The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III) - Survival-training.info

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Introduction: A history of chromium studies (1955–1995) 17be made based on human studies. Humans appear to lack sign of Cr deficiency witha daily intake of 30 g Cr (vide infra). Assuming an average body mass of 60 kg, thiscorresponds to 0.5 g/kg body mass. Given the typical daily food intake of a rat, thiscorresponds to rats eating a diet with a dry weight composition of ∼3 g/kg food. Giventhis, none of the so-called “low-Cr” diets are actually low in Cr, even if rats requireten times the daily quantity of Cr as humans. Thus, these studies apparently provide nodata on the effects of chromium deficiency. However, they do provide some conflictingdata on the effects of pharmacological doses of Cr on rats under a variety of conditions.Fortunately, better controlled and performed studies on rats in the last 10 years arehelping to clarify the situation.HumanThe studies with rats indicate the difficulty in generating chromium deficiency;great care – such as feeding purified diets with
18 John B. Vincent and Dontarie Stallingswith human subjects are surprisingly few in number. (Discussion of studies with diabeticsubjects will be discussed separately (vide infra))In a most thorough review in 1998, Anderson identified 23 previous studiesin which the effects of chromium supplementation of non-diabetic subjects on bloodvariables or results of glucose tolerance tests were examined and identified similarstudies on adult-onset diabetic subjects [114]. As most of these studies date to 1995 orearlier, this review will be used as the starting point for discussion. Two of these studieson non-diabetic subjects used yeast as a source of chromium [120, 121] and reportedconflicting results; another study utilized a double blind format but used poorly defined“GTF-chromium” [122]. These studies will not be considered further. Of the remaining20 studies [72, 123–141], amazingly only four studies meet the criteria outlined above.In addition, one study in the diabetes section of the review had a non-diabetic controlgroup which also meets the criteria [142].In 1968 Sherman et al. reported the effects of supplementing four adult malesfor 16 weeks with 150 g Cr/day as CrCl 3 [142]. No effects were observed on fastingglucose or on glucose levels in oral glucose tolerance tests (0–180 minutes). Thomasand Gropper in 1997 observed no effects on blood total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol,LDL cholesterol, or triglycerides or on 90-minute blood insulin or glucose levels afteran oral glucose load after supplementing 14 adults for 8 weeks with 200 g Cr/day asCrNic [139]. In the double-blind, crossover study with the largest participant pool [131],Anderson and coworkers supplemented 76 adults for 12 weeks with 200 g Cr/day asCrCl 3 . When the total pool or all males or all females were considered, no changes wereobserved in fasting glucose, insulin, total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, VLDL, or triglyceridelevels or on 90-minute glucose or insulin concentrations after an oral glucose challenge.However, significant effects were observed in certain sub-populations. Subjects (13 malesand 7 females) with high glucose concentrations 90 minutes after a glucose challenge(≥100 mg/dL) had lower fasting glucose concentrations and lower 90-minute glucoseconcentrations after supplementation. Subjects (13 males and 8 females) with 90-minuteglucose levels lower than fasting glucose levels had increased levels of fasting glucoseafter supplementation. In a similar study in 1991, Anderson and coworkers found thateight control subjects supplemented for 4 weeks with 200 g Cr/day as CrCl 3 had noobserved changes in glucose or insulin levels during glucose tolerance tests (0–240minutes) [140]. Nine subjects considered “hyperglycemic” (90-minute glucose levelsbetween 100 and 200 mg/dL) had lower 60-minute glucose and insulin concentrationswhile the concentrations were similar at 0, 30, 90, 120, 180, and 240 minutes. Allsubjects in this study also consumed a “low-Cr” diet, although the significance of this ishard to evaluate as a control group on a self-selected or other diet was not included in thestudy. Finally, Evans and coworkers have examined 28 adults for 6 weeks supplementedwith 200 g Cr/day as Cr(pic) 3 [72]. Triglyceride and HDL cholesterol were unaffectedby Cr supplementation. Total and LDL cholesterol levels were reported to be lower.However, the statistical analysis for this study was performed differently in this studythan the others. Each subject was allowed to serve as his or her own control, and pairedt values were calculated for each person. If just the average initial and final values of thetotal and LDL cholesterol levels and the associated SEM’s are compared, the effects arenot statistically significant at P < 0.05. Also, it is of note that in this study the initial total
Page 2 and 3: The Nutritional Biochemistryof Chro
Page 4 and 5: The NutritionalBiochemistry ofChrom
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsPrefaceContributor
Page 8 and 9: PrefaceThe manufacture and sale of
Page 10 and 11: Prefaceixdiscuss the implications o
Page 12 and 13: ContributorsD. BagchiInterHealth Re
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Introduction: A history of
Page 16 and 17: Introduction: A history of chromium
Page 54 and 55: Part IChromium as a nutrient and nu
Page 56: Chapter 2Basis for dietary recommen
Page 59 and 60: 46 Barbara J. Stoeckerof supplement
Page 61 and 62: 48 Barbara J. StoeckerREPORTED CHRO
Page 63 and 64: 50 Barbara J. Stoeckerhigh fiber di
Page 65 and 66: 52 Barbara J. StoeckerEFFECTS OF ME
Page 67 and 68: 54 Barbara J. Stoecker[26] Mohameds
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Page 71 and 72: 58 Diane M. Stearnsabout his intell
Page 73 and 74: 60 Diane M. StearnsMertz and cowork
Page 75 and 76: 62 Diane M. StearnsCr 6+ or Cr 3+ r
Page 77 and 78: 64 Diane M. Stearnsdiabetes [68-71]
Page 79 and 80: 66 Diane M. Stearns[4] Boynton, H.,
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68 Diane M. Stearns[49] Vincent, J.
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70 Diane M. Stearns[89] Snow, E. T.
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72 Henry C. LukaskiThis chapter cri
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74 Henry C. Lukaski(1.8% vs 0.9 kg)
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76 Henry C. Lukaskiexercise. These
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78 Henry C. Lukaskiits putative rol
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Table 1Effects of chromium (Cr) sup
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82 Henry C. LukaskiSOME RESOLUTION
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84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
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86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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88 Merlin D. LindemannSWINEIntroduc
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90 Merlin D. Lindemannstudy [19], a
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92 Merlin D. Lindemann(VT) [13] cor
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94 Merlin D. LindemannEffects on ca
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96 Merlin D. LindemannTable 3Effect
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98 Merlin D. Lindemanninsulin [13];
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100 Merlin D. Lindemannno observed
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102 Merlin D. LindemannChromium for
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104 Merlin D. LindemannA dose-respo
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106 Merlin D. LindemannTable 5Effec
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108 Merlin D. LindemannSHEEPIntrodu
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110 Merlin D. Lindemannwere not sta
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112 Merlin D. Lindemann[6] National
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114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel,
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116 Merlin D. Lindemann[75] Kegley,
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118 Merlin D. Lindemann[113] Xianli
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122 Weiyue FengTable 1Absorption of
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124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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126 Weiyue FengKd = [Cr 51 in LMWCr
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128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
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130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
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132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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Table 1(Continued)ReferenceStudytyp
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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