Bangladesh 1993-1994 Demographic and Health ... - Measure DHS

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Table 7.4 Infant and child mortality by demographic characteristicsInfant and child mortality rates for the ten-year period preceding the survey, by selecteddemographic cbaraeterlsfies, Bangladesh 1993-94Neonatal Posmeonatal Infant Child Under-fiveDemographic mortality mortality mortality mortality mortalitycharacteristic (NN) (PNN) qq0) (4q]) (sq0)Sex of childMale 70.9 36.5 107.3 46.7 149.1Female 55.7 37.7 93.4 62.3 149.9Age of mother at birth t< 20 81.3 38.5 119.9 50.6 164.420-29 55.7 33.5 89.2 55.9 140.230-39 57.0 43.2 100.2 56.1 150.6Bl~h order1 84.6 34.7 119.3 41.9 156.22-3 54.6 32.8 87.5 57.1 139.6445 54.8 39.3 94.1 57.1 145.87+ 68.4 49.4 117.8 63.1 173.4Previous birth Interval< 2 yrs 93.6 60.9 154.6 82.6 224.42-3yrs 48.0 34.0 82.0 56.6 134.04 yrs + 32.4 17.1 49.4 26.9 75.0IRates for age group 40-49 not shown due to small numbers of children exposed (i.e., lessthan 250).Figure 7.4Under-Five Mortality bySelected Demographic CharacteristicsAGE OF MOTHER
Birth order is correlated with mother's age so it is not surprising that mortality risks are elevatedamong first births (which are predominantly to younger mothers) and births of order seven or higher(which are generally to older mothers). The most consistent findings can be seen in the relationship betweenmortality rates and the length of the interval between births. The data show that short birthintervals significantly reduce a child's chances of survival. Children born less than two years after aprevious birth are three times more likely to die in infancy than those born after an interval of four yearsor more (155 vs. 49 per 1,1300). This relationship persists in all the age groups examined. This findingsupports the importance of child spacing practices as a means of reducing mortality of young children.7.5 High-Risk Fertility BehaviorPrevious research has shown strong relationships between fertility patterns and children's survivalchances. Typically, infants and children have a greater probability of dying early if they are born tomothers who are especially young or old, if they are born after a short birth interval, or if they are of highbirth order. Data to examine these relationships are presented in Table 7.5, which shows the distributionof births in the five years preceding the survey and of currently married women according to thesecategories of increased risk. In this analysis, a mother is classified as "too young if she is less than 18years of age and "too old" if she is over 34 years of age. A "short birth interval" is defined by a birthoccurring less than 24 months after a previous birth, and a child is of "high birth order" if the mother hadpreviously given birth to three or more children (i.e., if the child is of birth order 4 or higher). Firstbirths, although often at increased risk, are classified in the "not in any high-risk category," because theyare not considered an avoidable risk.Table 7.5 is further divided into two categories, with births falling into either single high-riskcategories (such as those bom to mothers below the age of 18 or over the age of 34, those bom after aninterval of less than 24 months and those of binh order higher than three) or multiple high-risk categories(such as those born after an interval of less than 24 months to mothers below the age of 18, children ofbirth order 4 or higher who are bom to mothers over 34 years, etc.).The results indicate that well over half (58 percent) of children bom in the five years before thesurvey fall into at least one high-risk category; one in seven births is characterized by two or more highriskfactors. The most common high-risk category is high birth order.Table 7.5 also indicates the relative risk of dying for children born in the five years before thesurvey by comparing the proportion dead in each high-risk category with the proportion dead amongchildren not in any high-risk category. These risk ratios are presented in column 2. One risk categorystands out--the multiple high-risk category of children of high birth order born to older women after ashort interval, which has a relative risk ratio of over three. Also high is the category of children born aftera short interval to young mothers (relative risk of 2.55). Fortunately, however, only a small proportionof recent births falls into either of these two categories, so that, even though the fertility behavior resultsin much higher risk of death for the child, few children are subject to that higher risk. Of greater practicalimportance are the categories of births that occur after an interval that is too short. Such births accountfor 15 percent of all births and suffer mortality risks that are almost twice that for children who fall in the"not in any high-risk category." Moreover, 15 percent of children born in Bangladesh are exposed togreater risk of dying because they are born to mothers under 18 years.97
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Demographicand Health Survey1993-19
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This report summarizes the findings
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4.7 Reasons for Selecting Family Pl
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TABLESPageTable 1.1Table 2.1Table 2
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PageTable 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Tabl
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FIGURESPageFigure2.1Hguro2.2~gure2.
