giblets .................................................. 38Preview! Christ<strong>in</strong>e ContzenPhone +49 (0)69 7595-1852christ<strong>in</strong>e.contzen@dfv.de Natalie Kruse, M.A.Phone +49 (0)69 7595-1854natalie.kruse@dfv.deShowcase yourproducts <strong>in</strong> time!Clos<strong>in</strong>g date August 28, 2007In our next issueFor <strong>in</strong>formation and offers contactfor example …IFFA5 to 10 May 2007the world's lead<strong>in</strong>g trade fairfor the meat <strong>in</strong>dustry<strong>in</strong> Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>, Germany Comprehensive report<strong>in</strong>g fromthe fair on the technical andtechnological <strong>in</strong>novationsPlann<strong>in</strong>g, build<strong>in</strong>gand fitt<strong>in</strong>g out… of food-process<strong>in</strong>gfirms and plants Technological andhygiene standards Report on the plann<strong>in</strong>gand construction of what iscurrently Europe's mostmodern meat plantAnuga (Cologne)Preview IssueWorld Wide Food Expo(Chicago) Preview IssueProduction of MeatProducts: Smok<strong>in</strong>g,Liquid Smoke,Ripen<strong>in</strong>g Technology,Cook<strong>in</strong>g, Pickl<strong>in</strong>g,Tumbl<strong>in</strong>gYour daily newswww.<strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.<strong>com</strong>Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Cover photo: Ernst Sutter AG1/3 page portr. ** W x HType Area –Bleed * 72 x 297s<strong>in</strong>gle col. –multicol. F 2,122.00Advertisement sizes and rates42 | 4343
44Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Advertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card No. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>8 Additional chargesColourColour accord<strong>in</strong>g to European scale 16539Spot colours, per colour F 1,223.00PositionsSpecial positions20 % surcharge9 Classified advertisements (no discount)per mm (1 column, 45 mm width)Situations vacant s<strong>in</strong>gle coloured F 3.30*multicoloured F 4.78*Situations wanted s<strong>in</strong>gle coloured F 2.70*multicoloured F 3.91*Wanted/For Sale s<strong>in</strong>gle coloured F 2.85multicoloured F 4.13Charge for key numberadvertisement Abroad F 20.5010 Special forms of advertis<strong>in</strong>gBanderole / Bookmark / Post-it / Gate fold see <strong>in</strong>formation sheet specialadvert forms page 46Production run/ Offpr<strong>in</strong>tplease ask for <strong>in</strong>formationAdvertorialplease ask for <strong>in</strong>formation11 Discountswith<strong>in</strong> one year best of advertiserFrequency discountVolume discount3 advertisements 5 % 1 page (1000 mm) 10 %6 advertisements 10 % 3 pages (3000 mm) 15 %9 advertisements 15 % 6 pages (6000 mm) 20 %12 advertisements 20 % 12 pages (12000 mm) 25 %No discounts on extra technical costs.P12 Comb<strong>in</strong>ations Advertisements <strong>in</strong> Fleischwirtschaft and FleischwirtschaftInternational will be counted togetherfor discounts13 Bound InsertsInsert 2-page Insert 4-page Insert 6-pageRates H 4,300.– H 8,600.– H 12,900.–Quantity required 10,300 copies (<strong>in</strong>cl. allowance)See <strong>in</strong>formation sheet bound <strong>in</strong>serts page 4514 Loose <strong>in</strong>serts (no discount)loose, maximum format 205 mm x 290 mm, long page closed,sample necessary <strong>in</strong> advance!up to 20 g per thsd. H 230.–up to 25 g per thsd. H 240.–Higher Weight: please ask for Information.Additional postage for send<strong>in</strong>g objects 3 mm height and more.Part <strong>in</strong>sert: please ask for <strong>in</strong>formation(plus one-off costs for selection F 300.–)15 Sticked-on postcardsplease ask for <strong>in</strong>formation16 Shipp<strong>in</strong>g address for positions 13 to 15Societätsdruckerei, Westdeutsche Verlags- und Druckerei GmbHWarenannahme Akzidenz, Kurhessenstraße 4 – 6,64546 Mörfelden-Walldorf, GermanyRemarks on delivery paper„For Fleischwirtschaft International, issue .. /<strong>2009</strong>“* Includ<strong>in</strong>g four-week presentation on <strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.de –the <strong>in</strong>ternet platform of Fleischwirtschaft
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Information SheetBound InsertsSupplement toAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Rate Card No. 23effective Jan. 1, <strong>2009</strong>P4513 Bound InsertsBefore orders are accepted and confirmed a b<strong>in</strong>d<strong>in</strong>g specimen mustbe submitted, if necessary a dummy specimen with details of size andweight. Bound <strong>in</strong>serts may only be used to advertise the sales programmeof one advertiser. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to postal regulations they must bedesigned <strong>in</strong> such a way that they cannot be confused with the editorialsection. The plac<strong>in</strong>g of bound <strong>in</strong>serts is dependant on the technicalpossibilities.Prices two-page four-page six-pageF 4,300.– F 8,600.– F 12,900.–Bound <strong>in</strong>serts are eligible for discounts <strong>in</strong> accordance with the volumediscount: one bound <strong>in</strong>sert counts as 1 page irrespective of the extent.Sizes1 sheet (= 2 pages) untrimmed 217 mm wide x 305 mm high2 sheets (= 4 pages) untrimmed 434 mm wide x 305 mm high3 sheets (= 6 pages) or with fold-out-flap – please enquireQuantity required 10,300 copies (<strong>in</strong>cl. allowance)DeliveryCarriage prepaid toSocietätsdruckerei,Westdeutsche Verlags- und Druckerei GmbHWarenannahme Akzidenz, Kurhessenstraße 4 – 6,64546 Mörfelden-Walldorf, GermanyTechnical dataBound <strong>in</strong>serts are to be supplied untrimmed, multiple-page <strong>in</strong>serts mustbe supplied pre-folded. The front page of the bound <strong>in</strong>sert must be markedas such. Bound <strong>in</strong>serts must be designed and produced <strong>in</strong> such afashion that no extra treatment is required. Extra difficulties and additionalfold<strong>in</strong>g and gumm<strong>in</strong>g work will be <strong>in</strong>voiced seperately.Maximum unit weight of paper 170 g/m 2Cutt<strong>in</strong>g schedule:untrimmed305 mm297 mm trimmed305 mm untrimmed2- and 4-page fold (gutter)6-page217 mmuntrimmed210 mmtrimmedcutt<strong>in</strong>g edge 3 mm each434 mm217 mmuntrimmed210 mmtrimmedfold (gutter)208 mm205 mm4 mm cutt<strong>in</strong>g edge 3 mm each615 mm297 mmtrimmed4 mmfold4 mm4 mm190 mm190 mm4 mm4 mm44 | 45Fleischwirtschaft International
