Latvian Maritime academy

PECULIARITIES OF SOUND PROPAGATION IN SEA WATERF. B. NagiyevAzerbaijan State Marine Academy, 18 Zarifa Aliyeva Street, Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1000,E-mail: nagiyevfaik@gmail.com, phone: (99450) 3541360J. R. BashirovAzerbaijan State Marine Academy, 18 Zarifa Aliyeva Street, Baku, Azerbaijan, AZ1000,E-mail: science-asma@rambler.ru, phone: (99412) 4937521AbstractInfluence of volume concentration of gas, surface tension of liquid and equilibrium radius of bubble topressure value as well as density of bubble mixture were researched under barotropic equation of state.Influence of liquid compressibility to equation of bubbly liquid state in thermodynamic equilibrium wasanalyzed.Keywords: barotropic equation, volume concentration, surface tension, liquid, bubble, pressure, densityIntroductionAs physical environment, water creates certain specific difficulties for spreading of sound and light.Even in the most transparent oceanic water of green and blue color it is possible to see an object at adistance of just several tens meters. Application of radiolocation is limited due to resistance of water topenetration of electromagnetic waves.As yet sound is the only reliable means for information transfer under water although there areproblems here too. For example, submarine crew makes decisions and acts with much less informationvolume than aircraft crew.Sound speed in water is about 1500 meters a second. It is much lower than speed of electromagneticwaves spreading that is why information from big distances arrives with a great delay. Besides, soundwave in water in comparison with wave in air spreads subject to high pressures and characterized bysmall shifts.There are a lot of small bubbles in water column and, particularly, near sea surface. Generally, theyoccur owing to choppiness and other reasons. In spite of small volume, their influence to sound spreadingis enormous. If, for example, a bubble with diameter 1 millimeter is the share of 1 cubic meter of water inaverage this decreases spreading speed 4.5 times for a depth of about 10 meters. The reason of this is asignificant condensability of bubbles in comparison with water which distorts acoustic characteristic ofenvironment.Bubbles have an effect of dispersing centers for energy. This creates great interferences for gettingexact information under water by means of sound.Just at first sight water in ocean seems homogenous environment. In fact, its temperature, salinity,and density are not identical everywhere. Therefore, sound speed changes as well. Temperatureconditions in the first hundred of meters above sea level impact spreading of sound waves especiallystrongly. This layer is the most dependent on season, time of day, cloudiness, wind speed and othermeteorological factors. Temperature leaps here could be so sharp that whole areas of sea become almostimpenetrable for sound signals.Sound waves with comparatively small energy consumptions to their excitation are able to spread inwater environment to distances of several kilometers and in favorable conditions – event to tens, hundredsand even thousands of kilometers. Besides, as a speed of sound spreading in water is approximately 200thousand times lower than speed of radio waves spreading a length of sound wave will be 200 thousandtimes less than radio wave length with the same frequency. Consequently, overall dimensions ofhydroacoustic antenna will be quite acceptable for location on vessel. Therefore, hydroacoustic meanswill have exceptional role for submarine observation in near future if, of course, humanity does not revealany unknown kind of energy capable for transfer in water to more distances.In connection with the mentioned the results obtained while solving of the problem on influence ofvibratory effect to speed of spreading and attenuation in bubble environments are extremely importantwhile tool control of terms of vessel traffic control. Equation of bubbly liquid state has to be deduced forsolving of these problems.44