Use <strong>of</strong> chromium as an animal feed supplement 113[23] van Heugten, E. V., and Spears, J. W. (1997) Immune response and growth <strong>of</strong> stressedweanling pigs fed diets supplemented with organic or inorganic forms <strong>of</strong> chromium. J. Anim.Sci. 75, 409–416.[24] Tang, L., Li, D., Wang, F. L., Xing, J. J., and Gong, L. M. (2001) Effects <strong>of</strong> differentsources <strong>of</strong> organic chromium on immune function in weaned pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci.14, 1164–1169.[25] Lee, D. N., Shen, T. F., Yen, H. T., Weng, C. F., and Chen, B. J. (2000) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromiumsupplementation and lipopolysaccharide injection on the immune responses <strong>of</strong> weanlingpigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13, 1414–1421.[26] Lee, D. N., Weng, C. F., Yen, H. T., Shen, T. F., and Chen, B. J. (2000) Effects <strong>of</strong> chromiumsupplementation and lipopolysaccharide injection on physiological responses <strong>of</strong> weanlingpigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 13, 528–534.[27] van de Ligt, J. L., Lindemann, M. D., Harmon, R. J., Monegue, H. J., and Cromwell, G. L.(2002) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium tripicolinate supplementation on porcine immune response duringthe periparturient and neonatal period. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 456–466.[28] van de Ligt, J. L., Lindemann, M. D., Harmon, R. J., Monegue, H. J., and Cromwell, G. L.(2002) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium tripicolinate supplementation on porcine immune response duringthe postweaning period. J. Anim. Sci. 80, 449–455.[29] Cho, W. T., Han, I. K., Chae, B. J., Han, Y. K., Ha, J. K., and Odle, J. (2000) Effects <strong>of</strong>chromium picolinate, L-carnitine and thyroxine on the performance, nutrient digestibilityand nitrogen balance in pigs weaned at 21 days <strong>of</strong> age. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 9, 633–645.[30] Cho, W. T., Kim, J. H., Kang, W. B., Han, I. K., and Han, Y. K. (1999) Effects <strong>of</strong> L-carnitine,chromium picolinate with different fat sources on growth and nutrient digestibility in pigsweaned at 21 days <strong>of</strong> age. Kor. J. Anim. Sci. 41, 445–456.[31] Paul, R., Garner, J. M., and Sweet, O. K. (1991) <strong>The</strong> Pork Story. National Pork ProducersCouncil, p. 30. Lowell Press, Inc., Kansas City, MO.[32] Page, T. G., Southern, L. L., Ward, T. L., and Thompson, D. L., Jr. (1993) Effect <strong>of</strong>chromium picolinate on growth and serum and carcass traits <strong>of</strong> growing-finishing pigs.J. Anim. Sci. 71, 656–662.[33] Page, T. G., Ward, T. L., and Southern, L. L. (1990) <strong>Chromium</strong> supplementation <strong>of</strong> cornsoybeanmeal diets for finishing swine. J. Anim. Sci. 68 (Suppl. 1), 218.[34] Lindemann, M. D. 1999. <strong>Chromium</strong> and swine nutrition. J. Trace Elem. Exp. Med. 12,149–161.[35] National Research Council (NRC) (1988) Nutrient Requirements <strong>of</strong> Swine (9th edn).National Academy Press, Washington, D.C.[36] Kornegay, E. T., Wang, Z., Wood, C. M., and Lindemann, M. D. (1997) Supplementalchromium picolinate influences nitrogen balance, dry matter digestibility, and carcass traitsin growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 75, 1319–1323.[37] Liarn, T., Chen, S., Chen, C., and Wu, C. 1993. <strong>The</strong> Effects <strong>of</strong> various levels <strong>of</strong> chromiumpicolinate on growth performances and serum traits <strong>of</strong> pigs. J. Chin. Soc. Anim. Sci. 22,349–357.[38] Lien, T., Wu, C., Lu, J., and Chou, R. (1996) Effects <strong>of</strong> supplemental chromium picollnateon growth performances, serum traits and carcass characteristics <strong>of</strong> pigs. J. Chin. Soc. Anim.Sci. 25, 253–260.[39] Min, J. K., Kim, W. Y., Chae, B. J., Chung, I. B., Shin, I. S., Choi, Y. J., and Han, I. K. (1997)Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate (CrPic) on growth performance, carcass characteristics andserum traits in growing-finishing pigs. Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 10, 8–14.[40] Ward, T. L., Southern, L. L., and Bidner, T. D. (1997) Interactive effects <strong>of</strong> dietary chromiumtripicolinate and crude protein level in growing-finishing pigs provided inadequate andadequate pen space. J. Anim. Sci. 75, 1001–1008.
