Cabbage Integrated Pest Management : An Ecological Guide.

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Major Agronomic Practicesseed beds, root-knot nematode galls on the following crop of eggplant were reduced to 23 and 37%,respectively, of the number of galls on roots in non-treated seed beds. A 15-cm thick layer of rice straw(burnt in 20 min) however only reduced galling to 50% of the control plots.Soil from fire placeAnother example of an alternative method of soil sterilization came from Bangladesh, where a farmerused the soil from his fire place to prepare a nursery. This soil had been heated several times over along period for cooking activities. The heat had killed pathogens in the soil. It would be advisable tomix the soil with compost before sowing seed.(pers. comm. farmer Chittagong, Bangladesh, 1998)3.7.1.2 SolarizationAnother soil sterilization method is solarization - with help of the sun. Solarization of seedbeds cancontrol soil-borne diseases, weed seeds and some nematodes including rootknot nematodes. However,not all pests are controlledTo solarize soil, the soil is covered with clear polythene/plastic sheets. The best time is during the hotseason, when there is plenty of sun. The sun heats the soil through the plastic and the plastic sheetkeeps the heat inside the soil. Usually, the sheets should be left on the soil for at least 4 weeks,depending on the season (hours of sunshine and temperature) and the area (lowland or highlands). Thesoil should be wet before the plastic sheets are placed and the sheets should be properly fixed on thesides to avoid loosing heat. Also check the polythene sheets for holes and repair them where necessary.Ploughing the soil before applying the plastic sheets seems to help to break up crop left-overs and bringnematodes to the surface so the heat can destroy them. Allow the soil to cool down for at least a fewdays before sowing seed.plastic sheet, fixedwith soil at thebordersSolarization : the sun heats up the soil under the plastic sheetand kills insects, diseases and some weeds.It should be noted that polythene sheets may be expensive, and when no longer usable, they may createenvironmental pollution.Solarization can be combined with another soil sterilization method described in section 3.7.1.5. Withthis method a large amount of organic material (e.g. a green manure crop like grass (40 tons/ha)) isincorporated into the soil before applying the plastic sheets. A better sterilization effect may be obtainedand organic material is added to the soil, which improves soil structure and fertilization. See section3.7.1.5 for details.37 Cabbage Ecological Guide - 2000
Major Agronomic Practices3.7.1.3 Use of sub-soilWhen damping-off disease is a problem in an area, and there is no possibility to shift the nursery toanother site, the use of sub-soil may be an alternative to reduce the chance of damping-off disease. Thismethod is practiced in parts of Indonesia with very good results. Most of the damping-off causing organismslive in the top layer of the soil. Remove the top layer of about 30 cm in an area close to the nursery siteand dig out the soil below this layer. This soil is used to prepare the raised nursery bed. It is recommendedto mix the sub-soil with some compost.top soil is removed,..to prepare raised nursery beds.sub soil is used....3.7.1.4 BiofumigationSoil-borne pests and pathogens can be suppressed by chemical compounds that are released duringdecomposition of certain crops. This is called biofumigation. The chemical compounds that are able tokill or suppress pathogens are principally isothiocyanates. Those crops with biofumigation potential areused as a rotation crop, a companion or a green manure crop. In Australia, research is ongoing to testwhich crops can be used for suppression of certain pests and pathogens (pers. comm. Dr. John Kirkegaard,1999).At present excellent suppression of bacterial wilt of solanaceous crops (tomato, eggplant, etc.) bymustard green manures has been achieved while for other pathogens (e.g. Pythium sp. causing damping-offdisease) the effectiveness is poor.3.7.1.5 Biological soil sterilizationAnother relatively new method of soil sterilization, comparable with biofumigation (see section above) isbeing studied where soil sterilization is achieved by naturally present organisms in the soil. It requiresair-tight plastic sheets. Fresh plant material (from previous crop or a green manure crop) is worked intothe soil deep and homogeneously. The field is watered and covered with an air-tight plastic sheet (0.12-0.15 mm thick), properly fixed at all sides. The sheet is left on the field for 6 – 8 weeks (Note: studyresults from temperate (Dutch) climatic conditions).Within a few days of applying the plastic sheet, the oxygen in the soil is gone. The oxygen is used bymicro-organisms in the soil. Without oxygen, the micro-organisms cannot break down the organic materialthe usual way (into carbon (CO 2and water (H 2O)) so they switch to fermentation. During this fermentation,several degradation products are formed and after some time, a biogas, methane, is formed in addition.Also, the concentration of carbon in the soil increases. The fermentation products, the biogas methaneand the carbon are thought to play an important role in the suppression of some soil pathogens andnematodes. The effects are better at higher temperatures.In small scale field trials in the Netherlands, the effect of this method was studied on survival of the soilbornepathogen Fusarium oxysporum. The organic matter used was grass (40 tons/ha) or broccoli.Results showed that good control was achieved in the soil layer where plant material was present. BelowCabbage Ecological Guide - 200038
