Introduction: A history <strong>of</strong> chromium studies (1955–1995) 31[56] Broderick, W. E., and Legg, J. I. (1985) Synthesis <strong>of</strong> the first stable nitrogen coordinatednicotinic acid chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes: cis- and trans-H[Cr(mal) 2 (nic-N) 2 ]. Inorg. Chem.24, 3724–3725.[57] Vicens, M., Fiol, J. J., Terron, A., Moreno, V., Goodgame, D. M. L., and Sheppard, R. N.(1992) Some new chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes <strong>of</strong> nicotinic acid; a D NMR and EPR study.Inorg. Chim. Acta 192, 139–142.[58] Barrett, J., O’Brien, P., and Jesus, J. P. D. (1985) <strong>Chromium</strong>(<strong>III</strong>) and the glucose tolerancefactor. Polyhedron 4, 1–14.[59] Green, C. A., Kione, N., Legg, J. I., and Willet, R. D. (1990) Synthesis and characterization<strong>of</strong> -carboxylato-O, O--hydroxo chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes containing amino acids,acetate and nicotinate as bridging ligands. Crystal structure <strong>of</strong> K 2 [Cr(nta)(OH)(acetate-O,O)Cr(nta)]·4H 2 O. Inorg. Chim. Acta 176, 87–93.[60] Kingry, K. F., Rowyer, A. C., and Vincent, J. B. (1998) Nuclear magnetic resonance studies<strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) pyridinecarboxylate complexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 72, 79–88.[61] Broadhurst, C. L., Schmidt, W. F., <strong>III</strong>, J. B. R., Polansky, M. M., Gautschi, K., andAnderson, R. A. (1997) Characterization and structure by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy,and molecular modeling <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) picolinate and nicotinate complexes utilized fornutritional supplementation. J. Inorg. Biochem. 66, 119–130.[62] Anderson, R. A., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., and Gautschi, K. (1996) Dietarychromium effects on tissue chromium concentrations and chromium absorption in rats. J.Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 9, 11–25.[63] Evans, G. W., and Pouchnik, D. J. (1993) Composition and biological activity <strong>of</strong> chromiumpyridinecarboxylate complexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 49, 177–187.[64] Olin, K. L., Stearns, D. M., Armstrong, W. H., and Keen, C. L. (1994) Comparativeretention/absorption <strong>of</strong> chromium ( 51 Cr) from Cr chloride, 51 Cr nicotinate and 51 Cr picolinatein a rat model. Trace Elem. Electrocytes 11, 182–186.[65] Bradshaw, J. E., Grossie, D. A., Mullica, D. F., and Pennington, D. E. (1988) Preparationsand characterizations <strong>of</strong> 3 -oxo-hexakis ( 2 -carboxylatopyridine-O,O) triaquatrichromium(<strong>III</strong>)perchlorates. Inorg. Chim. Acta 141, 41–47.[66] Evans, G. W., and Bowman, T. D. (1992) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate increases membrane fluidityand rate <strong>of</strong> insulin internalization. J. Inorg. Biochem. 46, 243–250.[67] Hellerstein, M. K. (1998) Is chromium supplementation effective in managing type IIdiabetes? Nutr. Rev. 56, 302–306.[68] Evans, G. W. (1989) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters inhumans. Int. J. Biosci. Med. Res. 11, 163–180.[69] Clancy, S. P., Clarkson, P. M., Cheke, M. E. D., Nosaka, K., Freedson, P. S., Cunningham,J. J., and Valentine, B. (1994) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate supplementaion on bodycomposition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4,142–153.[70] Hallmark, M. A., Reynolds, T. H., DeSouza, C. A., Dotson, C. O., Anderson, R. A., andRogers, M. A. (1996) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium and resistive <strong>training</strong> on muscle strength andbody composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, 139–144.[71] Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Siders, W. A., and Milne, D. B. (1996) <strong>Chromium</strong>supplementation and resistance <strong>training</strong>: Effects on body composition, strength, and traceelement status <strong>of</strong> men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 954–965.[72] Press, R. I., Geller, J., and Evans, G. W. (1990) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on serumcholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. West. J. Med. 152, 41–45.[73] Evans, G. W., and Meyer, L. (1992) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate increases longevity. Age 15, 134.[74] Lefavi, R. G. (1993) Response. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3, 120–122.