Volume 22BINTZJournal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>gHygiene: Safe meat products appl<strong>in</strong>g clean room technologyFood lawlogyD 42804 FHygiene strategyNo difference <strong>com</strong>paredwith fresh productPackag<strong>in</strong>gCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions forthe meat <strong>in</strong>dustrySlaughter<strong>in</strong>gRitual slaughterof dromedariesResearch & DevelopmentEffect of starter culturedur<strong>in</strong>g Nham fermentationVolume 22Dr. Ralf Lautenschläger reflect<strong>in</strong>g on <strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g role of hygieneropean Union (EU), third countries andthe affected branches of <strong>in</strong>dustry the opportunityof prepar<strong>in</strong>g for the new foodand feed law requirements, was over.Com<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>to force 1 January 2006 themost fundamental, <strong>com</strong>prehensive and farreach<strong>in</strong>gchange <strong>in</strong> the European food andfeed law now takes effect equally for allfeed and food establishments.Due to the motto “from stableto table” the new lawpursues an <strong>in</strong>tegrated approachand transfers full responsibilityto feed and food<strong>com</strong>panies for the healthsafety of the foods and feedsthey produce and br<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>tocirculation. And the regulationis also apply<strong>in</strong>g for allmeat processors and suppliersmerchandis<strong>in</strong>g with theEU Member States. The presentationof Irish beef farmersto EU Commission officials, which isreflect<strong>in</strong>g on the lack of effective controlsand standards <strong>in</strong> the Brazilian beef sector,is one example of possible consequences(p. 10).age” and its effects on food enterprises isgiven. Furthermore, an <strong>in</strong>terest<strong>in</strong>g reporton the implementation of clean roomtechnology <strong>in</strong> a meat process<strong>in</strong>g and packag<strong>in</strong>g<strong>com</strong>pany is presented. This technologymay provide an important prerequisiteto prevent microbiological, chemicaland physical recontam<strong>in</strong>ation and thus toproduce safe packaged meat products forthe retail market and the consumer. Filmsand foils – the second topic focussed <strong>in</strong>this issue – also regard health safety offoods. Only the <strong>com</strong>b<strong>in</strong>ation of hygienicprocess<strong>in</strong>g and application of suitablepackag<strong>in</strong>g materials with special properties<strong>in</strong> terms of flexibility, oxygen barrier attributes,seal, bond and tensile strength asFleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Journal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>gHygiene: Safe meat products appl<strong>in</strong>g clean room technologyFood lawEditorialwell as chemical resistance guaranties forsafe products. Short news about how tocheck all these properties by analys<strong>in</strong>g oxygen,controll<strong>in</strong>g and measur<strong>in</strong>g packagevolume <strong>com</strong>plete this area.gories. Tak<strong>in</strong>g the annual meet<strong>in</strong>g of theINSCA (International Natural SausageCas<strong>in</strong>g Association), the presentationof the CMA (Ch<strong>in</strong>aMeat Association) <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>gthe <strong>in</strong>vitation to the WorldPork Conference <strong>in</strong> Nanj<strong>in</strong>g2007 or the re-assessment ofBSE related risk of bov<strong>in</strong>e <strong>in</strong>test<strong>in</strong>esby the EFSA (EuropeanFood Safety Authority) –they all show the rais<strong>in</strong>g globalshipp<strong>in</strong>g of meat and meatproducts which requires a highstandard <strong>in</strong> food safety andhygiene. Some of the scientificand research reports publishedwith this issue also deal with microbiologicalaspects of fresh meat and meat productsdur<strong>in</strong>g process<strong>in</strong>g.ess<strong>in</strong>g and environmental conditions, respectively.Authors <strong>in</strong>dicated that slaughterhouseconditions <strong>in</strong>fluence pH and temperaturedecl<strong>in</strong>e curves of the carcassesand thus the water hold<strong>in</strong>g capacity ofpork. With respect to the nutritional valueof pheasants it was shown that there is adifference between wild and farm animals.Investigat<strong>in</strong>g the emulsify<strong>in</strong>g properties ofturkey giblets it was concluded that someare suitable to improve the product qualityof cooked wiener type sausages. And f<strong>in</strong>ally,the <strong>in</strong>fluence of additives and <strong>in</strong>gredientson the fermentation process – especiallyon the development of Salmonellaspp. – of Nham, a Thai fermented meat, isdescribed.D 42804 FHygiene strategyNo difference <strong>com</strong>paredwith fresh productPackag<strong>in</strong>gCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions forthe meat <strong>in</strong>dustrySlaughter<strong>in</strong>gRitual slaughterof dromedariesResearch & DevelopmentEffect of starter culturedur<strong>in</strong>g Nham fermentationVolume 22pVolume 22Journal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>gHygiene: Safe meat products appl<strong>in</strong>g clean room technologyFood lawMicrobiologyber of 1.3x10 5 , 4.1x10 4 , 6.8x10 3 ,and 3.6x10 3 cfu/g, respectively <strong>in</strong>Table 4.Highest proteolytic activitywas observed <strong>in</strong> P. putida underpsychrotrophic conditionswhereas P. acidovorans isolatesshowed no proteolytic activity(Tab. 5). Antibiotic susceptibilityresults of the isolates obta<strong>in</strong>edfrom the raw m<strong>in</strong>ced meat areshown <strong>in</strong> Table 6.3 RJournal for meat production and meat process<strong>in</strong>gHygiene: Safe meat products appl<strong>in</strong>g clean room technologyFood lawAerobe mesophile counts with<strong>in</strong> acceptable limitsTab. 4: Microbial counts (cfu/g) of the analysed microorganisms <strong>in</strong> m<strong>in</strong>cedmeat samples (n±=±53; positive samples: 100% each)BacteriaCount cfu/g (log10/ml)M<strong>in</strong> Max MeanTotal aerobe mesophilemicroorganisms (30 °C) 2.8x10 2 (2.45) 5.5x10 6 (6.74) 1.3x10 5 (5.11)Total psychrotrophicmicroorganisms (4 °C) 1.2x10 2 (2.08) 8.5X10 5 (5.93) 4.1x10 4 (4.61)Total Enterobacteriaceae(30 °C) 1.0x10 2 (2.00) 6.8x10 4 (4.83) 6.8x10 3 (3.83)Total psychrotrophicEnterobacteriaceae (4 °C) 2.2x10 (1.34) 3.75x10 4 (4.57) 3.6x10 3 (3.56)D 42804 FHygiene strategyNo difference <strong>com</strong>paredwith fresh productPackag<strong>in</strong>gCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions forthe meat <strong>in</strong>dustrySlaughter<strong>in</strong>gRitual slaughterof dromedariesResearch & DevelopmentEffect of starter culturedur<strong>in</strong>g Nham fermentationSource: CITAK and KAMANLI Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Discussionet al. (1999) also reported proteolyticactivity of Pseudomonas5 In this study, Pseudomonas performed <strong>in</strong> Turkey (ELMALI 4.3x10 cfu/g., respectively.was the most dom<strong>in</strong>ant organism and YAMAN, 2005; TEKINSEN et UZUNLU and YILDIRIM (2003) reportedthat Pseudomonas spp. food.fluorescens <strong>in</strong> raw and heatedfollowed by Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter. SAHA al., 1980). In this study, the meanand CHOPADE (2001) reported count of Enterobacteriaceae was could be isolated by 4.6x104 cfu/gsimilar results; 47 (47.96%) out similar to and the total mesophilicbacteria count was lower than these bacteria <strong>in</strong>dicates that gen-Antibiotic use may cause an <strong>in</strong>-<strong>in</strong> ground beef. The presence of Antibiotic resistanceof 98 bacterial stra<strong>in</strong>s were Pseudomonasand 28 (28.57%) were those of KHALAFALLA and EL- eral hygiene and especially the crease <strong>in</strong> antibiotic resistance notAc<strong>in</strong>etobacter <strong>in</strong> 12 retail meat SHERIF, (1993). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the high level of aerobe mesophilic only <strong>in</strong> pathogenic bacterialsamples. NORTJE et al. (1990) reportedthat Pseudomonas spp. (Anonymous), maximum count affect the shelf life of ground beef. genous flora of humans and ani-Turkish Food Codex 2000/5 count and Pseudomonas count stra<strong>in</strong>s but also <strong>in</strong> stra<strong>in</strong>s of endo-<strong>com</strong>prised 37.2% of 1,265 psychrotrophicmicrobial popularia<strong>in</strong> fresh m<strong>in</strong>ced meat has to be Proteolytic activitystra<strong>in</strong>s of animal orig<strong>in</strong> mayof total aerobe mesophilic bactemals.Multiresistant bacterialtions from meat and meat contact 5x10 6 cfu/g. So, presented results Proteolytic activity is importantfor the development of raw ther by direct contact or throughspread <strong>in</strong>to human population ei-surfaces, and Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter and show that the total aerobe mesophilicbacteria counts <strong>in</strong> raw meat texture and flavour (TOL- foods of animal orig<strong>in</strong>. From re-Alcaligenes were isolated <strong>in</strong>4.5% and 2.5%, respectively. In m<strong>in</strong>ced meat are with<strong>in</strong> the acceptablelimits.lular enzymes, especially protest<strong>in</strong>e,genes cod<strong>in</strong>g for resist-DRA, 1998). However, extra-celsistantstra<strong>in</strong>s <strong>in</strong> the human <strong>in</strong>-fresh meat samples, ERIBO andJAY (1985) found Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter Psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceaeare widely distributed <strong>in</strong> bacteria mostly Pseudomonas ferred to bacterial stra<strong>in</strong>s belongteasessecreted by psychrotrophic ance to antibiotics can be trans-<strong>in</strong> 14.6% (n=20), of which 16were A. lwoffii and 4 were A. calcoaceticusisolates. However, <strong>in</strong> a istence <strong>in</strong>dicates the possible spoilage <strong>in</strong> meat, milk and dairy GAARD and STOBBERINGH, 2000).meat and meat products, their ex-species, are well-known causes of <strong>in</strong>g to natural microflora (BOstudyby GENNARI and LOMBAR- presence of harmful bacteria products. Spoilage bacteria such Antibiotic resistance of Pseudomonasis critical especially whenDI (1993), A. lwoffii (71.7%) and (LINDBERG et al., 1998; O’BRIEN as Pseudomonas are generallyA. anitratum (24.1%) were reportedas the frequent Ac<strong>in</strong>eto-the psychrotrophic Enterobacte-food to deteriorate or lose quality <strong>in</strong> which contam<strong>in</strong>ation withand MARSHALL, 1996). Some of not harmful, but they will cause hospital <strong>in</strong>fections are concerned,bacter species <strong>in</strong> food stra<strong>in</strong>s. riaceae may