Redox chemistry and biological activities <strong>of</strong> chromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes 247[8] Branchaud, B. P. (1999) Free radicals as a result <strong>of</strong> dioxygen metabolism in Metal Ions inBiological Systems (Sigel, A., and Sigel, H., eds.) pp. 79–102, Marcel Dekker, New York.[9] Stocker, R., and Keaney, J. F., Jr. (2004) Role <strong>of</strong> oxidative modifications in atherosclerosis.Physiol. Rev. 84, 1381–1478.[10] Kochevar, I. E., and Redmond, R. W. (2000) Photosensitized production <strong>of</strong> singlet oxygen.Methods Enzymol. 319, 20–28.[11] Cadet, J., Douki, T., Pouget, J.-P., and Ravanat, J. L. (2000) Singlet oxygen DNA damageproducts: Formation and measurements. Methods Enzymol. 319, 143–153.[12] Ahmad, N., and Mukhtar, H. (2000) Mechanism <strong>of</strong> photodynamic therapy-induced celldeath. Methods Enzymol. 319, 342–358.[13] Griendling, K. K., Sorescu, D., and Ushio-Fukai, M. (2000) NAD(P)H oxidase: Role incardiovascular biology and disease. Circ. Res. 86, 494–501.[14] Vorbach, C., Harrison, R., and Capecchi, M. R. (2003) Xanthine oxidoreductase is centralto the evolution and function <strong>of</strong> the innate immune system. Trends Immunol. 24, 512–517.[15] Berry, C. E., and Hare, J. M. (2004) Xanthine oxidoreductase and cardiovascular disease:Molecular mechanisms and pathophysiological implications. J. Physiol. 555, 589–606.[16] Matyus, P., Dajka-Halasz, B., Foeldi, A., Haider, N., Barlocco, D., and Magyar, K. (2001)Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase: Current status and perspectives. Curr. Med. Chem.11, 1285–1298.[17] Su, Q., and Klinman, J. P. (1999) Life as aerobes: how does nature control the activation<strong>of</strong> dioxygen? Biomed. Health Res. 27, 20–31.[18] Avigliano, L., and Finazzi-Agro, A. (1997) Biological function and enzyme kinetics <strong>of</strong>ascorbate oxidase in Multi-Copper Oxidases (Messerschmidt, A., ed.) pp. 251–284, WorldScientific, Singapore.[19] Dunford, H. B. (2002) Oxidations <strong>of</strong> iron(II)/(<strong>III</strong>) by hydrogen peroxide: from aquo toenzyme. Coord. Chem. Rev. 233-234, 311–318.[20] Alderton, W. K., Cooper, C. E., and Knowles, R. G. (2001) Nitric oxide synthases: structure,function and inhibition. Biochem. J. 357, 593–615.[21] Squadrito, G. L., and Pryor, W. A. (1998) Oxidative chemistry <strong>of</strong> nitric oxide: the roles <strong>of</strong>superoxide, peroxynitrite, and carbon dioxide. Free Rad. Biol. Med. 25, 392–403.[22] Boccini, F., and Herold, S. (2004) Mechanistic studies <strong>of</strong> the oxidation <strong>of</strong> oxyhemoglobinby peroxynitrite. <strong>Biochemistry</strong> 43, 16393–16404.[23] Hawkins, C. L., and Davies, M. J. (2001) Generation and propagation <strong>of</strong> radical reactionson proteins. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1504, 196–219.[24] Cadenas, E. (2004) Mitochondrial free radical production and cell signaling. Mol. AspectsMed. 25, 17–26.[25] Stone, J. R. (2004) An assessment <strong>of</strong> proposed mechanisms for sensing hydrogen peroxidein mammalian systems. Arch. Biochem. Biophys. 422, 119–124.[26] Sies, H. (2000) What is oxidative stress? in Oxidative Stress and Vascular Disease(Keaney, J. F. J., ed.) pp. 1–8, Kluwer Academic, Boston.[27] Robertson, P. R. (2004) Chronic oxidative stress as a central mechanism for glucose toxicityin pancreatic islet beta cells in diabetes. J. Biol. Chem. 279, 42351–42354.[28] Wolff, S. P., and Dean, R. T. (1987) Glucose autoxidation and protein modification. <strong>The</strong>potential role <strong>of</strong> “autoxidative glycosylation” in diabetes. Biochem. J. 245, 243–250.[29] Steen, E., Terry, B. M., Rivera, E., Cannon, J. L., Neely, T. R., Tavares, R., Xu, X. J.,Wands, J. R., and de la Monte, S. M. (2005) Impaired insulin and insulin-like growth factorexpression and signaling mechanisms in Alzheimer’s disease – is this type 3 diabetes?J. Alzheimer’s Dis. 7, 63–80.[30] Dillon, C. T., Lay, P. A., Bonin, A. M., Cholewa, M., and Legge, G. J. F. (2000)Permeability, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity <strong>of</strong> Cr(<strong>III</strong>) complexes and some Cr(V) analogsin V79 Chinese hamster lung cells. Chem. Res. Toxicol. 13, 742–748.
