ASTRO-H衛星に向けたBGOシンチレータのAPD 読み出しとその集光効率

ASTRO-HBGOAPD 2012/01/06

4.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 5 Geant4 325.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.2.1 APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345.2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6 396.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 406.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.3.4 XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426.3.5 L −1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.4.1 V −1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 7 ASTRO-H BGO 497.1 . 497.1.1 BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.1.3 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.1.4 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537.2.2 . . . . . . . . . 547.2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 8 572

A 58 B X,Y,Z 59B.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59B.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59B.3 XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 C 61C.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61C.2 BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613

1.1 [1] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82.1 ASTRO-H [2] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 U X . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122.3 HXI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132.4 SGD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.2 BGO n v . . . . . . . . . 183.3 BGO . . . . . . 183.4 [4]. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193.5 BGO ( a) NaI ( b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.6 HXD [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203.7 HXD [3] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.8 APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.9 APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.10 S8664-1010 APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.11 S8664-1010 V-I +20 -20 233.12 PMT APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233.13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243.14 APD PMT BGO PMT APD BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264.2 APD . . . . . . . . . . . 274.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.4 1×1×1 cm 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.6 ( a) ( b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315.1 n 1 µ 1 ɛ 1 1 2 2 . . 325.2 . . 335.3 1 cm 3 4m 1 . . . . . . 345.4 · . . 355.5 5.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 355.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 365.7 5.3 0.98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375.8 4 18 (a) 4 m (b) 0.98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 385.9 5.8 0.98 4 m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 386.1 (a) 18 BGO (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396.2 6.1 (a) XY (b) Z 406.3 416.4 (a) 6.3 (b) (a) XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 416.5 (a) 6.36.4 APD BGO XY (b) (a) Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426.6 V APD BGO XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 436.7 1 0.98 . . . . . . . . 446.8 BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456.9 6.7 500 > cm 2 V −1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466.10 6.25 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476.11 6.25 V = 200cm 2 l abs = 400 cm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 487.1 HXI BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 495

7.2 SGD BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507.3 HXI-top,SGD-top1,2 . . . . . . . 537.4 HXI-top ( a) SGD-top1,2 ( b,c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547.5 HXI-bottom +20 −15 −20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56A.1 (a) 3 m (b) 4 m (c) 5 m . 58B.1 6.3 8000 400 8000 400 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59B.2 (a) 6.3 8000 400(b) XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60B.3 (a) ??XY 8000 400(b) Z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60C.1 HXI . . . . . . . . . . . . 61C.2 SGD . . . . . . . . . . . 626

2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163.2 APD PMT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284.3 APD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307.1 ASTRO-H BGO V APD BGO XY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.2 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517.3 SGD BGO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527.4 HXI SGD top () . 537.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557.7 −15 −20 7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55C.1 . . . . . . . 627

1Introduction1.1 X X X γ X ,γ X 1962 Rossi X X γ 10 15 G 10 13 ∼10 14 G ( ∼ 10 12 G) 1×10 12 G 11.6 keV 1.1 (1−5)×10 12 G 20 5×10 12 ∼ 3 × 10 13 G 50∼300 keV 2 ASTRO-H 1.1: [1]8

(>1 MeV)X ASTRO-H 0.5∼500 keV 9

2ASTRO-H2.1 ASTRO-H 2014 6 X 5 2.1 2 X (SXT) 0.5–10 keV X X (SXICCD ) X X (SXS) X X (HXT) 2 X (HXI) (∼600keV ) γ (SGD) ASTRO-H 0.3 keV 600 keV X SXS 1 4 (SXISXSHXI SGD) 1 2 3 X (SXT HXT) SGD 2.1 HXI SGD 2.1: ASTRO-H [2]10

2.1: Hard X-ray Imaging System(HXT+HXI)12 m300 cm 2 (at 30 keV)5–80 keV

2.2 HXT+HXI2.2.1 HXT ( X )X 1 1∼2 ◦ X m m X 1979 X 10 keV X () X 2.2 ASTRO-H 5keV 80 keV 2.2: U X 2.2.2 HXI ( X )2 HXT X HXI 2 HXI X (HXD) 100 X 12

HXI 2.1 HXT 12 m 2 HXI (HXI-S) (HXI–AE)CPU (HXI-DPU) CPU (HXI-DE) HXI-S 2.3 4 Si 1 2.3: HXI CdTe 14 X 4 4 CdTe 48 52 1 5 (Si CdTe) 32×32mm 2 0.5 mm 128 9 ′ × 9 ′ HXI 1 ′ γ X 3 Bi 4 Ge 3 O 12 HXI 2.3 SGDSGD 10 keV 600 keV 2.4 SGD 2.4 SGD HXI BGOHXI Si CdTe 13

BGOE 0SiE 1CdTeE 2APD5 cmBGO 2.4: SGD 40 CdTe SGD E 1 E 2 θ cosθ = 1 + m ec 2− m ec 2(2.1)E 2 + E 1 E 2SGD E 1 E 2 θ 2.1 BGO HXISGD 3 1 HXI SGD 2 SGD HXI >80 keV SGD HXI BGO SGD 14

