Mohamad-Ziad Charif - Antares
Mohamad-Ziad Charif - Antares Mohamad-Ziad Charif - Antares
4.2.1 Neutrino simulationFigure 4.6: The can.The simulation of atmospheric neutrinos starts with GENEHN ([88] & [99]) whichhas the role of generating the initial neutrino and then its interaction with matter,followed by GEASIM[100] which handles the hadronic showers created with thesimulated neutrinos.4.2.1.1 GENHENGENHEN (GENerator of High Energy Neutrinos) is a neutrino Monte Carlo simulatorwhich simulates according to an input provided by the user the distributionof muon’s induced neutrinos on and inside a surface that surrounds the detector.This surface is named “can” (Figure 4.6), it represents the surface of a cylindersurrounding the detector. If the detector is thought to be of cylindrical shape, theradius of the can is the radius of the detector plus ∼ 3 times the absorption lengthof the Cherenkov light (the absorption length will be defined later in section 4.2.3).The user can select through input data cards the parameters of the simulation,we’ll list some of the most important of them:• Number of neutrino event to be simulated72
• Flavor of the neutrino to be simulated• Energy range of the simulation• Whether to do charged current interactions or neutral current interactions• Choice of the parton model of interacting matter• Model of neutrino interactions• Neutrino flux (-1.4 for atmospheric neutrinos (insert reference to that number))• Whether to generate isotropic neutrinos or from a point with a fixed declinationin the RA-DEC coordinate systemAfter the user has selected the input parameter and the simulation is over, theoutput of the simulation is then parsed into an ASCII file.4.2.1.2 GEASIMGEASIM is a particle and shower Monte Carlo simulator based on GEANT, inthe case of ANTARES the input is the files simulated previously with GENHEN.However it goes further than GENHEN, by simulating the propagation of showersand the eventual radiation produced by these particles.4.2.2 Muon simulationThe simulation of atmospheric muons is done directly via MUPAGE[101]:MUPAGEMUPAGE (MUon GEnerator from PArametric formulas), as the name suggest itis an atmospheric muon Monte Carlo generator. They are not simulated usingcollisions between cosmic rays and the atmosphere, but rather using parametricformulas for the expected muon flux at the detector level. MUPAGE takes asinput many variables, the most important of them:• Position of the detector below sea level• Size of the can• The θ range of simulation• Energy range of the muons73
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4.2.1 Neutrino simulationFigure 4.6: The can.The simulation of atmospheric neutrinos starts with GENEHN ([88] & [99]) whichhas the role of generating the initial neutrino and then its interaction with matter,followed by GEASIM[100] which handles the hadronic showers created with thesimulated neutrinos.4.2.1.1 GENHENGENHEN (GENerator of High Energy Neutrinos) is a neutrino Monte Carlo simulatorwhich simulates according to an input provided by the user the distributionof muon’s induced neutrinos on and inside a surface that surrounds the detector.This surface is named “can” (Figure 4.6), it represents the surface of a cylindersurrounding the detector. If the detector is thought to be of cylindrical shape, theradius of the can is the radius of the detector plus ∼ 3 times the absorption lengthof the Cherenkov light (the absorption length will be defined later in section 4.2.3).The user can select through input data cards the parameters of the simulation,we’ll list some of the most important of them:• Number of neutrino event to be simulated72
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