248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina, A., and Lay, P. A. (2004) Mechanistic studies <strong>of</strong> relevance to the biological activities<strong>of</strong> chromium. Coord. Chem. Rev. 249, 281–298.[32] Haupt, G. W. (1952) Method for the determination <strong>of</strong> chromium. Natl. Bur. Stand. Circ.(U.S.A) 48, 414–423.[33] Andersen, J. E. T. (1998) Introduction <strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide as an oxidant in flow injectionanalysis: speciation <strong>of</strong> Cr(<strong>III</strong>) and Cr(VI). Anal. Chim. Acta 361, 125–131.[34] Chatlas, J., Impert, O., Katafias, A., Kita, P., Wrzeszcz, G., Eriksen, J., Mønsted, O., andMills, A. (2004) Kinetics and mechanism <strong>of</strong> a macrocyclic Cr(<strong>III</strong>) complex oxidation tochromium(IV) by hexacyan<strong>of</strong>errate(<strong>III</strong>) in strongly alkaline media. Trans. Met. Chem. 29,634–643.[35] Anis, S. S., and Mansour, M. A. (2001) Kinetics and mechanisms <strong>of</strong> the oxidation<strong>of</strong> nitrilotris(methylenephosphonato)chromium(<strong>III</strong>) by periodate. Trans. Met. Chem. 26,695–699.[36] Abdel-Khalek, A. A., and Khaled, E. S. H. (1999) Kinetics and mechanism <strong>of</strong> oxidation <strong>of</strong>(ethylenediaminediacetato)chromium(<strong>III</strong>) by N-bromosuccinimide. Trans. Met. Chem. 24,189–192.[37] Pal, S. C., and Tarafder, M. T. H. (1996) Kinetics and mechanism <strong>of</strong> oxidation <strong>of</strong> two newchromium(<strong>III</strong>) complexes by hydrogen peroxide. Indian J. Chem. A 35, 960–963.[38] Rajan, R., Nair, B. U., and Ramasami, T. (2000) Hypochlorite oxidation <strong>of</strong> a chromium(<strong>III</strong>)Schiff base complex. Inorg. React. Mech. (Amsterdam) 1, 247–255.[39] Funahashi, S., Uchida, F., and Tanaka, M. (1978) Reactions <strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide withmetal complexes. 3. <strong>The</strong>rmodynamic and kinetic studies on the formation, dissociation,and decomposition <strong>of</strong> peroxochromium(VI) complexes in acid media. Inorg. Chem. 17,2784–2789.[40] Beck, M. T., Nagy, I. P., and Székely, G. (1991) Oscillatory kinetics and mechanism <strong>of</strong> thechromate catalyzed decomposition <strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide. Int. J. Chem. Kinet. 23, 881–896.[41] Perez-Benito, J. F., and Arias, C. (1997) A kinetic study <strong>of</strong> the chromium(VI)-hydrogenperoxide reaction. Role <strong>of</strong> the diperoxochromate(VI) intermediates. J. Phys. Chem. A 101,4726–4733.[42] Zhang, L., and Lay, P. A. (1998) EPR spectroscopic studies on the formation <strong>of</strong>chromium(V) peroxo complexes in the reaction <strong>of</strong> chromium(VI) with hydrogen peroxide.Inorg. Chem. 37, 1729–1733.[43] Katz, S. A., and Salem, H. (1994) <strong>The</strong> Biological and Environmental Chemistry <strong>of</strong><strong>Chromium</strong>, VCH, New York.[44] Zayed, A. M., and Terry, N. (2003) <strong>Chromium</strong> in the environment: factors affecting biologicalremediation. Plant Soil 249, 139–156.[45] Comber, S., and Gardner, M. (2003) <strong>Chromium</strong> redox speciation in natural waters.J. Environ. Monit. 5, 410–413.[46] Sander, S., Koschinsky, A., and Halbach, P. (2003) Redox speciation <strong>of</strong> chromium in theoceanic water column <strong>of</strong> the Lesser Antilles and <strong>of</strong>fshore Otago Peninsula, New Zealand.Mar. Freshwater Res. 54, 745–754.[47] Ball, J. W., and Izbicki, J. A. (2004) Occurence <strong>of</strong> hexavalent chromium in ground waterin the western Mojave Desert, California. Appl. Geochem. 19, 1123–1135.[48] Banerjee, D., and Nesbitt, H. W. (1999) Oxidation <strong>of</strong> aqueous Cr(<strong>III</strong>) at birnessite surfaces:Constraints on reaction mechanism. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 63, 1671–1687.[49] Weaver, R. M., and Hochella, M. F. J. (2003) <strong>The</strong> reactivity <strong>of</strong> seven Mn-oxides withCr 3+ aq: A comparative analysis <strong>of</strong> a complex, environmentally important redox reaction.Am. Mineral. 88, 2016–2027.[50] Pettine, M., and Millero, F. J. (1990) <strong>Chromium</strong> speciation in seawater: <strong>The</strong> probable role<strong>of</strong> hydrogen peroxide. Limnol. Oceanogr. 35, 730–736.
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The Nutritional Biochemistryof Chro
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The NutritionalBiochemistry ofChrom
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Table of ContentsPrefaceContributor
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PrefaceThe manufacture and sale of
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Prefaceixdiscuss the implications o
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ContributorsD. BagchiInterHealth Re
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Chapter 1Introduction: A history of
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Part IChromium as a nutrient and nu
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Chapter 2Basis for dietary recommen
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46 Barbara J. Stoeckerof supplement
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48 Barbara J. StoeckerREPORTED CHRO
