Cabbage Integrated Pest Management : An Ecological Guide.

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Rodent Management10.4.4 Biological and botanical methodsNatural enemies of rats:· Encourage and help farmers raise cats. Limit use ofrodenticides which causes death of natural enemies likecats when they eat poisoned rats.· Disseminate information on problems brought about byhunting, killing and eating natural enemies of rats suchas cats, snakes, and owls.· Advocate for laws and decrees which favor the restorationand protection of natural enemies of rats. For exampleagainst their selling and exportation.· Advocate for laws and decrees which support the implementation of management methods for rats.Microorganisms:Some microorganisms can cause infectious disease that kill rats. Advantages and disadvantages aresummarized in the following list.AdvantagesDisadvantages• Kills rats on a large scale at the same time. • Expensive.• Mostly safe for humans, other animals and • Short shelf life/storage period (the time it keepsthe environment.its potency).• Considerably reduces rat populations and its • Does not cause immediate death (rats die fromdamage over long periods of time4 - 14 days after eating) so farmers do not liketo use.• Use in the field is very much affected byweather conditionsUse of preparations with microorganisms will be more successful if the following are considered:· Avoid using in weather conditions such as scorching sun or heavy rains.· Use at the same time on a large area.· Use recommended dosage of 3 - 5 kg/ha or higher, depending on rat density. Concentrate on edgesof large fields, hillocks/earth mounds, bushes, cemeteries, etc., where rats usually dig burrows. If anunder dose is used, the effectivity cannot be guaranteed.· Should not be used more than twice a year in one place.· Apply when food is not available in the field. Rats will eat more baits.BotanicalsFollowing traditional experience, use seeds of pachyrrhizus, nux vomica for poisons. Care must be takenwhen these are used because they are very poisonous for humans and animals.(modified from: FAO - Vietnam National IPM Programme, Hanoi. Integrated Rat Management, 1998; andFAO - Vietnam National IPM Programme, Hanoi. Integrated Rat Management, Ecological Guide, 1998).187 Cabbage Ecological Guide - 2000
Key to Some Common Cabbage Insect Pests and Diseases11KEY TO SOME COMMON CABBAGEPROBLEMSAffectedplant partSeedlingSeedlingSeedlingSeedlingSeedlingSeedlingSymptoms/findingsSeedlings in nursery have small shotholesin the seed-leaves (cotyledons)and young true leavesStems of seedlings in nursery or youngplants in the field are cut through at soillevelSeedlings or young transplants have apoor growthSeedlings in nursery have damagedleaves and hearts (sometimes coveredwith caterpillars) and whole plants maydieStems are hollow at soil level or justbelow soil levelSeedlings in nursery wilt and fall oversuddenlyPossible cause(s)SeesectionFlea beetle (Phyllotreta sp.) 5.3Cutworms (Agrotis sp.) 5.4Poor soil structurePoor fertilization condition of the soilWater loggingStemborer (Melanagromyza cleomae)Webworm (Hellula undalis)Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)Cutworms (Agrotis sp.)Stemborer (Melanagromyza cleomae)Damping-off (Pythium sp.)Black rot (Xanthomonas campestris)Black leg (Phoma lingam)Downy mildew (Peronospora sp.)Leaf spot (Alternaria brassicae)3.43.53.95.115.75.15.45.11Seedling Seedlings in nursery have small yellowor brown spots on the leavesSeedling Upon uprooting, seedlings have Clubroot (Plasmodiophora brassicae) 8.6swollen roots and/or little galls on therootsSeedling Seedlings/transplants are stunted Stemborer (Melanagromyza cleomae) 5.11Growing Cabbage heart is deformedDiamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) 5.1pointWebworm (Hellula undalis)5.7Heart caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) 5.6Growing One cabbage plant develops more Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) 5.1point than one headWebworm (Hellula undalis)5.7Heart caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) 5.6Head Cabbage head develops brown, dry rot Head rot (Rhizoctonia solani) 8.4Head Cabbage head starts to rot, is soft and Soft rot (Erwinia carotovora) 8.3slimyLeaf Leaves are crumpled and turn yellow Aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae)5.2Whitefly (Bemisia tabaci)5.10Leaf Leaves have little “windows” where the Diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella) 5.1tissue is gone except for a transparent Webworm (Hellula undalis)5.7cuticleHeart caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis) 5.6LeafLeaves and head have large irregularshaped holes and a frass is visible onthe damaged leavesDiamondback moth (Plutella xylostella)Webworm (Hellula undalis)Looper (Trichoplusia ni)Cabbage white butterfly (Pieris sp.)Heart caterpillar (Crocidolomia binotalis)8.18.28.88.78.55.15.75.85.95.6Cabbage Ecological Guide - 2000188
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Why this guide?About this guideThis
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Introduction1.4 Cabbage: a bit of h
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Cabbage Crop DevelopmentPresently t
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Cabbage Crop Development2.2 Suscept
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Major Agronomic Practices3MAJOR AGR
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Major Agronomic Practices3.2.3 Seed
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Major Agronomic PracticesUse protec
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Major Agronomic Practices3.4.2 Soil
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Major Agronomic Practicesthan 7, th
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Major Agronomic Practices3.4.7 Soil
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Major Agronomic PracticesSome of th
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Major Agronomic PracticeslllCreates
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Major Agronomic PracticesWhen a com
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Major Agronomic PracticesIn additio
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Major Agronomic PracticesSome farme
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Major Agronomic PracticesEffects of
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Major Agronomic PracticesAn example
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Major Agronomic Practicesseed beds,
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Major Agronomic Practicesthis layer
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Major Agronomic PracticesPotting se
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Major Agronomic PracticesTransplant
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Major Agronomic Practices3.9 Water
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Major Agronomic PracticesHowever, w
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Major Agronomic PracticesSome examp
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Ecology of Insect Pests and Natural
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Major Cabbage Insect Pests5MAJOR CA
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsDiadegma
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsTrap crop
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsThe sad s
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsPlant dam
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsJ Free bi
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Major Cabbage Insect Pestsbeetles.
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Major Cabbage Insect Pestsinstars f
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Major Cabbage Insect Pests¤Points
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsSome NPV
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsAdults ar
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsThe adult
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsLarval de
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsLife cycl
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Major Cabbage Insect Pests5.10 Whit
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsParasitic
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Major Cabbage Insect PestsRelated e
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Major Natural Enemies of Cabbage In
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Page 138 and 139: Disease Ecology7.1 Plant diseases a
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Page 144 and 145: Disease Ecologygrowth malformations
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Page 150 and 151: Disease EcologyTrichoderma species
Page 152 and 153: Major Diseases of Cabbage8MAJORDISE
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Page 172 and 173: Major Diseases of CabbageNitrogen (
Page 174 and 175: Weed Management9WEEDMANAGEMENTSUMMA
Page 176 and 177: Weed ManagementBroadleaf weeds or g
Page 178 and 179: Weed Managementcompost or it may be
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Page 184 and 185: Rodent ManagementRats are a common
Page 186 and 187: Rodent Management10.4 Rat managemen
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Page 192 and 193: Literature and Internet Reference L
Page 200 and 201: PESTS & DISEASES COMMON TO CABBAGEP
Page 202 and 203: Plate 3Fig. 13 : Advanced symptoms
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Page 206: chemical --------------------------
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