TACKLING OBESITY IN ENGLANDpart four44viii. Promot<strong>in</strong>g healthy eat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> schools4.56 The promotion of a healthy diet <strong>in</strong> schools can help to<strong>in</strong>stil healthy eat<strong>in</strong>g patterns that might persist <strong>in</strong>toadulthood. It is also necessary <strong>in</strong> order to address theris<strong>in</strong>g prevalence of overweight and obesity amongchildren. Figure 25 illustrates the <strong>in</strong>tersect<strong>in</strong>gresponsibilities of relevant Government departmentsand the ma<strong>in</strong> <strong>in</strong>itiatives to have emerged from crosscutt<strong>in</strong>gwork.4.57 The <strong>in</strong>dependent <strong>in</strong>quiry commissioned by theGovernment on 'Inequalities <strong>in</strong> Health', published <strong>in</strong>1998 40 , stressed the importance of provid<strong>in</strong>g a healthydiet <strong>in</strong> schools and recommended the provision of freeschool fruit. The most recent survey of the <strong>National</strong> Dietand Nutrition Survey programme, published <strong>in</strong> June2000 18 , focussed on the diets and nutritional status ofyoung people between the ages of 4 and 18 years. Itfound that:nnntak<strong>in</strong>g fruit, vegetables and fruit juice together,average consumption was 188 grams per day. This iswell below the World Health Organisation'srecommendation for adults of 400 grams per day,which is considered optimum for protect<strong>in</strong>g health;although 98 per cent of children reported eat<strong>in</strong>gsome fruit and vegetables at least once dur<strong>in</strong>g thesurvey week, 20 per cent did not consume any fruitand four per cent did not consume any vegetables;average <strong>in</strong>takes of saturated fatty acids and addedsugars were higher than recommended.4.58 To help address these deficiencies, the Department ofHealth announced <strong>in</strong> July 2000 fund<strong>in</strong>g of £2 million onschemes to encourage the consumption of fruit andvegetables among children and young people. TheDepartment is exam<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g the practicalities of provid<strong>in</strong>gevery school child aged between four and six with a freepiece of fruit each school day. The Department forEducation and Employment has also led thedevelopment of nutrition standards for school lunches.The aim is to enhance food choice <strong>in</strong> schools byensur<strong>in</strong>g that all school caterers meet m<strong>in</strong>imumnutritional standards <strong>in</strong> the lunches they offer toschoolchildren. Regulations sett<strong>in</strong>g m<strong>in</strong>imum nutritionalstandards for school lunches are be<strong>in</strong>g implementedfrom April 2001, supported by guidance for catererswhich <strong>in</strong>cludes advice on healthy cook<strong>in</strong>g methods. Thestandards and guidance were developed throughextensive consultation with the Department of Healthand the Food Standards Agency, and the private andvoluntary sectors. All school lunches will have to meetthe new standards.4.59 The Department for Education and Employment is alsofund<strong>in</strong>g the Child Poverty Action Group to conductresearch <strong>in</strong>to why some children do not take up theirentitlement to free school meals, with the aim of mak<strong>in</strong>gavailable good practice guidance on maximis<strong>in</strong>g freeschool meal take-up.4.60 Curricular education <strong>in</strong> the areas of nutrition and foodtechnology is complementary. Nutrition teaches pupilsabout the importance of food for health, the essentialcomponents of diet, the nutritional content of differentfoods, and how to make sensible food choices. Foodtechnology covers the practical use and preparation offood.4.61 A sound knowledge of food and nutrition provides arange of teach<strong>in</strong>g opportunities for primary schoolteachers across the whole curriculum, which can be amajor boost to diet and health education. To help newlyqualified primary teachers to cover food and nutritionaccurately and <strong>in</strong> depth, the Department of Health havepublished, <strong>in</strong> association with the M<strong>in</strong>istry ofAgriculture, Fisheries and Food and with assistance fromthe British Nutrition Foundation, a guide entitled 'Foodand Nutrition: Guidance on Food and Nutrition <strong>in</strong>Primary Teacher Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g'. The Department forEducation and Employment also receives advice andteach<strong>in</strong>g aids from other <strong>in</strong>dustry and specialistorganisations which undertake research <strong>in</strong> this area,such as the Food and Dr<strong>in</strong>k Federation, the British MeatFederation, and the <strong>National</strong> Association of HomeEconomics.4.62 Schools also offer an environment for promot<strong>in</strong>g healthyeat<strong>in</strong>g through extra-curricular activities <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>gnutrition and cookery and through provid<strong>in</strong>g healthyoptions <strong>in</strong> tuck shops and breakfast clubs. These outletscan provide an important source of nutrition,particularly for those children at risk of poor nutrition athome. Cook<strong>in</strong>g for Kids is a jo<strong>in</strong>t <strong>in</strong>itiative between theDepartment of Health and the Department forEducation and Employment, led by M<strong>in</strong>isters, whichaims to teach practical cookery skills to pupils <strong>in</strong> astimulat<strong>in</strong>g way, us<strong>in</strong>g school facilities but outside ofschool hours. This range of <strong>in</strong>itiatives is currently be<strong>in</strong>gevaluated. The Healthy Schools Programme offersfurther encouragement for schools to develop suchactivities, as healthy eat<strong>in</strong>g is one of the ten themes ofthe <strong>National</strong> Healthy School Standard.