constitute a public by gett<strong>in</strong>g mouldy, develop<strong>in</strong>g a meat may play a role. In recentWith this <strong>in</strong>vestigation, P. fluorescens(biotype I, II) has been numbers (LINDBERG et al., 1998). outside (SIRAGUSA et al., 1998). emerged as an important nosoco-health problem if present <strong>in</strong> large bad odour, or feel<strong>in</strong>g sticky on the years, Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacter hasisolated as predom<strong>in</strong>ant species Accord<strong>in</strong>g to this study, the mean Pseudomonas <strong>in</strong> meat can also allowfor aerobical spoil<strong>in</strong>g at re-most resistant bacteria to antimialpathogen and it is one of thefrom Pseudomonas isolates. amount of psychrotrophic Enterobacteriaceaewas 3.6x10 3 cfu/g. frigerator temperatures (GENNA- biotics and metals (DESHPANDE etThese biotypes of meat associatedPseudomonas fluorescens have This result correlates the results RI et al., 1989; SAHA and CHO- al., 1993; GENNARI and LOMBARbeendealt with only a few studies KHALAFALLA and EL-SHERIF’s, PADE, 2001). In addition, Ac<strong>in</strong>etobacterplay an important role <strong>in</strong> sent results, Pseudomonas, Aci-DI, 1993). Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the pre-(MOLIN and TERNSTROM, 1982). (1993). MOUSA et al., (1993) reportedthat the mean values for the spoilage of meat and foods netobacter and Alcaligenes spe-SHAW and LATTY (1984). P. fluorescensbiotypes I and III were total mesophilic and Enterobacteriaceaewere 7.2x10 8 cfu/g. and ZIER and WESTHOFF, 1995). amoxicill<strong>in</strong>, ampicill<strong>in</strong> and sec-under various conditions (FRA- cies were mostly resistant toreported to exist <strong>in</strong> meat (MOLINand TERNSTROM, 1982). SHAWond generation cephalospor<strong>in</strong>sand LATTY (1984) found P. fluorescensbiotype I <strong>in</strong> 4% and P. Tab. 5: Proteolytic activities of Pseudomonas isolates from raw m<strong>in</strong>ced meat resistant to ceftriaxone, a thirdOnly P. acidovorans non-proteolyticwhereas these bacteria were notfluorescens biotype II <strong>in</strong> 0.9% samplesgeneration cephalospor<strong>in</strong>. This isamongst 787 stra<strong>in</strong>s of Pseudomonasisolated from meat.abs. % abs. % NARI and LOMBARDI, 1993, exceptSpecies Number of isolation Proteolysis at +4 °C <strong>com</strong>parable to the results of GEN-P. fluorescens biotype I 12 40.0 10 40.0 for ceftriaxon resistance (Tab. 6).Microbial growthP. fluorescens biotype II 3 10.0 3 12.0The results of this work re-P. putida 14 46.7 12 48.0 ConclusionP. acidovorans 1 3.3 – –Hygiene strategyPackag<strong>in</strong>gSlaughter<strong>in</strong>gResearch & DevelopmentD 42804 FGram-negative bacteria a public health riskIn the present study, 48% ofthe P.putida isolates had proteolyticactivity under psychrotrophicconditions. The otherPseudomonas species such asP.fluorescens biotype I and P. fluorescensbiotype II showed proteolyticactivity <strong>in</strong> 40% and 12%of the isolates, respectively. P.acidovoransisolates had no proteolyticeffect (Tab. 5). GRIFFITH(1989) reported that P. fluorescensisolates showed proteolyticactivity. In another study; BRAUNgard<strong>in</strong>g total mesophilic bacteriaand Enterobacteriaceae were Total 30 25Raw m<strong>in</strong>ced meat sampleslower than <strong>in</strong> the previous studies Source: CITAK and KAMANLI Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007 were contam<strong>in</strong>ated with food36 Fleischwirtschaft International 3/2007Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>1 Gate fold1. Maxi-VersionGate fold, front and back,<strong>in</strong>side and outside+ cover page 418,000.- €2. M<strong>in</strong>i-VersionGate fold, front,<strong>in</strong>side and outside6,200.- €Information SheetSpecial Advert Forms1.FLWI Ausgabe: 03 / 3et Deadl<strong>in</strong>e: 05-07-2 07 12: 0NAME: X 01 LETZTE. AEND.: 30Aug2 07 13p 07 BINTZVolume 22Volume 22Journal for meat productionNew “Hygiene Package”of the European Unionusgabe: 03 / 3 Re sort: Aktune: 05-07-2 07 12: 0X 01 LETZTE. AEND.: 30Aug2 07 13:07:56 BED.:a07:56 BED.:afrb ZEI3/2007D 42804 F2.FLWI Ausgabe: 03 / 3et Deadl<strong>in</strong>e: 05-07-2 07 12: 0NAME: X 01 LETZTE. AEND.: 30Aug2 07 13p2 07 BINTZVolume 22Journal for meat productionNew “Hygiene Package”of the European Union3/20074 Fold-<strong>in</strong>-flapGate fold with fold-<strong>in</strong> flap –also available perforatede.g. for reply cards12,800.- €5 Banderolerodukt: FLWI Ausgabe: 03 /peset Deadl<strong>in</strong>e: 05-07-2 07 12: 0NAME: X 01 LETZTE. AEND.: 30Aug2 077 BINTZVolume 22Journal for meat product07 13:07:56 BED.:afrb ZEction and meat process<strong>in</strong>gNew “Hygiene Package”of the European Union3 007D 42804 F3/2007No difference <strong>com</strong>paredwith fresh productCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions forthe meat <strong>in</strong>dustryRitual slaughterof dromedariesEffect of starter culturedur<strong>in</strong>g Nham fermentationP2 FrenchcoverThe front cover can beunfolded to the left andright from the middle18,000.- €F od lawJournal for meat production and meat pHygiene: Safe meat products a pl<strong>in</strong>g clean r om technologyNew “Hygiene Package”of the European Unionand meat process<strong>in</strong>g”3/2007Hygiene strategyNo di ference <strong>com</strong>paredwith fresh productPackag<strong>in</strong>gCod<strong>in</strong>g solutions forthe meat <strong>in</strong>dustrySlaughter<strong>in</strong>gRitual slaughterof dromedariesResearch & DevelopmentE fect of starter culturedur<strong>in</strong>g Nham fermentationPr<strong>in</strong>table on both sides5,850.- €6 Post-ItPlacement from page 5New “Hygiene Package”of the European Union3/20073 Gate-coverThe advertisement pagesare gatefolded once ortwice from <strong>in</strong>sidefront cover18,000.