Mohamad-Ziad Charif - Antares

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Chapter 1IntroductionThe early history of modern physics have been full of problems fixed with unorthodoxyet brilliant solutions. From the Hydrogen electron orbit, black bodyradiation and the ultraviolet catastrophe, to the perihelion precession of Mercury.Quantum Mechanics and General Relativity not only solved these problems butthey opened the path to new observations and predictions about the Universe welive in and the introduction of new problems to be solved.One of the more modern problems we are facing today in physics is the largediscrepancy among measurements of the visible mass in the Universe and the predictionsof laws of gravity. An indisputable mass of evidence from different partsof observational cosmology is showing again and again that the observed luminousmass in the Universe constitutes a tiny fraction of the matter that actuallyexists. The proposed solutions of this problem comes in two completely differentflavors. One proposed solution is that the laws of gravity are not the same in thelimit of tiny accelerations. Theories of modified gravitational dynamics proposea non-linear term in Newton law of gravity that becomes relevant at small accelerationswhich in turn can explains the missing matter. The other solution to themissing matter is the introduction of new type of matter that does not interact withlight, making it invisible yet inferred to exist by its gravitational effect. The newmatter becomes a new elementary particle to be added to list of already knownelementary particles. While there are many candidates to this new elementaryparticle the favored one is called a WIMP or Weakly Interacting Massive Particle.This WIMP can also naturally arise in many extensions to the Standard Model ofparticle physics making a very attractive subject of study. One of these extensionswhich will be covered in this thesis is Supersymmetry.The detection of WIMPs can be done via several ways, from direct detection bycollisions with nucleons in detectors, to indirect detections via annihilation ofWIMPS in the Universe. One attractive method of detecting them is when theyaccumulate in the Sun and annihilate producing neutrinos. These neutrinos can4
then be detected with Neutrino telescopes like ANTARES which is the topic ofthis thesis.We will start in Chapter 2 with an introduction to the evidence of dark matter,then introduce Supersymmetry as a possible framework that incorporates aWIMP candidate. In addition, we will talk about direct and indirect detection ofdark matter. Then we finish with describing how dark matter annihilation in theSun can produce neutrinos which could be detected. Later in Chapter 3 we willintroduce neutrino interactions with matter and how a neutrino can be detectedin a Cherenkov detector, followed by a description of the ANTARES detector.In Chapter 4, a discussion on the data acquisition and simulation of ANTARESbackground is done. Then in Chapter 5 we will present an analysis of the 2007-2008 data accumulated by ANTARES for dark matter in the direction of the Sunand the limits obtained. Then in Chapter 6 we present sensitivties obtained witha new improved analysis method with more data ( 2007-2010 ) for dark matter inthe direction of the Sun. Finally we end with Chapter 7 where we will present theconclusions.5
Page 2 and 3: "The most exciting phrase to hear i
Page 4 and 5: 3.2.1.4 Performance and characteris
Page 8 and 9: Chapter 2Dark MatterIn this chapter
Page 10 and 11: Figure 2.2: Comparison of the measu
Page 12 and 13: Figure 2.4: CMB anisotropy observed
Page 14 and 15: Figure 2.5: Combination of the WMAP
Page 17: Figure 2.6: Temporal evolution of t
Page 20 and 21: Figure 2.9: Parameter space of m 1/
Page 22 and 23: Figure 2.10: Limits on spin-indepen
Page 26 and 27: Figure 2.14: Detected gamma ray flu
Page 28 and 29: 600km/s. If we assume the worst cas
Page 30 and 31: Figure 2.17: Conversion factor from
Page 32 and 33: The eigenstate mixing can be writte
Page 34 and 35: Figure 2.19: Flux of ν µ / ¯ν
Page 36 and 37: Figure 3.1: The neutral current (NC
Page 38 and 39: Muon Energy (GeV )1p| dEdx | (GeV.c
Page 40 and 41: Figure 3.4: Energy loss of per dist
Page 42 and 43: Figure 3.6: Effective muon range as
Page 44 and 45: Figure 3.8: Differential flux of at
Page 46 and 47: 3.2.1.1 Detector layoutOptical Modu
Page 48 and 49: • The LED (light emitting diode)
Page 50 and 51: Anchor & BuoyEach line is anchored
Page 52 and 53: Figure 3.17: Distribution of azimut
Page 54 and 55: Figure 3.20: Height and radial disp
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Figure 3.22: Distribution of sea cu
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Figure 3.24: Time offset among OMs
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Figure 3.26: Distribution of time d
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Line number Connection Date Mainten
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Figure 3.29: Comparison between sky
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Figure 3.31: The effective area for
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Figure 4.1: Median counting rate of
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Figure 4.4: Average neutrino events
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2. All hits on the same floor are m
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4.2.1 Neutrino simulationFigure 4.6
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• Multiplicity range of the muon
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Chapter 5Dark Matter search in the
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Figure 5.2: Annihilation spectrum f
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Livetime(days) 5 Lines 9 Lines 10 L
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Figure 5.4: Monte Carlo Truth distr
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Figure 5.7: Tchi2 distribution for
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Figure 5.9: Tchi2 distribution for
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Figure 5.11: Sun’s position taken
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Figure 5.13: Comparison between the
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Figure 5.15: Estimation of the back
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Figure 5.16: Mean angle between the
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Figure 5.18: A comparison of the di
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a look at figure 5.22 we find a cle
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The resulting optimized sensitiviti
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Figure 5.26: A comparison plot of t
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dΦ µdE ν= dΦ νdE νP earth ρN
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Figure 5.31: Limits on the muon flu
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Chapter 6Dark Matter search in the
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Figure 6.1: . True Position of the
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Figure 6.3: Comparison of the three
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For BBFit all variables mentioned i
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Figure 6.6: The distribution of χ
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annihilation channel W + W − the
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lowering the total contribution of
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6.4.2 BBFit Single-line analysisThe
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Figure 6.15: Comparison between the
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Figure 6.17: Comparison of Nhit dis
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Figure 6.19: The estimation of the
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Figure 6.21: Comparison of the opti
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Figure 6.23: Comparison of sensitiv
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Figure 6.25: Estimation of our back
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Figure 6.28: Comparison of the mult
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Figure 6.29: Comparison of the Λ d
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Figure 6.31: Comparison of the cos(
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Figure 6.34: Comparison of the esti
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The optimal Λ cut for all dark mat
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Figure 6.40: Sensitivity to neutrin
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6.7 Comparison with 2007-2008 analy
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mass of 200 GeV and a cross-section
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Chapter 7ConclusionsThe limits pres
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Bibliography[1] Volders, L. M. J. S
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[22] S. Burles et al., “Big bang
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[46] G. Debrassi, S. Heinemeyer, W.
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[74] C. Hettlage, K. Mannheim, and
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[102] D. Heck and J. Knapp, “Fors
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Mohamad-Ziad Charif - Antares

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