Page 2 and 3: Why this guide?About this guideThis
Page 5 and 6: Introduction1.4 Cabbage: a bit of h
Page 7 and 8: Cabbage Crop DevelopmentPresently t
Page 9 and 10: Cabbage Crop Development2.2 Suscept
Page 11: Major Agronomic Practices3MAJOR AGR
Page 14 and 15: Major Agronomic Practices3.2.3 Seed
Page 16 and 17: Major Agronomic PracticesUse protec
Page 18 and 19: Major Agronomic Practices3.4.2 Soil
Page 20 and 21: Major Agronomic Practicesthan 7, th
Page 22 and 23: Major Agronomic Practices3.4.7 Soil
Page 24 and 25: Major Agronomic PracticesSome of th
Page 26 and 27: Major Agronomic PracticeslllCreates
Page 28 and 29: Major Agronomic PracticesWhen a com
Page 30 and 31: Major Agronomic PracticesIn additio
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Page 34 and 35: Major Agronomic PracticesEffects of
Page 36 and 37: Major Agronomic PracticesAn example
Page 40 and 41: Major Agronomic Practicesthis layer
Page 42 and 43: Major Agronomic PracticesPotting se
Page 44 and 45: Major Agronomic PracticesTransplant
Page 46 and 47: Major Agronomic Practices3.9 Water
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Page 50 and 51: Major Agronomic PracticesSome examp
Page 52 and 53: Ecology of Insect Pests and Natural
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Page 75 and 76: Major Cabbage Insect Pests5MAJOR CA
Page 78 and 79: Major Cabbage Insect PestsDiadegma
Page 80 and 81: Major Cabbage Insect PestsTrap crop
Page 82 and 83: Major Cabbage Insect PestsThe sad s
Page 84 and 85: Major Cabbage Insect PestsPlant dam
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Major Cabbage Insect Pestsbeetles.
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Major Cabbage Insect Pestsinstars f
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Major Cabbage Insect Pests¤Points
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsSome NPV
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsAdults ar
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsThe adult
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsLarval de
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsLife cycl
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Major Cabbage Insect Pests5.10 Whit
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsParasitic
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsRelated e
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Major Natural Enemies of Cabbage In
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Disease Ecology7.1 Plant diseases a
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Disease Ecology7.3 How diseases spr
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Disease EcologyThe disease triangle
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Disease Ecologygrowth malformations
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Disease Ecology7.8 Control or manag
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Disease Ecologycontaminated seeds :
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Disease EcologyTrichoderma species
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Major Diseases of Cabbage8MAJORDISE
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Major Diseases of CabbageRole of en
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Major Diseases of CabbageOnce there
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Major Diseases of Cabbage· Practic
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Major Diseases of Cabbage¤Points t
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Major Diseases of Cabbagespores wit
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Major Diseases of Cabbage¤Points t
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Major Diseases of Cabbagebut does n
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Major Diseases of Cabbage8.7 Downy
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Major Diseases of Cabbage8.8 Black
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Major Diseases of CabbageNitrogen (
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Weed Management9WEEDMANAGEMENTSUMMA
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Weed ManagementBroadleaf weeds or g
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Weed Managementcompost or it may be
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Weed Management· Check details of
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Weed ManagementTherefore, to date,
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Rodent ManagementRats are a common
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Rodent Management10.4 Rat managemen
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Rodent Management10.4.4 Biological
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Key to Some Common Cabbage Insect P
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Literature and Internet Reference L
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PESTS & DISEASES COMMON TO CABBAGEP
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Plate 3Fig. 13 : Advanced symptoms
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deficiency symptoms ---------------
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chemical --------------------------
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