Bangladesh 1993-1994 Demographic and Health ... - Measure DHS

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Matlab area of Bangladesh. Infant mortality rates in the comparison area declined from about 106 deathsper 1,000 births in the period 1984-88 to 97 for 1989-93, a less rapid decline than implied by the BDHSrates of 112 and 87, respectively (ICDDR,B, 1994:5). However, the decline in under-five mortality forthe comparison area of Matlab was steeper than the rates recorded in the BDHS; the former show adecline from about 182 to 132 deaths per 1,000 births for the period 1984-88 to 1989-93, compared to164 to 133 for the BDHS.7.3 Socioeconomic Differentials in Infant and Child MortalityDifferentials in the various mortality rates by selected background characteristics are presented inTable 7.3. The table focuses on basic socioeconomic characteristics, including urban-rural residence,division, and mother's educational level. A ten-year period is used to calculate the mortality estimatesin order to have a sufficient number of cases in each category.Table 7.3 Infant and child mortality by background characteristicsInfant and child mortality rates for the ten-year period preceding the survey, by selectedbackground characteristics, Bangladesh 1993-94Neonatal Postneonatal Infant Child Under-fiveBackground mortality mortality mortality mortality mortalitycharacteristic (NN) (PNN) (lq0) (4qt) (sqa)ResidenceUrban 43.7 37.2 80.9 36.3 114.3Rural 65.5 37.1 102.6 56.4 153.2DivisionBarisal 63.2 38.8 102.0 49.6 146.5Cbittagong 65.2 37.9 103.2 70.8 166.7Dhaka 62.2 43.4 105.6 57.6 157.1Khuhaa 59.3 30.0 89.3 24.7 l 11.8Rajshahi 64.6 30.2 94.8 44.0 134.7EducationNo education 70.9 42.4 113.3 64.4 170.4Primary incomplete 56.0 36.6 92.6 45.5 133.9Primary complete 55.0 26.7 81.7 25.8 105.4Second~xy/Higher 40.9 16.7 57.5 34.7 90.2Total 63.4 37.1 100 5 54.4 149.5Children in the urban areas of Bangladesh experience a 25 percent lower risk of dying before agefive than rural children (114 vs. 153 per 1,000 births, respectively--see Figure 7.3). The urban-ruraldifferential in mortality exists at every age group except for posmeonatal mortality, lnlant mortality ratesare 81 per 1,000 births in urban areas and 103 in rural areas.Differences in mortality by division are also quite marked, especially for child and under-fivemortality. Interestingly, there are only minimal differences in neonatal mortality by division anddifferences in postneonatal and infant mortality are relatively small. Child mortality is considerably higherin Chittagong Division than in the other divisions and under-five mortality in Chittagong and DhakaDivisions (167 and 157 per 1,000, respectively) is higher than in Khulna and Rajshahi Divisions (112 and135 per 1,000). Mortality rates in Khulna Division are lower in each age group than rates in the otherdivisions.94
RESIDENCEUrbanRuralFigure 7.3Under-Five Mortality bySelected Background CharacteristicsDIVISIONBarisalChlttagongDhakzKhulnaRajshahii135147167157EDUCATIONNo EducationPrim. IncompPrim. Comp,Secondary+.... 1105] gOJ 13450 100 15011702O0Deaths per 1,000 Live BirthsNote: Rates are for the tO-year period preceding surveyBDHS 1993-94Differences in early childhood mortality by education of the mother are large. Children born tomothers who have at least some secondary education are about half as likely to die before their fifthbirthday as those born to mothers who have had no education (90 vs. 170 per 1,000 births, respectively).This educational advantage is apparent for the mortality rates in every age group; for example, infantmortality rates are 113 per 1,0(30 births to women with no education, compared to only 58 per 1,000 birthsto women with at least some secondary education.7.4 Demographic Differentials in Infant and Child MortalityThe relationship between early childhood mortality and various demographic variables is examinedin Table 7.4 and Figure 7.4 for the ten-year period preceding the survey. The results show that, asexpected, male children are more likely to die in infancy than female children (107 for males vs. 93 forfemales). The difference is especially pronounced in the neonatal period, whereas posmeonatal mortalityrates are almost identical for males and females. The gender differential reverses in childhood; betweenage 1 and 4, more females die than males. The same pattern is found in the Matlab area, where neonatalmortality rates in the comparison area in 1993 were 67 for males and 60 for females (1CDDR, B, 1994:5).Since childhood mortality is typically about equal among females and males, this pattern suggests thatthere may be gender-related differences in childrearing practices or in treatment of illnesses duringchildhood that favor boys over girls.The relationship between childhood mortality and mother's age at birth generally shows the expectedU-shaped pattern with higher mortality for children of younger (less than age 20) and older mothers.For example, the infant mortality rate for children of mothers who were less than age 20 at the timeof the child's birth (120 per 1,000) is one-third higher than the rate for children whose mothers were 20-29at the time they gave birth (89 per 1,000). Among the children of mothers age 30-39, the infant mortalityrate is again high (100 per 1,000). Exceptions to the U-shaped pattern are neonatal mortality, which ishigh for very young mothers but does not rise again for older mothers, and childhood mortality, whichrises with the age of the mother.95