- €Health safety of foodsrequires <strong>in</strong>tegrated approacht the end of June 2007 the 18-monthA transitional period, which was <strong>in</strong>tendedto give the Member States of the Eu-<strong>in</strong>ked and correspond<strong>in</strong>g to this issue’sL focus topic on hygiene a detailed descriptionof the new EU “Hygiene pack-n a way many articles and news <strong>in</strong>IFLEISCHWIRTSCHAFT International reflectthe necessity of th<strong>in</strong>k<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> hygienic cate-ther papers highlight technological asOwell as nutritional properties of differentk<strong>in</strong>ds of meat <strong>in</strong> dependence on proc-2,770.- €7 Bookmark + 1/1 AdvertisementBookmark pr<strong>in</strong>table on one sideplacement on a 1/1 advertisementpage multicoloured2,000.- € (technical cost)+ rate for 1/1 page,multicoloured 5,660.- €46Please ask for our <strong>com</strong>plete rate card „Special Advert Forms“. Contact +49 (0) 69 7595-1852
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Title Portrait1471 Brief CharacteristicsDistributed world-wide <strong>in</strong> English. It presents authoritativespecialist <strong>in</strong>formation for abattoirs and cutt<strong>in</strong>g bus<strong>in</strong>ess, themeat products <strong>in</strong>dustry as well as large butchers and suppliers.‘Fleischwirtschaft International’ is aimed at the <strong>com</strong>mercial andtechnical management at wich <strong>in</strong>vestment decisions are made.Designed to cover the demands of the bus<strong>in</strong>ess from a practicalangle, <strong>in</strong>ternationally renowned authors discuss the current topics<strong>in</strong> the branch. These <strong>in</strong>clude the technology and techniques used<strong>in</strong> meat process<strong>in</strong>g and meat product manufactur<strong>in</strong>g, also qualityassurance, bus<strong>in</strong>ess management, market research and sales.2 Frequencyof publication6 <strong>issues</strong> yearly3 Volume/year Volume 24 /<strong>2009</strong>4 Web-Adress (URL) www.<strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.<strong>com</strong>5 Membership Media-Datenbank of Deutsche Fachpresse6 Organ –7 Publisher –8 Publish<strong>in</strong>g <strong>com</strong>pany Deutscher Fachverlag GmbHHome address Ma<strong>in</strong>zer Landstraße 251,60326 Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>, GermanyPostal address 60264 Frankfurt am Ma<strong>in</strong>, GermanyTelephone +49 (0) 69 7595- 01Fax +49 (0) 69 7595- 1850Internetwww.dfv.dee-mail<strong>in</strong>fo@dfv.de9 Editorial Board Overall editorial responsibility:Dipl. oec. troph. Renate Kühlcke,Editor-<strong>in</strong>-chief: Gerd Abeln, M. A.,Editorial staff: Yvonne Buch,Dr. Ralf Lautenschläger, Annika MüllerE-Mail red-flw@dfv.de10 Advertisement Manager: Claudia Besand-GrothAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Sales Manager: Christ<strong>in</strong>e Contzen11 Distribution Gisela Re<strong>in</strong>hardt12 Subscription Annual subscription (Germany) H 100.00prices (<strong>in</strong>cl. postage and VAT) (EU) H 107.00(World) H 102.00S<strong>in</strong>gle <strong>issues</strong> (Germany) H 15.00(excl. postage and VAT)13 ISSN-Nr. 0179-241514 Analysis of extent 2007 = 5 <strong>issues</strong>Magaz<strong>in</strong> size210 mm width x 297 mm heightTotal extent 384 pages = 100.0 %Editorial part 265 pages = 69.0 %Advertisement part 119 pages = 31.0 %of whichClassified ads = 0.3%Bound <strong>in</strong>serts 24 pages = 20.2 %Advertisements frompublishers and pr<strong>in</strong>ters 11 pages = 9.2 %Inserts 10<strong>in</strong>cl. partial <strong>in</strong>serts –15 Analysis of editorial extent not surveyed46 | 47Fleischwirtschaft International
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Analysis of Circulation and Distribution216 Circulation audited by17 Analysis ofcirculation:Pr<strong>in</strong>t run: 9,778copies per issue on anannual average(July 1, 2007 to June 30, 2008)Effectivecirculation: 9,329 of which of other countries: 8,95118 Analysis of geographical distribution:Economic regionShare of effective circulation% copiesGermany 4.1 378Other countries 95.9 8,951Effective circulation 100.0 9,329Net Sales: 210 of which of other countries: 179– Copies to subscribers: 210 of which to members: –– Individual sales: –– Other sales: –Free copies: 9,119North America2,674Europe4,227Asia719Rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g, archive,voucher copies: 449South & CentralAmerica1,296Africa264Australia/New Zealand14948Source: distribution file, August 2008
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>Structural Analysis of Receivers3-EStructural analysis by distribution% copiesMeat products <strong>in</strong>dustry 75.9 7,078Slaughterhouses 15.4 1,436Other: guilds, associations 3.7 349Wholesalers (e.g. with technical suppliesand mach<strong>in</strong>es for the meat <strong>in</strong>dustry) 1.7 155Institutes/Universities/Research/veter<strong>in</strong>arians 2.0 189Poultry process<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>dustry 0.7 68Government trade centers 0.6 54Structural analysis by cont<strong>in</strong>ents% copiesEurope 45.3 4,227North America 28.7 2,674South America 13.9 1,296Asia 7.7 791Africa 2.8 264Australia/New Zealand 1.6 149Structural analysis by most important countries% copiesUSA 28.1 2,618Italy 12.3 1,145Spa<strong>in</strong> 8.4 784France 8.2 765Russia 6.3 591United K<strong>in</strong>gdom 4.1 379Brasil 3.7 343Argent<strong>in</strong>a 3.5 330Poland 2.8 258Mexico 2.2 206AUS / NZ 2.0 187India 1.9 177Canada 1.6 149South Korea 1.4 128Ch<strong>in</strong>a 1.4 126Ukra<strong>in</strong>e 1.3 120Japan 1.2 11349Quarterly 9,329 copies, audited by IVW 2008Source: distribution file, August 200848 | 49Fleischwirtschaft International
