PORT WORKS DESIGN MANUAL PART 3 Guide To - The University ...

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56reduce settlement problems. However, it is recommended that special measures are taken toallow for some differential settlement at the culvert joints. The use of piled foundationsmay be considered where differential settlement problems are expected to be particularlysevere, but the initial cost will be relatively expensive, and can result in other forms ofsettlement problems, as outlined below.Normally, culvert outfalls are formed in the seawalls using special concrete outfall blocks.The difference in settlement between the seawalls and the reclamation will cause differentialmovement at the junction with a piled culvert. In addition, differential settlement will alsooccur along each side of a piled culvert, as the adjacent reclamation continues to settle.6AStructures and FacilitiesSettlement, in particular differential settlement, of reclamation may adversely affect thestructural integrity and serviceability of structures and facilities to be built on the reclaimedland. General design aspects of pavements, structures, pipes and ducts, constructed on areclamation are described in the following paragraphs.For carriageways and pedestrian walkways constructed on newly reclaimed land, differentialsettlement may cause non-uniform deformations and hence affect the serviceability. Theseeffects can be mitigated by using flexible pavement that allows future overlay.To avoid the possibility of differential settlement, buildings constructed on reclaimed land areusually supported on a piled foundation. The possible effects of negative skin friction onthe pile due to settlement must be taken into account in the design. The magnitude of thenegative skin friction at a particular site will depend on the pile characteristics, fillcharacteristics, pile movement and the settlement since completion of the pile. Other typesof foundation, such as a raft or floating foundation, may be considered for low-rise buildings.For underground drainage and sewerage pipes built in reclamation areas, the effect ofdifferential settlement may be mitigated by the use of flexible joints, particularly for theconnections between the pipes or ducts entering buildings. The adoption of several shortpipe lengths and flexible joints adjacent to buildings will allow the pipes to accommodatequite severe differential settlement. The design should ensure that adequate fall ismaintained in gravity sewers after settlement is complete.When designing structures and facilities to be sited on a new reclamation, reference should be
57made both to the settlement calculation and the settlement data recorded during the course ofreclamation. Additional ground investigations may also need to be carried out after thecompletion of reclamation to obtain the necessary soil parameters for the design. Closeconsultation and liaison between the design office, client and maintenance authorities arenecessary throughout various stages of the project.
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PORT WORKS DESIGN MANUALPART 3Guide
Page 5 and 6:
FOREWORDThe Port Works Design Manua
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSTITLE PAGE - !FOREWORD 3CON
Page 9: PageNo.5.3.3 Verification of Settle
Page 12 and 13: 101.2 Definition, Symbols and Refer
Page 14 and 15: 12the investigations may need to co
Page 16 and 17: 14consequences of adopting a partic
Page 18 and 19: 16(3) Installation of vertical drai
Page 20 and 21: 18The remaining layer of marine or
Page 22 and 23: 20• The rate of supply of public
Page 24 and 25: 22the shortage of public filling ca
Page 26 and 27: 24Considerations when planning the
Page 28 and 29: 262.10 Environmental ImpactsAll rec
Page 31 and 32: 293.3.1 GeneralThe reclamation sequ
Page 33 and 34: 31requires checking of the equilibr
Page 35 and 36: 33(2) Detailed Stability AnalysisTh
Page 37 and 38: 3.4 WorksIf, despite all the precau
Page 39 and 40: 374.4.1 GeneralThis chapter discuss
Page 41 and 42: 3943.2 due toThe ultimate primary c
Page 43 and 44: 41where S pt(residml) = Residual se
Page 45 and 46: Design of surcharge preloading gene
Page 47 and 48: 45H = Fill thickness.a = Logarithmi
Page 49: 47The calculation of residual settl
Page 52 and 53: 50For monitoring of pore pressure d
Page 54 and 55: 525.3.2 of FillThis section discuss
Page 56 and 57: 54the availability of frequent moni
Page 61 and 62: 59REFERENCESAsaoka, A (1978). Obser
Page 63: 61FIGURES
Page 67 and 68: 65(1) Geotextile-\I,- i i i i i , ,
Page 69 and 70: 67Figure 5 - Method of Calculation
Page 71 and 72: 69timet + 120Piezometer installed a
Page 73 and 74: 71Slope >1Required pause in fill pl
Page 75: 73APPENDIX APREFABRICATED BAND DRAI
Page 78 and 79: 76List of ASTMD4491-92: Standard Te
Page 81: 79CONTENTSTITLE PAGE 77CONTENTS 79B
Page 84 and 85: 82t = Time from load application.c
Page 86 and 87: 84Hansbo, S. (1981).Consolidation o
Page 89 and 90: 87CONTENTSTITLE PAGE 85CONTENTS 87C
Page 91 and 92: 89C OF BY ASAOKA'S METHODC.IGeneral
Page 93: 91OFFigureNo.PageNo.C1 Asaoka's Gra
Page 96 and 97: 94SiFinal settlementPlacement of. a
Page 99: 97CONTENTSTITLE PAGE 95CONTENTS 97D
Page 102 and 103: 1000.3(8.9)(3 2 )(1. 2) - 2.8836L e
Page 104 and 105: 102Vertical drains dataTypeSpacingP
Page 106 and 107: 104The final primary consolidation
Page 108 and 109:
106The initial effective stress at
Page 110 and 111:
108Table D2.6m0123M0.5711.5712.5713
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110Effective stress increment at en
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112(3) Settlement due to secondary
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114The value ofF(n) in Example D.2
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116
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118CD~5COCOCDCLCD20 -14.9Required p
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120
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122state value.Mud wave. Excessive
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124
Page 128 and 129:
126dd'D ree 0e maxe minFHI pK aLeng
Page 130 and 131:
128
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X1S1SD112HK 627.5 P83Port works des
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