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Demographicand Health Survey1993-19
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This report summarizes the findings
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4.7 Reasons for Selecting Family Pl
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TABLESPageTable 1.1Table 2.1Table 2
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PageTable 5.5Table 5.6Table 5.7Tabl
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FIGURESPageFigure2.1Hguro2.2~gure2.
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Secretary,Ministry of Health & Fami
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1993-94 BDHS TECHNICAL REVIEW COMMI
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGSThe 1993-94 Bang
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almost universal in Bangladesh for
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fully vaccinated, a vast improvemen
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CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION1.1 Geography
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Fertility in Bangladesh is declinin
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Factors for Program SuccessNumerous
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Foundation, the Bangladesh Bureau o
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CHAPTER 2CHARACTERISTICS OF HOUSEHO
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Figure 2.2Distribution of De Facto
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EducationEducation is a key determi
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with no education and more men than
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The majority (69 percent) of househ
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~l'able 2.9 Background characterist
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Access to MediaWomen were asked if
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for the whole country is 29 births
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Table 3.2 Fertility by background c
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Births per 1,000 Women3oo250 s ~Fig
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Figure 3.5Trends in the Total Ferti
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Table 3.9 Children ever born and li
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The data show that birth intervals
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Table 3.14 shows the percentage of
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CHAPTER 4FERTILITY REGULATION4.1 Kn
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Table 4.3 Differentials in knowledg
Page 71 and 72: Ever-use rates vary with the age of
Page 73 and 74: Table 4.7 Trends in current use of
Page 75 and 76: Table 4.8 Current use of fJ~,nily p
Page 77 and 78: Table 4.9 Trends in current use of
Page 79 and 80: Overall, 41 percent of respondents
Page 81 and 82: Use of Social Marketing BrandsBangl
Page 83 and 84: Table 4.16 Quality of pill usePerce
Page 85 and 86: Table 4.19 Use of condom brandsPerc
Page 87 and 88: Table4.21 StedlizationregretPercent
Page 89 and 90: The source a woman uses to obtain c
Page 91 and 92: Table 4.24 Reasons for discontinuat
Page 93 and 94: Table 4.26 Reasons for not using co
Page 95 and 96: Respondents were further asked whet
Page 97 and 98: Table 4.30 Contact with family plan
Page 99 and 100: CHAPTER 5OTHER PROXIMATE DETERMINAN
Page 101 and 102: Figure 5.1Trends in Proportion of W
Page 103 and 104: Table 5.4 Age at furst marriagePerc
Page 105 and 106: Table 5.6 indicates that a large ma
Page 107: 5.7 Termination of Exposure to Preg
Page 110 and 111: Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by
Page 112 and 113: Table 6.2 Fertility preferences by
Page 114 and 115: 6.2 Need for Family Planning Servic
Page 116 and 117: Table 6.5 Ideal and actual number o
Page 118 and 119: Table 6.7 Fertility planning status
Page 120 and 121: Table 7.1 Infant and child mortalit
Page 124 and 125: Table 7.4 Infant and child mortalit
Page 126 and 127: Column 3 of Table 7.5 shows the pro
Page 128 and 129: Table 8.1 Antenatal carePercent dis
Page 130 and 131: Pregnant women who seek antenatal c
Page 132 and 133: Table 8.4 Place of deliveryPercent
Page 134 and 135: 5 percent were assisted by doctors,
Page 136 and 137: 59 percent of children 12-23 months
Page 138 and 139: Trends in Vaccination CoverageA gen
Page 140 and 141: Overall, just over one-quarter (28
Page 142 and 143: Figure 8.4Percentage of Children un
Page 144 and 145: Prevalence of BreastfeedlngTable 8.