33.1 2 ( X ) ( · ) · γ γ γ X 3.2 3.2.1 γ · 3.1 ( ∼ ) 15

3.1: Bi 4 Ge 3 O 1 2 (BGO) • γ • γ • • γ • 3.1: (g·cm −3 ) 1 (nm) (µs) 2 N 0NaI(Tl) 3.67 1.85 415 0.23 38,000CsI(Tl) 4.51 1.80 540 1.0 52,000LaBr 3 (Ce) 5.29 1.9 360 0.02 63,000BGO 7.13 2.15 480 0.30 8,200GSO 6.71 1.85 440 0.056 9,000YAP 5.37 1.95 370 0.027 18,000 3.1 3.4 3.1 1 MeV N 0 N 0 (PMT) 1 2 photons/MeV16

(APD) · N 0 L R E ∆E FWHM (∆E/E) = 2.35√ N 0 · E · L · RN 0 · E · L · R=2.35√N0 · E · L · R(3.1) F(0< F ≤1) √F(∆E/E) = 2.35√ N0 · E · L · R(3.2)F ∼1 3.2 3.1 N 0 LaBr 3 ∼3 eV 1 MeV γ ∼3.3×10 5 % 60,000 3.2 L 1 ( 3.1) CsI (Tl) NaI (Tl) 3.1 CsI NaI BGO BGO CsI (Tl) NaI (Tl) 3.2.2 BGO BGO BGO BiGe O n 3.2 3.2 3.2 S 10 S 12 S 10 S 10 S 01 17

3.2: BGO n v S 12 –S 00 S 10 –S 01 3.3 () 3.3: BGO BGO NaI CsI 3.4 NaIBGO NaI BGO +20 -20 ∼1.5 BGO 18

3.4: [4].3.2.3 BGO BGO INTEGRAL (INTErnationalGamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory) BGO • Bi 83 7.13 g·cm −3 • • NaICsI LaBr 4 • 3.5 BGO NaI 1 MeV 2 BGO BGO CsI NaI [5]ASTRO-H Avalanche Photo Diode (APD) 19

3.5: BGO ( a) NaI ( b) 3.2.4 BGO X (HXD) BGO [3]HXD 3.6 3.7 3.7 3.6: HXD [3]PIN-Si- GSO BGO 3.6 BGO PMT PIN-Si-BGO -15 20

3.3 APD3.3.1 APD 3.7: HXD [3]APD – 3.8: APD APD 3.8 3.9 ∼10 nA 21

3.9: APD ∼10 6 APD 3.3.2 APD 3.10 APD 3.10 150 V 400 V 3.10: S8664-1010 APD APD 3.10 3.11 +20 50 ∼10 nA -20 ∼0.5 nA 1/20 BGO APD BGO+APD 22

3.11: S8664-1010 V-I +20 -20 3.3.3 APD PMT PMT APD 3.2 PMT APD 3.12 APD PMT 3.2: APD PMT (V) APD ∼50 ∼0.8 ∼400 1×1cm 2PMT ∼10 5−6 ∼0.2 ∼1000 Φ7cm 3.12: PMT APD ∆E/E ∝ 1/E 1/f 3.13 23

3.13: τ s ∝ 1/τ s ∝ τ s 1/f 3.12 3.2 ∆E ∝ √ E ∆E/E ∝ E −1/2 APD PMT 2 3.14 APD PMT BGO 480 nm APD PMT 4 3.14: APD PMT BGO PMT APD BGO APD PMT PMT APD PMT ASTRO-H24

BGO APD 1×1 cm 2 APD BGO 25

44.1 ASTRO-H BGO APD4.2∼4.4 (2011)[6] 4.5 7 4.2 BGO 250µm 1×1cm 2 APD (OKEN6262A) 137 Cs 662keV γ BGO ADC 4.1 BGO BGOAPD+20 APD BGO ADC APD ADC 1 cm 3 ADC (2011) APD 10%137CsBGO+APDCP 580ShaperORTEK570PocketMCA8000APC 4.1: 26

4.1: Equipments Remarks/ConditionsAPD Si–APD S8664–1010 APD Bias HV CP 6641 CP 580Shaper ORTEC 570 coarse/fine gain=100,10.0ADC Pocket MCA 0–10 V range (4095 ch)Test Pulse BNC PB–5 :100 Hz:0.035VThermostatic chamber CH 43–14P +20 ◦ C4.3 4.3.1 APD APD BGO APD Si–APD S8664-1010 APD LED 0 V Keithlay–237 0∼440 V 4.2 APD 50 APD 50 4.2 410 V 10 nA 4.2: APD 27