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50 Barbara J. Stoeckerhigh fiber di
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52 Barbara J. StoeckerEFFECTS OF ME
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54 Barbara J. Stoecker[26] Mohameds
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58 Diane M. Stearnsabout his intell
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60 Diane M. StearnsMertz and cowork
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62 Diane M. StearnsCr 6+ or Cr 3+ r
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64 Diane M. Stearnsdiabetes [68-71]
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66 Diane M. Stearns[4] Boynton, H.,
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68 Diane M. Stearns[49] Vincent, J.
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70 Diane M. Stearns[89] Snow, E. T.
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72 Henry C. LukaskiThis chapter cri
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74 Henry C. Lukaski(1.8% vs 0.9 kg)
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76 Henry C. Lukaskiexercise. These
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78 Henry C. Lukaskiits putative rol
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Table 1Effects of chromium (Cr) sup
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82 Henry C. LukaskiSOME RESOLUTION
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84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
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86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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88 Merlin D. LindemannSWINEIntroduc
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90 Merlin D. Lindemannstudy [19], a
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92 Merlin D. Lindemann(VT) [13] cor
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94 Merlin D. LindemannEffects on ca
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96 Merlin D. LindemannTable 3Effect
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98 Merlin D. Lindemanninsulin [13];
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100 Merlin D. Lindemannno observed
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102 Merlin D. LindemannChromium for
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104 Merlin D. LindemannA dose-respo
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106 Merlin D. LindemannTable 5Effec
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108 Merlin D. LindemannSHEEPIntrodu
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110 Merlin D. Lindemannwere not sta
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112 Merlin D. Lindemann[6] National
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114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel,
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116 Merlin D. Lindemann[75] Kegley,
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118 Merlin D. Lindemann[113] Xianli
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122 Weiyue FengTable 1Absorption of
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124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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126 Weiyue FengKd = [Cr 51 in LMWCr
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128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
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130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
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132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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134 Weiyue Feng[7] Gargas, M. L., N
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136 Weiyue Feng[48] Vincent, J. B.
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140 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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142 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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144 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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146 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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148 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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150 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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152 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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154 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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156 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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158 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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160 John B. Vincent and Randall Ben
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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Table 1(Continued)ReferenceStudytyp
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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- Page 239 and 240: 226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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