Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) as a nutritional supplement 83[10] Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Siders, W. A., and Milne, D. B. (1996) <strong>Chromium</strong>supplementation and resistance <strong>training</strong>: Effects on body composition, strength, and traceelement status <strong>of</strong> men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 954–965.[11] Boyd, S. G., Boone, B. E., Smith, A. R., Conners, J., and Dohm, G. L. (1998) Combineddietary chromium picolinate supplementation and an exercise program leads to a reduction<strong>of</strong> serum cholesterol and insulin in college-aged subjects. J. Nutr. Biochem. 9, 471–475.[12] Anderson, R. A., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., and Deuster, P. A. (1988). Exercise effectson chromium excretion <strong>of</strong> trained and untrained men consuming a constant diet. J. Appl.Physiol. 64, 249–252.[13] Anderson, R. A., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., and Thorp, J. W. (1991) Effects <strong>of</strong>carbohydrate loading and underwater exercise on circulating cortisol, insulin and urinarylosses <strong>of</strong> chromium and zinc. Eur. J. Appl. Physiol. Occup. Physiol. 63, 146–150.[14] Clancy, S. P., Clarkson, P. M., Cheke, M. E. D., Nosaka, K., Freedson, P. S., Cunningham,J. J., and Valentine, B. (1994) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate supplementaion on bodycomposition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4,142–153.[15] Walker, L. S., Bemben, M. G., Bemben, D. A., and Khenans, A. W. (1998) <strong>Chromium</strong>picolinate effects on body composition and muscular performance in wrestlers. Med. Sci.Sports Exerc. 30, 1730–1737.[16] Livolsi, J. M., Adams, G. M., and Laguna, P. L. (2001) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinateon muscular strength and body composition in women athletes. J. Strength Cond. Res. 15,161–166.[17] Bulbulian R., Pringle, D. D., and Liddy, M. S. (1996) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate supplementationin male and female swimmers. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, Suppl, S111.[18] Evans, G. W., and Pouchnik, D. J. (1993) Composition and biological activity <strong>of</strong> chromiumpyridinecomplexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 49, 177–187.[19] Trent, L. K., and Thieding-Canel, D. (1995) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on body composition.J. Sports Med. Phys. Fitness 35, 273–280.[20] Grant, K. E., Chandler, R. M., Castle, A. L., and Ivy, J. L. (1997) <strong>Chromium</strong> and exercise<strong>training</strong>: effect on obese women. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 29, 992–998.[21] Volpe, S. L., Huang, H. W., Larpadisorn, K., and Lesser, I. I. (2001) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromiumsupplementation and exercise on body composition, resting metabolic rate and selectedbiochemical parameters in moderately obese women following an exercise program. J. Am.Coll. Nutr. 20, 293–306.[22] Kaats, G. R., Blum, K., Fisher, J. A., and Adelman, J. A. (1996) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromiumsupplementation on body composition: a randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlledstudy. Curr. <strong>The</strong>r. Res. 57, 747–456.[23] Kaats, G. R., Blum, K., Pullin, D., Keith, S. C., and Wood, R. (1998) A randomized, doublemasked,placebo-controlled study <strong>of</strong> the effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate supplementation onbody composition: a replication and extension <strong>of</strong> a previous study. Curr. <strong>The</strong>r. Res. 59,379–388.[24] Crawford, V., Scheckenbach, R., and Preuss, H. G. (1999) Effects <strong>of</strong> niacin-bound chromiumsupplementatioin on body compsotion in overweight African-American women. DiabetesObesity Metabol. 1, 331–337.[25] Bahadori, B., Wallner, S., Schneider, H., Wascher, T. C., and Toplak, H. (1997) Effect<strong>of</strong> chromium yeast and chromium picolinate on body composition <strong>of</strong> obese, non-diabeticpatients during and after a formula diet. Acta Med. Austriaca 24, 185–187.[26] Pasman, W. J., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., and Saris, W. H. M. (1997) <strong>The</strong> effectiveness<strong>of</strong> long-term supplementation <strong>of</strong> carbohydrate, chromium, fibre, and caffeine on weightmaintenance. Int. J. Obes. 21, 1143–1151.