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Secretary,Ministry of Health & Fami
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1993-94 BDHS TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMI
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 1993-94 Bang
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almost universal in Bangladesh for
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fully vaccinated, a vast improvemen
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Geography
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Fertility in Bangladesh is declinin
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Factors for Program SuccessNumerous
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Foundation, the Bangladesh Bureau o
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CHAPTER 2CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHO
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Figure 2.2Distribution of De Facto
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EducationEducation is a key determi
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with no education and more men than
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The majority (69 percent) of househ
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~l'able 2.9 Background characterist
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Access to MediaWomen were asked if
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for the whole country is 29 births
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Table 3.2 Fertility by background c
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Births per 1,000 Women3oo250 s ~Fig
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Figure 3.5Trends in the Total Ferti
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Table 3.9 Children ever born and li
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The data show that birth intervals
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Table 3.14 shows the percentage of
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CHAPTER 4FERTILITY REGULATION4.1 Kn
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Table 4.3 Differentials in knowledg
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Ever-use rates vary with the age of
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.7 Trends in current use of
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.8 Current use of fJ~,nily p
Page 77 and 78: Table 4.9 Trends in current use of
Page 79 and 80: Overall, 41 percent of respondents
Page 81 and 82: Use of Social Marketing BrandsBangl
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.16 Quality of pill usePerce
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.19 Use of condom brandsPerc
Page 87 and 88: Table4.21 StedlizationregretPercent
Page 89 and 90: The source a woman uses to obtain c
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.24 Reasons for discontinuat
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.26 Reasons for not using co
Page 95 and 96: Respondents were further asked whet
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.30 Contact with family plan
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 5OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINAN
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.1Trends in Proportion of W
Page 103 and 104: Table 5.4 Age at furst marriagePerc
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.6 indicates that a large ma
Page 107: 5.7 Termination of Exposure to Preg
Page 110 and 111: Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
Page 112 and 113: Table 6.2 Fertility preferences by
Page 114 and 115: 6.2 Need for Family Planning Servic
Page 116 and 117: Table 6.5 Ideal and actual number o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7 Fertility planning status
Page 120 and 121: Table 7.1 Infant and child mortalit
Page 122 and 123: Matlab area of Bangladesh. Infant m
Page 126 and 127: Column 3 of Table 7.5 shows the pro
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 130 and 131: Pregnant women who seek antenatal c
Page 132 and 133: Table 8.4 Place of deliveryPercent
Page 134 and 135: 5 percent were assisted by doctors,
Page 136 and 137: 59 percent of children 12-23 months
Page 138 and 139: Trends in Vaccination CoverageA gen
Page 140 and 141: Overall, just over one-quarter (28
Page 142 and 143: Figure 8.4Percentage of Children un
Page 144 and 145: Prevalence of BreastfeedlngTable 8.
Page 146 and 147: The results shown in Table 8.13 ind
Page 148 and 149: The median duration of breastfeedin
Page 150 and 151: Table 9.2 Age differences between s
Page 152 and 153: When data on current contraceptive
Page 154 and 155: The data indicate that when husband
Page 156 and 157: There is a high degree of agreement
Page 158 and 159: Table 10.1 Distance to public servi
Page 160 and 161: All but a tiny fraction of family p
Page 162 and 163: MarriageA review of the role of the
Page 164 and 165: Unmet Need for Family PlanningThe f
Page 166 and 167: Family Planning Outreach/Satellite
Page 168 and 169: should be organized on a priority b
Page 171 and 172: REFERENCESArnold, Fred. 1990. Asses
Page 173: APPENDIX ASAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
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APPENDIX BESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERR
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The Jacknife repeated replication m
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Table B.2 Sampling errors - Nationa
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Table B.4 Sampling errors - Rural s
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Table B.6 Sampling errors - Chittag
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Table B.8 Sampling errors - Khuhaa,
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APPENDIX CDATA QUALITY
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Table C.1 Household age distributio
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C.2 FertilityThe low level of ferti
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Figure C.1Births by Calendar Year,
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This cursory inspection of the qual
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APPENDIX DQUESTIONNAIRES
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we uoutd like
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NO.GUESTIONS AND FILTERS19 What is
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182
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SECTION 1.RESPONDEHTBS BACKGROUNDSK
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCOOING CATE
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211 Now I would like to talk to you
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221CONPARE 208 WITH NIJI4BER OF BIR
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SECTION 3:COBTRACEPTION301 I No~ (
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NO.315 QhJch method are you using?3
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NO.J320B IQUESTIONS AND FILTERSSHOW
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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331 I would like to ask some questi
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SECTION 4A.PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEED
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430 Are you still braastfeedingCNAM
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442H442I442JAmong the I~rsons with
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BANELA~ BIRYHNEXT-TO'LAST BIRTHNAME
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RO. J501 JOUESTIORS AND FILTERSSECT
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SECTION 7.HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND, RES
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS(To be fi
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218
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SECTION 1.RESPONGENT'S BACKGROUND10
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~[CT|ON 2.REPROOUCTIOMNo. I 043ESTI
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SKIPRo. I QUESTIONS AND FILTERS I C
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NO. IQUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CA
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NO,502CHECK ]15:SECTION 5.FERTILITY
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS(To be fi
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i. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONNO.OUESTIONS
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HO.QUEST lOllSL19 t~hat services do
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NO.QUESTIONS CCOING CATEGORIES SKIP
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iO.9QUESTIONS COOING CATEGORIES SXI
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Bangladesh 1993-1994 Demographic and Health ... - Measure DHS

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