32 John B. Vincent and Dontarie Stallings[75] Lefavi, R. G., Anderson, R. A., Keith, R. E., Wilson, G. D., McMillan, J. L., and Stone,M. H. (1992) Efficacy <strong>of</strong> chromium supplementation in athletes: emphasis on anabolism.Int. J. Sport Nutr. 2, 111–122.[76] Neilsen, F. H. (1996) Controversial chromium: Does the superstar mineral <strong>of</strong> the Montebanksreceive appropriate attention from clinicians and nutritionists? Nutr. Today 31,226–233.[77] Stearns, D. M., Wise, Sr., J. P., Patierno, S. R., and Wetterhahn, K. E. (1995) <strong>Chromium</strong>(<strong>III</strong>)picolinate produces chromosome damage in Chinese hamster ovary cells. FASEB J. 9,1643–1648.[78] Stearns, D. M., Belbruno, J. J., and Wetterhahn, K. E. (1995) A prediction <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>)accumulation in humans from chromium dietary supplements. FASEB J. 9, 1650–1657.[79] Saraceno, A. J., and Block, B. P. (1963) Inorganic coordination polymers. IV. <strong>The</strong> attemptedreplacement <strong>of</strong> acetylacetonate ligands with ligands picolinate. Inorg. Chem. 2, 864–865.[80] Stearns, D. M., and Armstrong, W. H. (1992) Mononuclear and binuclear chromium(<strong>III</strong>)picolinate complexes. Inorg. Chem. 31, 5178–5184.[81] Bhattacharya, M., and De., G. S. (1981) Kinetics <strong>of</strong> substitution <strong>of</strong> aquo ligands fromhexaaquochromium(<strong>III</strong>) ion by picolinic acid in water-ethanol medium. Indian J. Chem.20A, 780.[82] Borisova, N. N., Shabilalov, A. A., and Azizov, M. A. (1987) <strong>Chromium</strong>(<strong>III</strong>) coordinationcompounds with 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid. Koord. Khim. 13, 1050–1054.[83] Campanella, L., Ciacchierini, E., Angelis, G. D., and Petrone, V. (1977) <strong>The</strong> reactionbetween chromium(<strong>III</strong>) and picolinic acid. Ann. Chim. 67, 385.[84] Ley, H., and Ficken, K. (1917) Isomerie und lichtabsorption bei inneren komplexsalzen.(Uber innere komplexsalze. XV.) Ber. 50, 1123.[85] Vinayakumar, C. K., Dey, G. R., Kishore, K., and Moorthy, P. N. (1996) Redox reactions<strong>of</strong> V(<strong>III</strong>) and Cr(<strong>III</strong>)picolinate complexes in aqueous solutions. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 48,737–742.[86] Dorsett, T. E., and Walton, R. A. (1976) Studies on Metal Carboxylates.10. Reactions<strong>of</strong> group-6 hexacarbonyls with pyridinecarboxylic acids - complexes <strong>of</strong> chromium-(<strong>III</strong>),molybdenum(<strong>III</strong>), and tungsten-(0), -(I), and -(IV). J. Chem. Soc., 347–350.[87] Gould, E. S., and Taube, H. (1964) Electron transfer through organic structural units.aromatic and heterocyclic carboxylates as bridging groups in oxidation-reduction reactions.J. Am. Chem. Soc. 86, 1318–1328.[88] Yuen, G., Heaster, H., and Hoggard, P. E. (1983) Amine spectrochemical properties intris(aminocarboxylate) complexes <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>). Inorg. Chim. Acta 73, 231–234.[89] Israily, N. (1966) Preparation des isomeres cis et trans des complexes du chrome et desaminomonoacids. Etude des spectres d’absorption infrarouge et visible. C. R. Acad. Sci.Paris. 262, 1426–1428.[90] Chakov, N. E., Collins, R. A., and Vincent, J. B. (1999) A re-investigation the electronicspectra <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) picolinate complexes and high yield synthesis and characterization<strong>of</strong> Cr 2 (-OH) 2 (pic) 4 .5H 2 O (Hpic = picolinic acid). Polyhedron 18, 2891–2897.[91] Parajn-Costa, B. S., Wagner, C. C., Baran, E. J., and Anorg, Z. (2003) Voltammetric andspectroscopic study <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>)/picolinate complexes. Z. Anorg. Allg. Chem. 629.[92] Anderson, R. A. (1986) <strong>Chromium</strong> metabolism and its role in disease processes in man.Clin. Physiol. Biochem. 4, 31–41.[93] Striffler, J. S., Polansky, M. M., and Anderson, R. A. (1999) Overproduction <strong>of</strong> insulin inthe chromium-deficient rat. Metabolism 48, 1063–1068.[94] Schwarz, K. (1951) Production <strong>of</strong> dietary necrotic liver degeneration using American Torulayeast. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 77, 818–823.[95] Schroeder, H. A., Vinton, W. H., Jr, and Balassa, J. J. (1963) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium, cadmiumand lead on the growth and survival <strong>of</strong> rats. J. Nutr. 80, 48–54.
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82 Henry C. LukaskiSOME RESOLUTION
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84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
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86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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88 Merlin D. LindemannSWINEIntroduc
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90 Merlin D. Lindemannstudy [19], a
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92 Merlin D. Lindemann(VT) [13] cor
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94 Merlin D. LindemannEffects on ca
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96 Merlin D. LindemannTable 3Effect
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98 Merlin D. Lindemanninsulin [13];
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100 Merlin D. Lindemannno observed
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102 Merlin D. LindemannChromium for
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104 Merlin D. LindemannA dose-respo
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106 Merlin D. LindemannTable 5Effec
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108 Merlin D. LindemannSHEEPIntrodu
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110 Merlin D. Lindemannwere not sta
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112 Merlin D. Lindemann[6] National
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114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel,
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116 Merlin D. Lindemann[75] Kegley,
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118 Merlin D. Lindemann[113] Xianli
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122 Weiyue FengTable 1Absorption of
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124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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126 Weiyue FengKd = [Cr 51 in LMWCr
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128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
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130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
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132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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142 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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144 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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146 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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150 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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156 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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158 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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160 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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