Page 146 and 147: The results shown in Table 8.13 ind
Page 148 and 149: The median duration of breastfeedin
Page 150 and 151: Table 9.2 Age differences between s
Page 152 and 153: When data on current contraceptive
Page 154 and 155: The data indicate that when husband
Page 156 and 157: There is a high degree of agreement
Page 158 and 159: Table 10.1 Distance to public servi
Page 160 and 161: All but a tiny fraction of family p
Page 162 and 163: MarriageA review of the role of the
Page 164 and 165: Unmet Need for Family PlanningThe f
Page 166 and 167: Family Planning Outreach/Satellite
Page 168 and 169: should be organized on a priority b
Page 171 and 172: REFERENCESArnold, Fred. 1990. Asses
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APPENDIX ASAMPLE IMPLEMENTATION
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APPENDIX BESTIMATES OF SAMPLING ERR
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The Jacknife repeated replication m
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Table B.2 Sampling errors - Nationa
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Table B.4 Sampling errors - Rural s
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Table B.6 Sampling errors - Chittag
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Table B.8 Sampling errors - Khuhaa,
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APPENDIX CDATA QUALITY
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Table C.1 Household age distributio
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C.2 FertilityThe low level of ferti
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Figure C.1Births by Calendar Year,
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This cursory inspection of the qual
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APPENDIX DQUESTIONNAIRES
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HOUSEHOLD SCHEDULENow we uoutd like
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NO.GUESTIONS AND FILTERS19 What is
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182
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SECTION 1.RESPONDEHTBS BACKGROUNDSK
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCOOING CATE
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211 Now I would like to talk to you
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221CONPARE 208 WITH NIJI4BER OF BIR
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SECTION 3:COBTRACEPTION301 I No~ (
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NO.315 QhJch method are you using?3
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NO.J320B IQUESTIONS AND FILTERSSHOW
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NO.QUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CATE
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331 I would like to ask some questi
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SECTION 4A.PREGNANCY AND BREASTFEED
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430 Are you still braastfeedingCNAM
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442H442I442JAmong the I~rsons with
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BANELA~ BIRYHNEXT-TO'LAST BIRTHNAME
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RO. J501 JOUESTIORS AND FILTERSSECT
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SECTION 7.HUSBAND'S BACKGROUND, RES
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS(To be fi
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218
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SECTION 1.RESPONGENT'S BACKGROUND10
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~[CT|ON 2.REPROOUCTIOMNo. I 043ESTI
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SKIPRo. I QUESTIONS AND FILTERS I C
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NO. IQUESTIONS AND FILTERSCODING CA
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NO,502CHECK ]15:SECTION 5.FERTILITY
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INTERVIEWER'S OBSERVATIONS(To be fi
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i. GENERAL DESCRIPTIONNO.OUESTIONS
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HO.QUEST lOllSL19 t~hat services do
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NO.QUESTIONS CCOING CATEGORIES SKIP
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iO.9QUESTIONS COOING CATEGORIES SXI
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