TACKLING OBESITY IN ENGLAND25Intersect<strong>in</strong>g policy objectives and key <strong>in</strong>itiatives to encourage healthy eat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> schoolsDepartment of HealthTo improve healthand reduce health<strong>in</strong>equalitiesDef<strong>in</strong>e and promotehealthy dietMonitor<strong>in</strong>g through<strong>National</strong> Diet andNutrition SurveySchools provide ahealthy diet and educationon nutritionYoung people eat a balancednutritious diet <strong>in</strong> schools<strong>National</strong> Standards forschool lunchesFree fruit <strong>in</strong> schools(subject to pilots)Food technology andnutrition <strong>in</strong> curriculum"Cook<strong>in</strong>g for Kids" campaignYoung people haveaccess to a choice offood <strong>in</strong> schoolsDepartment forEducation and EmploymentTo ensure young peoplereach 16 with the skills,attitudes and personalqualities to give them asecure foundation forlifelong learn<strong>in</strong>g, workand citizenship27Department forIntersect<strong>in</strong>g policy objectives and key <strong>in</strong>itiatives to encourage the healthy Environment,Food Standards eat<strong>in</strong>g Agency <strong>in</strong> schoolsTransport & the RegionsTo improve the diet of theTo reduce reliance on carswhole populationand make it easier to walkand cycleFood technology andnutrition <strong>in</strong> curriculum"Cook<strong>in</strong>g for Kids" campaignSource:<strong>National</strong> <strong>Audit</strong> <strong>Office</strong>Department of HealthTo improve healthand reduce health<strong>in</strong>equalitiesDef<strong>in</strong>e and promotehealthy dietSource:bus<strong>in</strong>esses<strong>National</strong>can<strong>Audit</strong>make<strong>Office</strong>to education, the Department forSchools provide ahealthy diet and educationon nutritionYoung people haveaccess to a choice offood <strong>in</strong> schoolsDepartment forEducation and EmploymentTo ensure young peoplereach 16 with the skills,attitudes and personalqualities to give them asecure foundation forlifelong learn<strong>in</strong>g, workand citizenship4.63 There is, however, a risk of <strong>in</strong>consistency between Young people eat a balanced they become <strong>in</strong>volved <strong>in</strong> sponsorship, advertis<strong>in</strong>g orcerta<strong>in</strong> sponsorship activities of schools and <strong>in</strong>itiatives nutritious diet <strong>in</strong> schools market<strong>in</strong>g schemes, or <strong>in</strong> any local bus<strong>in</strong>ess-l<strong>in</strong>kedto promote a balanced diet for young people. In order <strong>National</strong> to Standards activity, for they should consider possible disadvantages. Itsupplement the resources to support literacy andschool lunchesadvises schools to follow the <strong>National</strong> ConsumerFree fruit <strong>in</strong> schoolsnumeracy, for example, schools have participated with Council's 'Sponsorship <strong>in</strong> Schools - Good Practice(subject to pilots)bus<strong>in</strong>esses <strong>in</strong> schemes to provide free books and maths Guidel<strong>in</strong>es' 41 , which were developed with the help ofequipment <strong>in</strong> return for tokens from crisp and biscuit education, bus<strong>in</strong>ess and consumer groups. Thispackets. This type of commercial <strong>in</strong>volvement, which guidance states that, when consider<strong>in</strong>g a sponsoredMonitor<strong>in</strong>g throughhas the effect of directly promot<strong>in</strong>g sales of particular resource or activity, schools should ask themselves<strong>National</strong> Diet andproducts, may encourage children Nutrition and Survey their families to whether, among other th<strong>in</strong>gs, "children and teachers canbuy more snack foods with a high fat, salt and sugar participate without buy<strong>in</strong>g the sponsor's products", andcontent. This would act directly <strong>in</strong> opposition toDepartment forwhether it is "free of <strong>in</strong>centives to children to eat anthe Environment,<strong>in</strong>itiatives to discourage over-dependence on suchFood Standards AgencyTransport & the Regions unhealthy diet or take part <strong>in</strong> unsafe/unhealthyTo improve the diet of theenergy-dense snack foods <strong>in</strong> favour of balanced mealsTo reduce reliance on carswhole population activities". The guidance recognises that schemes areand make it easier to walkand <strong>in</strong>creased consumption of fruit and vegetables. and cycle4.64 Whilst welcom<strong>in</strong>g the positive contribution thatEducation and Employment recognises the risk thatcommercial promotions of certa<strong>in</strong> foods aimed atschools might have an adverse <strong>in</strong>fluence on pupils'eat<strong>in</strong>g habits. It therefore advises schools that, beforelikely to "meet some guidel<strong>in</strong>es and miss others" andthat schools must therefore decide for themselveswhether "taken as a whole, the sponsorship offer has<strong>in</strong>tegrity and educational value". There is no <strong>in</strong>formationavailable, however, on the extent to which schoolscomply with the guidance, which is currently underreview.part four45