114 Merlin D. Lindemann[41] Gundel, J., Herman, I., Regiusne, M. A., Votisky, L., Vigh, L., and Szelenyine, G. M.(1998) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate feeding production traits on growing-fattening pig.Allattenyesztes es Takarmanyozas 47, 337–350.[42] Lien, T., Wu, C., Lin, B., Wang, B., Lu, J., and Shiao, T. (1998) Effect <strong>of</strong> different proteinand limiting amino acid levels coupled with a supplement <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on lipidmetabolism and carcass characteristics <strong>of</strong> pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 67, 601–607.[43] Hanczakowska, E., Urbańczyk, J., and Światkiewicz, M. (1999) <strong>The</strong> efficiency <strong>of</strong> betaineand organic compounds <strong>of</strong> chromium in fattening <strong>of</strong> pigs with ad libitum or restrictedfeeding. Ann. Anim. Sci. – Rocz. Nauk. Zoot. 26, 263–274.[44] Lien, T. F., Wu, C. P., Wang, B. J., Shiao, M. S., Shiao, T. Y., Lin, B. H., Lu, J. J.,and Hu, C. Y. (2001) Effect <strong>of</strong> supplemental levels <strong>of</strong> chromium picolinate on the growthperformance, serum traits, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism <strong>of</strong> growing-finishingpigs. J. Anim. Sci. 72, 289–296.[45] Urbańczyk, J., Hanczakowska, E., and Światkiewicz, M. (2001) Effect <strong>of</strong> energy concentrationon the efficiency <strong>of</strong> betaine and chromium picolinate as dietary supplements forfattening pigs. J. Anim. Feed Sci. 10, 471–484.[46] Matthews, J. O., Higbie, A. D., Southern, L. L., Coombs, D. F., Bidner, T. D., and Odgaard,R. L. (2003) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium propionate and metabolizable energy on growth, carcasstraits, and pork quality <strong>of</strong> growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 191–196.[47] Shelton, J. L., Payne, R. L., Johnston, S. L., Bidner, T. D., Southern, L. L., Odgaard, R.L., and Page, T. G. (2003) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, porkquality, and plasma metabolites in growing-finishing pigs. J. Anim. Sci. 81, 2515–2524.[48] Matthews, J. O., Guzik, A. C., LeMieux, F. M., Southern, L. L., and Bidner, T. D. (2005)Effects <strong>of</strong> chromium propionate on growth, carcass traits, and pork quality <strong>of</strong> growingfinishingpigs. J. Anim. Sci. 83, 858–862.[49] Simek, M., Zemanova, D., and Dvorak, J. (1996) Effect <strong>of</strong> chromium supplementation onpig performance and carcass quality in Proceedings <strong>of</strong> the European Association <strong>of</strong> AnimalProducers Meetings, Norway.[50] Lemme, A., Wenk, C., Lindemann, M. D., and Bee, G. (1999) <strong>Chromium</strong> yeast affectsgrowth performance but not whole carcass composition <strong>of</strong> growing-finishing pigs. Annalesde Zootechnie 48, 457–468.[51] Lemme, A., Wenk, C., Lindemann, M., and Bee, G. (2000) <strong>Chromium</strong> yeast affects growthperformance and plasma traits but not carcass characteristics <strong>of</strong> growing-finishing pigsdepending on the glycemic index. Arch. Tierernahr. 53, 157–177.[52] Renteria, F. J. A., and Cuaron, I. J. A. (1998) <strong>Chromium</strong> picolinate in the diet <strong>of</strong> growingfinishingswine. Tech. Pecu. Mex. 36, 121–139.[53] George, P. B., England, D. C., Siers, D. G., and Stanton, H. C. (1978) Diabetogenic effects<strong>of</strong> pregnancy in sows on plasma glucose and insulin release. J. Anim. Sci. 46, 1694–1700.[54] Kemp, B., Soede, N. M., Vesseur, P. C., Helmond, F. A., Spoorenberg, J. H., and Frankena,K. (1996) Glucose tolerance <strong>of</strong> pregnant sows is related to postnatal pig mortality. J. Anim.Sci. 74, 879–885.[55] Bouillon-Hausman, D., Kasser, T. R., Seerley, R. W., and Martin, R. J. (1986) Studies <strong>of</strong>gestational diabetes using the pig as a model in Swine in Biomedical Research (Tumbleson,M. E., Ed.) Vol. 1, pp. 561–572. Plenum Press, New York.[56] Aaron, D. K., and Hays, V. W. (1991) Statistical techniques for the design and analysis <strong>of</strong>swine nutrition experiments in Swine Nutrition (Miller, E. R., Ullrey, D. E., and Lewis, A.J., Eds.) pp. 605–622. Butterworth-Heinemann, Stoneham, MA.[57] Lindemann, M. D., Harper, A. F., and Kornegay, E. T. (1995) Further assessments <strong>of</strong> theeffects <strong>of</strong> supplementation <strong>of</strong> chromium from chromium picolinate on fecundity in swine.J. Anim. Sci. 73 (Suppl. 1), 185.
