Introduction: A history <strong>of</strong> chromium studies (1955–1995) 29[15] Cambell, W. J., and Mertz, W. (1963) Interaction <strong>of</strong> insulin and chromium(<strong>III</strong>) on mitochondrialswelling. Am. J. Physiol. 204, 1028–1030.[16] Evans, G. W., Roginski, E. E., and Mertz, W. (1973) Interaction <strong>of</strong> the glucose tolerancefactor (GTF) with insulin. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 50, 718–722.[17] Votava, H. J., Hahn, C. J., and Evans, G. W. (1973) Isolation and partial characterization<strong>of</strong> a 51Cr complex from brewers’ yeast. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 55, 312–319.[18] Toepfer, E. W., Mertz, W., Polansky, M. M., Roginski, E. E., and Wolf, W. R. (1977) Preparation<strong>of</strong> chromium-containing material <strong>of</strong> glucose tolerance factor activity from brewer’syeast extracts and by synthesis. J. Agric. Food Chem. 25, 162–162.[19] Anderson, R. A., and Mertz, W. (1977) Glucose tolerance factor: an essential dietary agent.Trends Biochem. Sci. 2, 277–279.[20] Kumpulainen, J., Koivistoinen, P., and Lahtinen, S. (1978) Isolation, purification, andpartial chemical characterization <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) fractions existing in brewer’s yeast andSabouraud’s liquid medium. Bioinorg. Chem. 8, 419–429.[21] Gonzalez-Vergara, E., Hegenauer, J., and Saltman, P. (1982) Biological complexes <strong>of</strong>chromium: A second look at glucose tolerance factor. Fed. Proc. 41, 286.[22] Held, D. D., Gonzalez-Vergara, E., and G<strong>of</strong>f, H. M. (1984) Isolation <strong>of</strong> a non-chromiuminsulin-enhancing factor from brewer’s yeast. Fed. Proc. 43, 472.[23] Haylock, S. J., Buckley, P. D., and Blackwell, L. F. (1983) Separation <strong>of</strong> biologically activechromium-containing complexes from yeast extracts and other sources <strong>of</strong> glucose tolerancefactor (GTF) activity. J. Inorg. Biochem. 18, 195–211.[24] Mirsky, N., Weiss, A., and Dori, Z. (1980) <strong>Chromium</strong> in biological systems, I. Someobservations on glucose tolerance factor in yeast. J. Inorg. Biochem. 13, 11–21.[25] Mirsky, N., Weiss, A., and Dori, Z. (1981) <strong>The</strong> effect <strong>of</strong> glucose tolerance factor on glucoseuptake by yeast cells. J. Inorg. Biochem. 15, 275–279.[26] Holdsworth, E. S., and Appleby, G. (1984) Assays <strong>of</strong> glucose tolerance factor and its mode<strong>of</strong> action, studied with brewer’s yeast. J. Inorg. Biochem. 21, 31–44.[27] Mirsky, N. (1993) Glucose tolerance factor reduces blood glucose and free fatty acids levelsin diabetic rats. J. Inorg. Biochem. 49, 123–128.[28] Mirsky, N., and Berdicevsky, I. (1994) Effects <strong>of</strong> insulin and glucose tolerance factor onglucose uptake by yeast cells. Biol. Signals 3, 271–277.[29] Berdicevsky, I., and Mirsky, N. (1994) Effects <strong>of</strong> insulin and glucose tolerance factor (GTF)on growth <strong>of</strong> Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Mycoses 37, 405–410.[30] Muller, G., Rouveyre, N., Crecelius, A., and Bandlow, W. (1998) Insulin signaling in theyeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 1. Stimulation <strong>of</strong> glucose metabolism and Snf1 kinase byhuman insulin. <strong>Biochemistry</strong> 37, 8683–8695.[31] Muller, G., Rouveyre, N., Upshon, C., Gross, E., and Bandlow, W. (1998) Insulin signalingin the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 2. Interaction <strong>of</strong> human insulin with a putativebinding protein. <strong>Biochemistry</strong> 37, 8696–8704.[32] Muller, G., Rouveyre, N., Upshon, C., and Bandlow, W. (1998) Insulin signaling in theyeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 3. Induction <strong>of</strong> protein phosphorylation by human insulin.<strong>Biochemistry</strong> 37, 8705–8713.[33] Haylock, S. J., Buckley, P. D., and Blackwell, L. F. (1983) <strong>The</strong> relationship <strong>of</strong> chromiumto the glucose tolerance factor. II. J. Inorg. Biochem. 19, 105–117.[34] Davies, D. M., Holdsworth, E. S., and Sherriff, J. L. (1985) <strong>The</strong> isolation <strong>of</strong> glucosetolerance factors from brewer’s yeast and their relationship to chromium. Biochem. Med.33, 297–311.[35] Holdsworth, E. S., and Neville, E. (1988) Extracts <strong>of</strong> brewer’s yeast contain GABA whichenhances activation <strong>of</strong> glycogen synthetase by insulin in isolated rat hepatocytes. Biochem.Int. 17, 1107–1116.
