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The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III) - Survival-training.info

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Introduction: A history <strong>of</strong> chromium studies (1955–1995) 31[56] Broderick, W. E., and Legg, J. I. (1985) Synthesis <strong>of</strong> the first stable nitrogen coordinatednicotinic acid chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes: cis- and trans-H[Cr(mal) 2 (nic-N) 2 ]. Inorg. Chem.24, 3724–3725.[57] Vicens, M., Fiol, J. J., Terron, A., Moreno, V., Goodgame, D. M. L., and Sheppard, R. N.(1992) Some new chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes <strong>of</strong> nicotinic acid; a D NMR and EPR study.Inorg. Chim. Acta 192, 139–142.[58] Barrett, J., O’Brien, P., and Jesus, J. P. D. (1985) <strong>Chromium</strong>(<strong>III</strong>) and the glucose tolerancefactor. Polyhedron 4, 1–14.[59] Green, C. A., Kione, N., Legg, J. I., and Willet, R. D. (1990) Synthesis and characterization<strong>of</strong> -carboxylato-O, O--hydroxo chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes containing amino acids,acetate and nicotinate as bridging ligands. Crystal structure <strong>of</strong> K 2 [Cr(nta)(OH)(acetate-O,O)Cr(nta)]·4H 2 O. Inorg. Chim. Acta 176, 87–93.[60] Kingry, K. F., Rowyer, A. C., and Vincent, J. B. (1998) Nuclear magnetic resonance studies<strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) pyridinecarboxylate complexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 72, 79–88.[61] Broadhurst, C. L., Schmidt, W. F., <strong>III</strong>, J. B. R., Polansky, M. M., Gautschi, K., andAnderson, R. A. (1997) Characterization and structure by NMR and FTIR spectroscopy,and molecular modeling <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) picolinate and nicotinate complexes utilized fornutritional supplementation. J. Inorg. Biochem. 66, 119–130.[62] Anderson, R. A., Bryden, N. A., Polansky, M. M., and Gautschi, K. (1996) Dietarychromium effects on tissue chromium concentrations and chromium absorption in rats. J.Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 9, 11–25.[63] Evans, G. W., and Pouchnik, D. J. (1993) Composition and biological activity <strong>of</strong> chromiumpyridinecarboxylate complexes. J. Inorg. Biochem. 49, 177–187.[64] Olin, K. L., Stearns, D. M., Armstrong, W. H., and Keen, C. L. (1994) Comparativeretention/absorption <strong>of</strong> chromium ( 51 Cr) from Cr chloride, 51 Cr nicotinate and 51 Cr picolinatein a rat model. Trace Elem. Electrocytes 11, 182–186.[65] Bradshaw, J. E., Grossie, D. A., Mullica, D. F., and Pennington, D. E. (1988) Preparationsand characterizations <strong>of</strong> 3 -oxo-hexakis ( 2 -carboxylatopyridine-O,O) triaquatrichromium(<strong>III</strong>)perchlorates. Inorg. Chim. Acta 141, 41–47.[66] Evans, G. W., and Bowman, T. D. (1992) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate increases membrane fluidityand rate <strong>of</strong> insulin internalization. J. Inorg. Biochem. 46, 243–250.[67] Hellerstein, M. K. (1998) Is chromium supplementation effective in managing type IIdiabetes? Nutr. Rev. 56, 302–306.[68] Evans, G. W. (1989) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on insulin controlled parameters inhumans. Int. J. Biosci. Med. Res. 11, 163–180.[69] Clancy, S. P., Clarkson, P. M., Cheke, M. E. D., Nosaka, K., Freedson, P. S., Cunningham,J. J., and Valentine, B. (1994) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate supplementaion on bodycomposition, strength, and urinary chromium loss in football players. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 4,142–153.[70] Hallmark, M. A., Reynolds, T. H., DeSouza, C. A., Dotson, C. O., Anderson, R. A., andRogers, M. A. (1996) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium and resistive <strong>training</strong> on muscle strength andbody composition. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 28, 139–144.[71] Lukaski, H. C., Bolonchuk, W. W., Siders, W. A., and Milne, D. B. (1996) <strong>Chromium</strong>supplementation and resistance <strong>training</strong>: Effects on body composition, strength, and traceelement status <strong>of</strong> men. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 63, 954–965.[72] Press, R. I., Geller, J., and Evans, G. W. (1990) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on serumcholesterol and apolipoprotein fractions in human subjects. West. J. Med. 152, 41–45.[73] Evans, G. W., and Meyer, L. (1992) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate increases longevity. Age 15, 134.[74] Lefavi, R. G. (1993) Response. Int. J. Sport Nutr. 3, 120–122.

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