The Nutritional Biochemistry of Chromium(III) - Survival-training.info

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Introduction: A history of chromium studies (1955–1995) 15suppress cholesterol levels [98]. In the later study, weanling rats were provided a Torulayeast diet containing 50% sucrose [99]. A portion of the rats received 5 ppm Cr in theirdrinking water as Cr acetate. After 318 or 322 days of treatment, male and female rats,respectively, on Cr had lower serum cholesterol levels, while no effect was observedafter 151 days for the male rats. Female rats were not tested at the earlier time.Some other studies before 1970 are notable. Staub and coworkers found that rats ona high cholesterol diet (added cholesterol and cholic acid) with either sucrose or potatostarch as the carbohydrate source had higher serum cholesterol concentrations than ratson the diets supplemented with 5000 g/kg Cr (chromic acetate) in the drinking water[100]. The diet reportedly contained 310 g/kg Cr (sucrose) or 380 g/kg Cr(starch).Similar results had been obtained previously by Schroeder and Balassa, but other metals(Cd, Pb) also elicited a similar effect [101]. Roginski and Mertz examined the effectsof a high sucrose diet (77% sucrose, 10% soy protein, 8% distilled lard, and vitaminsand minerals) [102, 103]. Rats in plastic cages on the low-Cr diet (
16 John B. Vincent and Dontarie Stallingsof the results of these approximately 35 years of studies is definitely complicated bythe variety of experimental conditions. When studies using the problematic yeast dietand studies using analytical techniques that cannot guarantee the accuracy of the Crcontents of the “low-Cr” diets (before c. 1980) are eliminated from consideration, out ofthe studies described above only the studies by Jain et al. [107], Donaldson et al. [108],and Flatt et al. [109] remain. The effects of these “low-Cr” diets (30–100 g/kg) areequivocal at best. No beneficial effect from Cr supplementation is observed in commonbetween any two of the studies.Another study appeared at the end of the period of time covered by this reviewand is probably the most carefully performed of the studies to this time [110]. Rats inplastic cages (with no access to metal components) were given a diet consisting of 55%sucrose, 15% lard, 25% casein, and vitamins and minerals (33 ± 14 g Cr/kg diet) [110].The sucrose levels were used to theoretically help to attempt to induce Cr deficiencyas dietary carbohydrate stress leads to increased urinary chromium loss (vide infra). Tocompromise pancreas function, low copper concentrations (1 mg/kg) were employed thefirst 6 weeks; high dietary iron concentrations were used throughout to potentially aidin obtaining Cr deficiency. A supplemented pool of rats was given water containing5 ppm CrCl 3 . Over 24 weeks, body masses were similar for both groups. At 12 weeks,Cr-deficient rats had lower fasting plasma insulin concentrations and similar fastingplasma glucose levels compared to supplemented rats. Both concentrations were similarafter 24 weeks. In intravenous glucose tolerance tests after 24 weeks on the diet, plasmainsulin levels tended to be higher in Cr-deficient rats; rates of excess glucose clearancewere statistically equivalent. Glucose area above basal was reported to be higher inCr-deficient rats; however, at every time point in the glucose tolerance test, the plasmaglucose concentrations of each pool of rats were statistically equivalent, suggesting thatthe difference in area arises from a mathematical error. Thus, a 55% sucrose diet low inchromium appears to lead to hyperinsulinemia, possibly reflecting defects in peripheraltissue sensitivity to glucose [110]. Do the effects of supplemental Cr correspond toimprovement in Cr nutritional status or to alleviation of the effects of the other dietarystresses?Comparison of these results is now necessary to try to draw any further conclusions.The division, by Anderson, of the rat diets into purified and semipurified (Torula yeastand rye seed) diets is useful. The effect on excess glucose clearance rate observedsomewhat consistently with the Torula yeast diet (which is high in sucrose) is notobserved with purified, low-Cr, 55–64% sucrose diets. (Also, the chromium content ofthis Torula yeast diet may be quite variable (vide supra) [46].) This again questions whatdietary component gives rise to this effect when using the Torula yeast diet. Symptomsof chromium deficiency probably could not have been observed in studies using stainlesssteel cages (a source of chromium). The effects of growth observed in some studies withthe semipurified diets are not observed in more recent studies with the purified diets,also questioning the origins of these effects. Higher serum cholesterol levels observedwith one of the semipurified diets are not observed with the purified diets. Thus, thestudies are inconsistent so that no effects can conclusively be attributed to Cr deficiencyin the rats, if this state was ever achieved.Whether any of the diets is Cr deficient is an interesting question, as is what theminimum required adequate daily intake of Cr for a rat is. A reasonable answer can
Page 2 and 3: The Nutritional Biochemistryof Chro
Page 4 and 5: The NutritionalBiochemistry ofChrom
Page 6 and 7: Table of ContentsPrefaceContributor
Page 8 and 9: PrefaceThe manufacture and sale of
Page 10 and 11: Prefaceixdiscuss the implications o
Page 12 and 13: ContributorsD. BagchiInterHealth Re
Page 14 and 15: Chapter 1Introduction: A history of
Page 16 and 17: Introduction: A history of chromium
Page 54 and 55: Part IChromium as a nutrient and nu
Page 56: Chapter 2Basis for dietary recommen
Page 59 and 60: 46 Barbara J. Stoeckerof supplement
Page 61 and 62: 48 Barbara J. StoeckerREPORTED CHRO
Page 63 and 64: 50 Barbara J. Stoeckerhigh fiber di
Page 65 and 66: 52 Barbara J. StoeckerEFFECTS OF ME
Page 67 and 68: 54 Barbara J. Stoecker[26] Mohameds
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Page 71 and 72: 58 Diane M. Stearnsabout his intell
Page 73 and 74: 60 Diane M. StearnsMertz and cowork
Page 75 and 76: 62 Diane M. StearnsCr 6+ or Cr 3+ r
Page 77 and 78: 64 Diane M. Stearnsdiabetes [68-71]
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66 Diane M. Stearns[4] Boynton, H.,
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68 Diane M. Stearns[49] Vincent, J.
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70 Diane M. Stearns[89] Snow, E. T.
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72 Henry C. LukaskiThis chapter cri
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74 Henry C. Lukaski(1.8% vs 0.9 kg)
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76 Henry C. Lukaskiexercise. These
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78 Henry C. Lukaskiits putative rol
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Table 1Effects of chromium (Cr) sup
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82 Henry C. LukaskiSOME RESOLUTION
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84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
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86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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88 Merlin D. LindemannSWINEIntroduc
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90 Merlin D. Lindemannstudy [19], a
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92 Merlin D. Lindemann(VT) [13] cor
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94 Merlin D. LindemannEffects on ca
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96 Merlin D. LindemannTable 3Effect
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98 Merlin D. Lindemanninsulin [13];
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100 Merlin D. Lindemannno observed
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102 Merlin D. LindemannChromium for
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104 Merlin D. LindemannA dose-respo
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106 Merlin D. LindemannTable 5Effec
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108 Merlin D. LindemannSHEEPIntrodu
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110 Merlin D. Lindemannwere not sta
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112 Merlin D. Lindemann[6] National
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114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel,
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116 Merlin D. Lindemann[75] Kegley,
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118 Merlin D. Lindemann[113] Xianli
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122 Weiyue FengTable 1Absorption of
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124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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126 Weiyue FengKd = [Cr 51 in LMWCr
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128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
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130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
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132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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Table 1(Continued)ReferenceStudytyp
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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