84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R. G., Anderson, R. A., Keith, R. E., Wilson, G. D., McMillan, J. L., and Stone,M. H. (1992) Efficacy <strong>of</strong> chromium supplementation in athletes: emphasis on anabolism. Int.J. Sport Nutr. 2, 111–122.[28] Amato, P., Morales, A. J., and Yen, S. S. C. (2000) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate supplementationon insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, and body composition in healthy, non-obeseolder men and women. J. Gerontol. 55A, M260–M263.[29] Campbell, W. W., Joseph, L. J. O., Davey, S. L., Cyr-Campbell, D., Anderson, R. A.,and Evans, W. J. (1999). Effects <strong>of</strong> resistance <strong>training</strong> ands chromium picolinate on bodycomposition and skeletal muscle in older men. J. Appl. Physiol. 86, 29–39.[30] Campbell, W. W., Joseph, L. J. O., Anderson, R. A., Davey, S. L., Hinton, J., and Evans,W. J. (1999). Effects <strong>of</strong> resistance <strong>training</strong> and chromium picolinate on body compositionand muscle size in older women. Int. J. Sport Nutr. Exerc. Metabol. 12, 125–135.[31] National Research Council (1989) Recommended Dietary Allowances, 10 th Ed. Subcommitteeon the Tenth Edition <strong>of</strong> the RDAs, Food and Nutrition Board, Commission on Life Science,National Research Council. National Academy Press, Washington, D. C.[32] Anderson, R. A., and Kozlovsky, A. S. (1985) <strong>Chromium</strong> intake, absorption and excretion<strong>of</strong> subjects consuming self-selected diets. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 41, 1177–1183.[33] National Research Council (2002) Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Arsenic, Boron,<strong>Chromium</strong>, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, andZinc. A Report <strong>of</strong> the Panel on Micronutrients, Subcommittee on Upper Reference Levels <strong>of</strong>Nutrients and <strong>of</strong> Interpretations and Uses <strong>of</strong> Dietary Reference Intakes, and the StandingCommittee on the Scientific Evaluation <strong>of</strong> Dietary Reference Intakes. National Academy <strong>of</strong>Sciences, Washington, D. C.[34] Lukaski, H. C. (1999) <strong>Chromium</strong> as a supplement. Ann. Rev. Nutr. 19, 279–302.[35] Lukaski, H. C. (1987) Methods for the assessment <strong>of</strong> human body composition: traditionaland new. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 46, 537–556.[36] Ellis, K. J., Bell, S. J., Chertow, G. M., Chumlea, W. C., Know, T. A., Kotler, D. P., Lukaski,H. C., and Schoeller, D. A. (1999). Bioelectrical impedance methods in clinical research: afollow up to the NIH technology assessment conference. Nutrition 15, 874–880.[37] Anderson, R. A., Cheng, N., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., Cheng, N., Jai, J., and Feng, J.(1997) Elevated intakes <strong>of</strong> supplemental chromium improve glucose and insulin variables inindividuals with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes 46, 1786–1791.[38] Pittler, M. H., Stevinson, C., and Ernst, E. (2003) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate for reducing bodyweight: meta-analysis <strong>of</strong> randomized trials. Int. J. Obesity 27, 522–529.[39] Vincent, J. B. (2003) <strong>The</strong> potential value and toxicity <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate as a nutritionalsupplement, weight loss agent and muscle development agent. Sports Med. 33, 213–230.[40] Lukaski, H., Siders, W. A., and Penland, J. G. (in press) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate supplementationin women: Effects on body weight, composition and iron status. Nutrition.[41] United States <strong>of</strong> America before Federal Trade Commission, Docket No. C-3758, 1997.
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The Nutritional Biochemistryof Chro
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The NutritionalBiochemistry ofChrom
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Table of ContentsPrefaceContributor
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PrefaceThe manufacture and sale of
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Prefaceixdiscuss the implications o
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ContributorsD. BagchiInterHealth Re
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Chapter 1Introduction: A history of
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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- Page 65 and 66: 52 Barbara J. StoeckerEFFECTS OF ME
- Page 67 and 68: 54 Barbara J. Stoecker[26] Mohameds
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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142 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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144 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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146 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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148 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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150 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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152 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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154 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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156 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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158 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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160 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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Table 1(Continued)ReferenceStudytyp
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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