Bangladesh 1993-1994 Demographic and Health ... - Measure DHS

The majority (69 percent) of households inBangladesh have sanitation facilities; however, only 41percent have a hygienic toilet, while 30 pecent have nofacility at all. Hygienic toilets include septic tank/modemtoilets, water-sealed/slab latrines and pit toilets. Asexpected, sanitary facilities vary between rural and urbanareas. In rural areas, only 36 percent of householdshave hygienic toilets, compared to 81 percent of urbanhouseholds. Moreover, one-third of rural householdshave no facility at all, compared to only 5 percent ofurban households. There are also urban-rural differencesin the types of hygienic toilets. Septic tank/moderntoilets are the most common hygienic toilet in urbanareas (49 percent), while in rural areas, pit latrines (17percent) and water-sealed/slab toilets (15 percent) are themost common hygienic toilets.Tin is the most common roofing material inBangladesh, accounting for over half of both rural andurban households. However, urban and rural householdsvary widely in the use of other types of roofs. In urbanareas, 29 percent of households live in dwellings withcement, concrete or tiled roofs, while in rural areas,bamboo or thatch (40 percent) is the most common roofingmaterial after tin.Almost three out of four households in Bangladeshlive in structures with walls made of natural materialssuch as jute, bamboo or mud. About 10 percent livein houses with brick or cement walls and almost thesame proportion live in houses with tin wails (9 percent).Urban households live in more solid dwellingsthan rural households. Half of urban households live instructures with brick or cement walls, compared to only6 percent of rural households.Overall, nine out of ten households in Bangladeshlive in residences with floors made of earth (90percent). However, more than half of urban householdshave cement or concrete flooring in their residences.Earth flooring is almost universal in rural areas (96 percent).As a way of estimating the extent of crowding,information was gathered in the BDHS on the numberofrooms households use for sleeping. Evidence of crowdingin Bangladeshi households is apparent in the estimatesfurnished in Table 2.7. Two-thirds of the house-Table 2.7 Housing characteristicsPercent distribution of households by housingcharacteristics, according to urban-rural residence,Bangladesh 1993-94ResidenceCharacteristic Urban Rund TotalElectricityYes 75.2 10.4 17.8No 24.8 89.6 82.2Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Source of drinking waterPiped into residence 26.7 0.3 3.3Piped outside residenceTubeweil10.162.00.291.01.387.7Surface/other well 0.8 4.4 4.0River/stream 0.1 0.8 0.7Lake/pond 0.4 3.1 2.8Other 0.0 0.l 0.1Missing/Don't know 0.0 0.1 0.lTotal ]00.0 100.0 ]00.0Sanitation facilitySeptic tank/Modem toilet 49.4 4.2 9.3Water/slab latrine 22.8 14.8 15.7Pit latrine 8.4 16.6 15.7Open latrineHanging latrine9.14.920.710.019.39.4No facility/bushOther4.80.633.40.430.20.4Total 100.0 I00.0 100.0Roof materialBamboo/thatch (Katcha)Tin10,755.740.252.336.852.7Cement/concrete/tileOther29.44.11.75.84.85.6Total 100.0 100.0 100.0Wall materialJute/bamboo/mud (Katcha) 38.6Wood 1.777.03.272.73.1Brick/cementTin50.57.75.69.710.79.4Other 1.3 4.4 4.1Total 10O.0 100.0 1{30.0Floor materialEarth (Katcha) 45.2 96,0 90.2Wood 2.1 0.2 0.4Cement/concrete 52.6 3.7 9.3Missing/Don't know 0.0 0.l 0.lTotal 100.0 100,0 100.0Persons per sleeping room1-2 39.5 34.2 34.83-4 38.2 42.2 41.85-6 17.1 17.8 17.87 + 5.2 5.6 5.6Missing/Don't know 0.0 0.1 0.lTotal 100.0 100.0 100.0Mean persons per room 3.4 3.6 3.5Number of households 1038 8136 9174holds (65 percent) have three or more persons per sleeping morn, with a mean number of 3.5 persons. Thereare only slight differences between urban and rural households in the extent of crowding.17