Media-Kit <strong>2009</strong>General Terms & Conditions551. “Adver tis <strong>in</strong>g order”, <strong>in</strong> the sense of the fol low <strong>in</strong>g Gen er al Terms and Con di tions,refers to the agree ment to pub lish one or more than one adver tise ment of an advertiser or other space buyer <strong>in</strong> a pr<strong>in</strong>t ed pub li ca tion for pur pos es of cir cu la tion.2. In the event of doubt, adver tise ments are to be req ui si tioned for pub li ca tionwith <strong>in</strong> one year after the con clu sion of the con tract. Accord<strong>in</strong>g to the contrat theadvertiser has the right to requisition advertisements with<strong>in</strong> the time period of thecontract, beyond the number of advertisements orig<strong>in</strong>ally agreed upon.3. The pric es of the adver tise ments are con se quent on the Publisher’s Adver tis <strong>in</strong>gRate Card <strong>in</strong> effect at the time the con tract is con clud ed. If the adver tise ment rateshould change after the con clu sion of the con tract, the Pub lish er is enti tled tocharge the price <strong>in</strong> effect accord <strong>in</strong>g to the price list valid at the time of pub li ca tion;this does not apply to busi ness trans ac tions with non-trad ers, <strong>in</strong>so far as no morethan 4 months have elapsed between the con clu sion of the con tract and the timeof pub li ca tion.Adver tis <strong>in</strong>g agen cies and adver tis <strong>in</strong>g agents are pro hib it ed from pass <strong>in</strong>g on theagent’s fees grant ed by the Pub lish er whol ly or <strong>in</strong> part to their cli ents.4. If order should not be car ried out ow<strong>in</strong>g to cir cum stanc es for which the Pub lish eris not respon sible, then the Adver tis er must reim burse the Pub lish er for the dif ferencebetween the dis count grant ed and that cor re spond <strong>in</strong>g to the actu al sales,regard less of any fur ther legal obli ga tions. If the non-fulfilment of the contract iscaused by force majeure with<strong>in</strong> the limitations of the Publisher´s risk, then the clienthas no claim for reimbursement.5. In the cal cu la tion of quan tities ordered, mil li me tres of text l<strong>in</strong>es shall be con vert ed<strong>in</strong>to mil li me tres of adver tise ment cor re spond <strong>in</strong>g to the price.6. Orders for adver tise ments and adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ments which are placed with thedeclared <strong>in</strong>ten tion of be<strong>in</strong>g pub lished only <strong>in</strong> spe cif ic <strong>issues</strong>, <strong>in</strong> spe cif ic edi tions or <strong>in</strong>spe cif ic plac es <strong>in</strong> the pub li ca tion, must be sub mit ted to the Pub lish er early enoughthat the Adver tis er can be <strong>in</strong>formed before the clos <strong>in</strong>g date if the order can not beexe cut ed <strong>in</strong> this man ner. Rubri cat ed adver tise ments shall be pr<strong>in</strong>t ed <strong>in</strong> the respec tivecol umn, and do not require an express agree ment to this effect.7. Text adver tise ments are adver tise ments hav <strong>in</strong>g at least two sides bor der <strong>in</strong>g ontext and not on other adver tise ments.The Pub lish er is enti tled to mark with the word “Adver tise ment” those adver tisementswhose edi to ri al design is such that they are not read i ly rec og niz able asadver tise ments.8. The Pub lish er reserves the right to refuse adver tis <strong>in</strong>g orders – <strong>in</strong>clud <strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>di vid u alreq ui si tions under the terms of a trans ac tion – and adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ment orderson the basis of their tech ni cal form or their ori g<strong>in</strong>, <strong>in</strong> accor dance with uni form,objec tive ly jus ti fied pr<strong>in</strong> ci ples; the same applies if the con tents vio late laws or offi cialreg u la tions, or if the pub li ca tion is unac cept able to the Pub lish er. This also applies toorders placed with agen cies, receiv <strong>in</strong>g offic es or rep re sen ta tives.Adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ment orders are not b<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong>g for the Pub lish er until a sam ple ofthe adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ment has been sub mit ted and approved. Adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup plementswhich <strong>in</strong> form or appear ance give the read er the impres sion that they are an<strong>in</strong>te gral part of the news pa per or mag a z<strong>in</strong>e, or which con ta<strong>in</strong> out side adver tis <strong>in</strong>g,shall not be accept ed.The Adver tis er will be <strong>in</strong>formed imme di ate ly if an order is refused.9. The Adver tis er is respon sible for the punc tu al deliv ery of the adver tis <strong>in</strong>g copy andreli able pr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>g data or the adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ments. The Pub lish er will immediatelyapply for new pr<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g data if the orig<strong>in</strong>als are seen to be unsuitable or damaged.10. If the advertisement is pr<strong>in</strong>ted <strong>in</strong> such a way that it is unreadable, either whollyor <strong>in</strong> part, or if it is <strong>in</strong>correct, or <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong>plete the client has the right to claim for eithera reduction of the fee or a newly placed advertisement, but only to the extent thatthe purpose of