30 John B. Vincent and Dontarie Stallings[36] Holdsworth, E. S., and Neville, E. (1990) Effects <strong>of</strong> extracts <strong>of</strong> high- and low-chromiumbrewer’s yeast on metabolism <strong>of</strong> glucose by hepatocytes from rats fed on high- or low-Crdiets. Br. J. Nutr. 63, 623–630.[37] Holdsworth, E. S., Kaufman, D. V., and Neville, E. (1991) A fraction derived from brewer’syeast inhibits cholesterol synthesis by rat liver preparations in vitro. Br. J. Nutr. 65, 285–299.[38] Hwang, D. L., Lev-Ran, A., Papoian, T., and Beech, W. K. (1987) Insulin-like activity <strong>of</strong>chromium-binding fractions from brewer’s yeast. J. Inorg. Biochem. 30, 219–225.[39] Simon<strong>of</strong>f, M., Shapcott, D., Alameddine, S., Sutter-Dub, M. T., and Simon<strong>of</strong>f, G. (1992) <strong>The</strong>isolation <strong>of</strong> glucose tolerance factors from Brewer’s yeast and their relation to chromium.Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 32, 25–38.[40] Anderson, R. A., Brantner, J. H., and Polansky, M. M. (1978) An improved assay forbiologically active chromium. J. Agric. Food Chem. 26, 1219–1221.[41] Vincent, J. B. (1994) Relationship between glucose tolerance factor and low-molecularweightchromium-binding substance. J. Nutr. 124, 117–119.[42] Mertz, W. (1994) Reply to the letter <strong>of</strong> Dr. Vincent. J. Nutr. 124, 119.[43] Gutierrez, J., Mertz, W., Toepfer, E. W., Polansky, M. M., and Roginski, E. E. (1974) Saccharomycescarlsbergensis: microbiological assay for unidentified factor related to glucosetolerance. J. Agric. Food Chem. 22, 100–103.[44] Sumrall, K. H., and Vincent, J. B. (1997) Is glucose tolerance factor an artifact producedby acid hydrolysis <strong>of</strong> low-molecular-weight chromium-binding substance? Polyhedron 16,4171–4177.[45] Woolliscr<strong>of</strong>t, J., and Barbosa, J. (1977) Analysis <strong>of</strong> chromium induced carbohydrate intolerancein the rat. J. Nutr. 107, 1702–1706.[46] Shepherd, P. R., Elwood, C., Buckley, P. D., and Blackwell, L. F. (1992) Glucose tolerancefactor putentiation <strong>of</strong> insulin action in adipocytes from rats raised on a Torula yeast dietcannot be attributed to a deficiency <strong>of</strong> chromium. Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 32, 109–113.[47] Gonzalez-Vergara, E., Gonzalez, B. C. D., Hegenauer, J., and Saltman, P. (1981) <strong>Chromium</strong>coordination compounds <strong>of</strong> pyridoxal and nicotinic acid: Synthesis, absorptionh andmetabolism. Israel J. Chem. 21, 18.[48] Gonzalez-Vergara, E., Hegenauer, J., Saltman, P., Sabat, M., and Ibers, J. A. (1982) Synthesisand structure <strong>of</strong> a trinuclear chromium(<strong>III</strong>)-nicotinic acid complex. Inorg. Chim. Acta66, 115–118.[49] Gerdom, L. E., and G<strong>of</strong>f, H. M. (1982) Ligation modes for nicotinic acid binding to thechromium(<strong>III</strong>) salen complex. Inorg. Chem. 21, 3847–3848.[50] McArdle, J. V., de Laubenfels, E., Shorter, A. L., and Ammon, H. L. (1982) <strong>The</strong> synthesisand structure <strong>of</strong> bis(methylnicotinate)aquatrichlorochromium(<strong>III</strong>). Polyhedron 1, 471–474.[51] Chang, J. C., Gerdom, L. E., Baenziger, N. C., and G<strong>of</strong>f, H. M. (1983) Synthesis andmolecular structure determination <strong>of</strong> carboxyl bound nicotinic acid (niacin) complexes <strong>of</strong>chromium(<strong>III</strong>). Inorg. Chem. 22, 1739–1744.[52] Cooper, J. A., Anderson, B. F., Buckley, P. D., and Blackwell, L. F. (1984) Structureand biological activity <strong>of</strong> nitrogen and oxygen coordinated nicotinic acid complexes <strong>of</strong>chromium. Inorg. Chim. Acta 91, 1–9.[53] Green, C. A., Bianchini, R. J., and Legg, J. I. (1984) Characterization <strong>of</strong> a stablechromium(<strong>III</strong>)-nicotinic acid complex by deuteron NMR. Inorg. Chem. 23, 2713–2715.[54] Cooper, J. A., Blackwell, L. F., and Buckley, P. D. (1984) <strong>Chromium</strong>(<strong>III</strong>) complexes andtheir relationship to the glucose tolerance factor. Part II. Structure and biological activity<strong>of</strong> amino acid complexes. Inorg. Chim. Acta 92, 23–31.[55] Barrett, J., Kormoh, M. K., and O’Brien, P. (1985) Preparation and characterization <strong>of</strong> someCr(<strong>III</strong>) chloro-complexes with nicotinic acid esters. Inorg. Chim. Acta 107, 269–274.
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Table 1Effects of chromium (Cr) sup
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82 Henry C. LukaskiSOME RESOLUTION
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84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
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86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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88 Merlin D. LindemannSWINEIntroduc
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90 Merlin D. Lindemannstudy [19], a
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92 Merlin D. Lindemann(VT) [13] cor
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94 Merlin D. LindemannEffects on ca
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96 Merlin D. LindemannTable 3Effect
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98 Merlin D. Lindemanninsulin [13];
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100 Merlin D. Lindemannno observed
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102 Merlin D. LindemannChromium for
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104 Merlin D. LindemannA dose-respo
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106 Merlin D. LindemannTable 5Effec
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108 Merlin D. LindemannSHEEPIntrodu
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110 Merlin D. Lindemannwere not sta
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112 Merlin D. Lindemann[6] National
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114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel,
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116 Merlin D. Lindemann[75] Kegley,
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118 Merlin D. Lindemann[113] Xianli
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122 Weiyue FengTable 1Absorption of
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124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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126 Weiyue FengKd = [Cr 51 in LMWCr
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128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
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130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
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132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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142 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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144 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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158 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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160 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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