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The Nutritional Biochemistryof Chro
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The NutritionalBiochemistry ofChrom
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Table of ContentsPrefaceContributor
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PrefaceThe manufacture and sale of
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Prefaceixdiscuss the implications o
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ContributorsD. BagchiInterHealth Re
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Chapter 1Introduction: A history of
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Introduction: A history of chromium
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Part IChromium as a nutrient and nu
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Chapter 2Basis for dietary recommen
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46 Barbara J. Stoeckerof supplement
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48 Barbara J. StoeckerREPORTED CHRO
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50 Barbara J. Stoeckerhigh fiber di
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52 Barbara J. StoeckerEFFECTS OF ME
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54 Barbara J. Stoecker[26] Mohameds
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58 Diane M. Stearnsabout his intell
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60 Diane M. StearnsMertz and cowork
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- Page 81 and 82: 68 Diane M. Stearns[49] Vincent, J.
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- Page 85 and 86: 72 Henry C. LukaskiThis chapter cri
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- Page 89 and 90: 76 Henry C. Lukaskiexercise. These
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- Page 97 and 98: 84 Henry C. Lukaski[27] Lefavi, R.
- Page 99 and 100: 86 Merlin D. LindemannThe feed indu
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- Page 137 and 138: 124 Weiyue Fengto transferrin and t
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- Page 141 and 142: 128 Weiyue Fengdistribution in anim
- Page 143 and 144: 130 Weiyue FengEXCRETIONAbsorbed ch
- Page 145 and 146: 132 Weiyue FengApochromodulinApochr
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164 William T. Cefaluinsulin requir
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Table 1(Continued)ReferenceStudytyp
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168 William T. Cefalu160Fasting ins
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170 William T. Cefalurisk factors f
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172 William T. CefaluMeta-analysis
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174 William T. CefaluMinority ethni
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176 William T. Cefalurelate to insu
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178 William T. Cefalu[24] Jovanovic
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180 William T. Cefalu[60] Ford, E.
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184 S. Zafra-Stone et al.to impaire
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186 S. Zafra-Stone et al.testes, an
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188 S. Zafra-Stone et al.impeding t
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190 S. Zafra-Stone et al.180160140G
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192 S. Zafra-Stone et al.with eleva
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194 S. Zafra-Stone et al.fed a diet
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196 S. Zafra-Stone et al.1.14 ± 0.
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198 S. Zafra-Stone et al.Grant et a
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200 S. Zafra-Stone et al.difference
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202 S. Zafra-Stone et al.regulating
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204 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[32] Shind
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206 S. Zafra-Stone et al.[66] Pasma
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210 Diane M. Stearnsthe FDA does ha
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212 Diane M. StearnsConference on H
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214 Diane M. StearnsTHE IN VITRO MO
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216 Diane M. Stearnsrelevant form o
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218 Diane M. Stearnsmutant colonies
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220 Diane M. Stearns[15] Bright, P.
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222 Diane M. Stearns[58] Gee, P., M
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224 Diane M. Stearns[96] Parand, A.
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226 Aviva Levina et al.FORMATION AN
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228 Aviva Levina et al.PhagocytesO
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230 Aviva Levina et al.serum produc
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232 Aviva Levina et al.evidence for
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234 Aviva Levina et al.of Cr(III) c
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236 Aviva Levina et al.a preconcept
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238 Aviva Levina et al.oxo-carboxyl
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240 Aviva Levina et al.radicals 17,
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242 Aviva Levina et al.(formed in t
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244 Aviva Levina et al.improve gluc
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246 Aviva Levina et al.The oxidativ
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248 Aviva Levina et al.[31] Levina,
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250 Aviva Levina et al.[69] Weeks,
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252 Aviva Levina et al.[105] Stearn
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254 Aviva Levina et al.[140] Zhang,
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256 Aviva Levina et al.[178] Wongse
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258 Qingdong Ke and Max CostaAlthou
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260 Qingdong Ke and Max Costafound
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262 Qingdong Ke and Max Costa[9] Zh
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266 Forrest H. Nielsenprogram [7].
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268 Forrest H. NielsenThe assumed c
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270 Forrest H. Nielsenevidence exis
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272 Forrest H. Nielsenthe pharmacol
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274 Forrest H. NielsenA single acut
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276 Forrest H. Nielsen[5] Jeejeebho
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278 IndexChromium intakes in pregna
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