the advertisement has been <strong>com</strong>promised. If the Pub lish er shouldexceed a rea son able peri od of time set for the pub li ca tion of the sub sti tute advertisement or if it should once aga<strong>in</strong> be <strong>in</strong>cor rect, then the Adver tis er has the right toa price reduc tion or a can cel la tion of the order.Indem nity claims from pos i tive breach of obli ga tion, neg li gence <strong>in</strong> con tract <strong>in</strong>g andtort are exclud ed – espe cial ly <strong>in</strong> the case of orders placed by tele phone; <strong>in</strong>dem nityclaims from impos sibil ity of per for mance and default are restrict ed to the replacementof the fore see able loss and, <strong>in</strong> the amount, to the remu ner a tion to be paidfor the adver tise ment or adver tis <strong>in</strong>g sup ple ment <strong>in</strong> ques tion. This does not apply topre med i ta tion and gross neg li gence on the part of the Pub lish er, its legal rep re sen tativesand its vicar i ous agents. A liabil ity of the Pub lish er for dam ag es ow<strong>in</strong>g to thelack of war rant ed qual ities rema<strong>in</strong>s unaf fect ed.Fur ther more, the Pub lish er is not liable for gross neg li gence of vicar i ous agents <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong> mer cial busi ness trans ac tions; <strong>in</strong> the rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>g cases, the liabil ity towards merchantsfor gross neg li gence is restrict ed <strong>in</strong> its extent to the fore see able dam age upto the amount of the remu ner a tion for the adver tise ment <strong>in</strong> ques tion.Com pla<strong>in</strong>ts must be put for ward with <strong>in</strong> 4 weeks of receiv <strong>in</strong>g the <strong>in</strong>voice and receipt– unless the defects are not obvi ous.11. Proofs shall be deliv ered only when express ly request ed. The Adver tis er shallbear the respon sibil ity for the cor rect ness of the returned proofs. The Pub lish er shalltake <strong>in</strong>to account all error cor rec tions of which it shall be <strong>in</strong>formed with <strong>in</strong> the peri odset at the time of for ward <strong>in</strong>g the proofs.12. If no spe cif ic size is stip u lat ed, the actu al pr<strong>in</strong>t size cus to mary for the type ofadver tise ment will be used as a basis for <strong>in</strong>voic <strong>in</strong>g.13. In the event that the Adver tis er does not make an advance pay ment, the <strong>in</strong>voicewill be sent imme di ate ly, if pos sible, how ev er, 14 days after the pub li ca tion of theadver tise ment.The <strong>in</strong>voice is to be paid with <strong>in</strong> the peri od evi dent from the price list, beg<strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>g fromthe time of receipt of the <strong>in</strong>voice, unless, <strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>di vid u al cases, another meth od of paymenthas been agreed upon or an advance pay ment has been made. Any dis countsfor advance pay ment shall be grant ed <strong>in</strong> accor dance with the price list.14. Interest and collection expenses will be charged if there is a delay <strong>in</strong> payment ora respite. In the event of default, the Pub lish er may post pone the fur ther exe cu tionof the cur rent order until pay ment and request advance pay ment for the rema<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>gadver tise ments.If there is rea son able doubt regard <strong>in</strong>g the Advertiser’s abil ity to pay, the Pub lish er isenti tled, even dur <strong>in</strong>g the term of the trans ac tion, to make the pub li ca tion of fur theradver tise ments depen dent upon advance pay ment of the amount charged and set tlementof unpaid bills, regard less of pre vi ous ly agreed terms of pay ment.15. Upon request, the Pub lish er shall deliv er a spec i men of the adver tise ment withthe <strong>in</strong>voice. Depend <strong>in</strong>g on the type and size of the adver tise ment, the spec i mensshall be deliv ered as clip p<strong>in</strong>gs, entire pages or entire <strong>issues</strong>. If a spec i men can nolong er be pro cured, a legal ly b<strong>in</strong>d <strong>in</strong>g cer tifi ca tion from the Pub lish er regard <strong>in</strong>g thepub li ca tion and dis tri bu tion of the adver tise ment shall serve as a sub sti tute.16. The Adver tis er shall bear the costs for the pro duc tion of ordered pr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>g dataand draw <strong>in</strong>gs, and for con sid er able chang es <strong>in</strong> pre vi ous ly deter m<strong>in</strong>ed ver sions,which the Adver tis er may request or be respon sible for.17. In the case of a trans ac tion <strong>in</strong>volv <strong>in</strong>g sev er al adver tise ments, a claim to a reduction<strong>in</strong> price may result from a reduc tion <strong>in</strong> the cir cu la tion if the total aver age cir culation <strong>in</strong> the <strong>in</strong>ser tion year beg<strong>in</strong> n<strong>in</strong>g with the first adver tise ment is less than theaver age amount stat ed <strong>in</strong> the price list or oth er wise, or – if no cir cu la tion amountis stat ed – is less than the aver age cir cu la tion of <strong>issues</strong> sold (for trade jour nals,this can also be the aver age num ber actu al ly dis trib ut ed) <strong>in</strong> the pre vi ous cal en daryear. A reduc tion <strong>in</strong> cir cu la tion shall grant the right to a price reduc tion only if itamounts to20 % for a cir cu la tion of up to 50,00015 % for a cir cu la tion of up to 100,00010 % for a cir cu la tion of up to 500,0005 % for a cir cu la tion of more than 500,000Claims to price reduc tions are exclud ed, how ev er, if the Pub lish er has <strong>in</strong>formed theAdver tis er <strong>in</strong> due time of the drop <strong>in</strong> cir cu la tion and has offered the Adver tis er thechoice of with draw <strong>in</strong>g from the con tract.18. In the case of keyed adver tise ments, the Pub lish er shall take as much care <strong>in</strong>han dl<strong>in</strong>g and punc tu al ly pass <strong>in</strong>g on the replies as would a respon sible busi ness man.Reg is tered and express let ters will only be for ward ed by ordi nary post.The replies to keyed adver tise ments shall be kept for 4 weeks. Replies which are notcol lect ed with <strong>in</strong> this peri od shall be destroyed. The Pub lish er shall return val u abledoc u ments with out be<strong>in</strong>g obli gat ed to do so.The pub lish er can be garant ed the right <strong>in</strong> a spe cif ic con tract to open <strong>in</strong><strong>com</strong> <strong>in</strong>g offersas a rep re sen ta tive on behalf of, and <strong>in</strong> declared <strong>in</strong>ter ests, of the cus tom er. Let terswhich exceed the per mis sible DIN A4 size, as well as goods, books, cat a logues andpack ag es, will be exclud ed from onward trans mis sion and will not be accept ed. Anyaccep tance or onward trans mis sion can, how ev er, be agreed by way of excep tion ifthe cus tom er bears the charg es/costs <strong>in</strong>curred as a result.19. Pr<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>g data shall be returned to the Adver tis er only if express ly request ed. Theobli ga tion to save them shall end three months after the order has expired.20. Dis count cred it notes and sup ple men tary dis count charg es shall pr<strong>in</strong> ci pal ly nottake place until the end of the <strong>in</strong>ser tion year.21. Place ment con fir ma tions are only con di tion al ly valid and may be changed fortech ni cal rea sons. In such cases, the Pub lish er may not be made liable.22. The place of ful fil ment is the pr<strong>in</strong> ci pal place of busi ness of the Pub lish er.Theplace of juris dic tion for legal pro ceed <strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>volv <strong>in</strong>g busi ness trans ac tions with merchants,bod ies cor po rate or spe cial assets is the pr<strong>in</strong> ci pal place of busi ness of thePub lish er. Inso far as claims of the Pub lish er are not put for ward by col lec tion procedure, the place of juris dic tion for non-trad ers shall be deter m<strong>in</strong>ed accord <strong>in</strong>g totheir place of res i dence.It shall be agreed that the place of juris dic tion shall be the pr<strong>in</strong> ci pal place of bus<strong>in</strong>essof the Pub lish er if the place of res i dence or cus to mary place of abode of theAdver tis er, <strong>in</strong>clud <strong>in</strong>g non-trad ers, is unknown at the time that the legal pro ceed <strong>in</strong>gsare <strong>in</strong>sti tut ed or if the Advertiser’s place of res i dence or cus to mary place of abodeshould be moved out side the pur view of the law after clos <strong>in</strong>g the con tract.54 | 55General Terms & Conditions
Your contact personYour contact person <strong>in</strong> our officeYour contact person <strong>in</strong> the regionOverall editorialresponsibility /Editor-<strong>in</strong>-chief afz -allgeme<strong>in</strong>e fleischer zeitung+ afz-journalRenate KühlckeT +49 (0) 69 7595-1551F +49 (0) 69 7595-1550renate.kuehlcke@dfv.deEditor-<strong>in</strong>-chiefFleischwirtschaft +FleischwirtschaftInternationalGerd Abeln, M.A.T +49 (0) 69 7595-1571F +49 (0) 69 7595-1570gerd.abeln@dfv.deEditorFleischwirtschaftInternationalDr. Ralf LautenschlägerT +49 (0) 69 7595-1573F +49 (0) 69 7595-1570ralf.lautenschlaeger@dfv.deAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g ManagerClaudia Besand-GrothT +49 (0) 69 7595-2522F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850besand-groth@dfv.deAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Sales ManagerFleischwirtschaft +FleischwirtschaftInternationalChrist<strong>in</strong>e ContzenT +49 (0) 69 7595-1852F +49 (0) 69 7595-1840christ<strong>in</strong>e.contzen@dfv.deAdvertis<strong>in</strong>g Sales Managerafz - allgeme<strong>in</strong>e fleischerzeitung + afz-journalVera HerrnbrodtT +49 (0) 69 7595-1846F +49 (0) 69 7595-1840vera.herrnbrodt@dfv.deMarket<strong>in</strong>g- + DistributionManagerJörg SchiffelerT +49 (0) 69 7595-1851F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850joerg.schiffeler@dfv.deDistribution ManagerGisela Re<strong>in</strong>hardtT +49 (0) 69 7595-1963F +49 (0) 69 7595-1960gisela.re<strong>in</strong>hardt@dfv.deSchleswig-Holste<strong>in</strong>,Hamburg,Bremen,Niedersachsen, WestfalenClaudia Besand-GrothT +49 (0) 69 7595-2522F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850besand-groth@dfv.deMecklenbg.-Vorpommern,Brandenburg, Berl<strong>in</strong>, Sachsen,Sachsen-Anhalt, Thür<strong>in</strong>genVera HerrnbrodtT +49 (0) 69 7595-1846F +49 (0) 69 7595-1840vera.herrnbrodt@dfv.deHessen, Nord-Rhe<strong>in</strong>,Rhe<strong>in</strong>land-Pfalz,Saarland, UnterfrankenManfred SchönT +49 (0) 69 7595-1841F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850manfred.schoen@dfv.deBaden WürttembergBeate UtzHermann-Hesse-Straße 4270794 FilderstadtT +49 (0) 7158 65820F +49 (0) 7158 7182verlagsbuero.utz@t-onl<strong>in</strong>e.deBayernChrist<strong>in</strong>e ContzenT +49 (0) 69 7595-1852F +49 (0) 69 7595-1840christ<strong>in</strong>e.contzen@dfv.deAdvertis<strong>in</strong>gInternational SalesNatalie Kle<strong>in</strong>, M.A.T +49 (0) 69 7595-1854F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850natalie.kle<strong>in</strong>@dfv.deSales <strong>fleischwirtschaft</strong>.deChrista HansenT +49 (0) 69 7595-1842F +49 (0) 69 7595-1850christa.hansen@dfv.de