4.3.2 shaping–time 3-3-1 FWHM 4.3 0.5∼3 µs FWHM 3.13 0.5 µs 4.3: 4.4 BGO 4.2 4.2: (cm×cm×cm)1 1×1×12 2.5×2.5×2.53 2.5×2.5×54 3×6×9 AL 11–249 / NIIC5 4×6.6×6.6 AL 11–305 / NIIC HXI bottom crystal6 2×8×87 2×7.2×18 AL 15–60(69) / NIIC8 2×3.2×18 AL 15–60(69) / NIIC9 5×5×15APD 4.2 8 APD 18 1×1×1 cm 3 4.4 3700 ch 662 keVγ ∼2900 ch BGO γ Bi K X 28

20110216_1_1_1_double_BGOs_double_Gore_threshold_150_sasano_1.mcaCount51010 431010 21010 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Channel 4.4: 1×1×1 cm 3 X K 77 keV – 2100 ch 800 ch 9.9% 4.3 4.3: APD (mm 2 ) (ch) (%)1 1×1 2955.9±1.4 9.9 12 2.5×2.5 2316.0±2.0 10.0 0.783 2.5×2.5 1817.3±2.1 12.0 0.613 2.5×5 1731.0±1.1 11.9 0.594 3×6 993.0±0.7 18.0 0.344 3×9 1205.9±0.4 15.6 0.414 6×9 703.4±0.6 24.3 0.245 4×6.6 1110.6±0.5 16.8 0.385 6.6×6.6 1151.1±0.6 16.5 0.396 2×8 897.3±1.1 20.9 0.307 2×7.2 870.3±1.3 18.8 0.297 2×18 878.4±0.3 21.1 0.307 7.2×18 544.2±0.3 31.7 0.188 2×3.2 1374.3±4.8 14.6 0.468 2×18 1214.3±0.4 17.5 0.418 3.2×18 835.5±0.8 22.6 0.289 5×5 781±1.1 19.3 0.269 5×15 815±0.9 19.3 0.2729

4.5 4.5.1 4.5 APD XY Z 4.5: 4.4: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9X Y Z XY Y Z ZX 2(ZX + Y Z) XY Z 2(XY + Y Z + ZX)≡ A s () ≡ V () ≡ S () 9 4.5.2 4.4 9 18 4.5 4.5: 0.55 0.27 0.12 0.0230

4.4 9 4.6 First Second 4.6: ( a) ( b) S V XY Z XY Z 31

5Geant4 (2009) (2011) Geant4-ver9.3-patch02 Monte-Calro 5.1 5.1.1 5.1 5.1: n 1 µ 1 ɛ 1 1 2 2 n 1 =√ √µ1 ɛ 1µ2 ɛ 2 n 2 =(5.1)µ 0 ɛ 0 µ 0 ɛ 0 µ 0 ɛ 0 5.1 1,2 θ i = θ r (5.2)n 1 sinθ i = n 2 sinθ t (5.3)32

n 1 > n 2 θ c θ c = sin −1 (n2n 1)(5.4)n 1 < n 2 E i E r E t R T R = E2 rE 2 i(5.5)T = n 2n 1cosθ tcosθ iE 2 rE 2 i(5.6)R+T = 1 G4OpBoundaryProcess I i I r θ r dI r (θ r )dI i= cosθ r (5.7) G4OpticalSurface 5.1.2 BGO ∼480 nm 480 nm 5.2 BGO 2.15APD BGO (OKEN6262A) 1.453APD 1.51 BGO BGO 10µm ( < 1) 5.2: 33

5.2 5.2.1 APD 1 4.0 m 1×1×1 cm 3 1.0×10 4 APD BGO 5.3 2679 27% APD (4.0m) APD 31010210htempEntries 2679Mean 0.1497RMS 1.02610 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 5.3: 1 cm 3 4m 1 5.4 1.453 BGO 2.15 5.4 APD θ c 43 ◦ BGO 43 ◦ BGO Ω c Ω c = 2 × 2π × (1 − cosθ c ) (5.8) 4π P in P in = 1 − cosθ c (5.9) θ c =43 ◦ P in = 0.26934

5.4: · 5.3 ≪4 m BGO 5.2.2 5.3 5.5 1.0 Exponetial x ∝exp(-x/3.98) 310length_in_BGOhtempEntries 7321Mean 3.949RMS 3.951χ 2/ ndf56.82 / 68Constant 6.589±0.017Slope -0.2563±0.003110 21010 5 10 15 20 25 30 35length_in_BGO 5.5: 5.3 4 m 35

5.2.3 0 1 5.6 0 1.0 25% 5.6: BGO θ c,air ∼28 ◦ APD θ c,BGO APD θ ′ c θ′ c θ c APD Ω ′ c { 1Ω ′ c = 4π ×2 (1 − cosθ c) + 1 }2 (cosθ′ c − cosθ c )(5.10) θ c ∼43 ◦ ,θ ′ c∼28 ◦ P ′ in P ′in = 0.21 20% 5.7 1.0 exponential (< 2 m) ∝exp(-x/2.83) 5.3 4 APD 36

31010 210length_in_BGOhtempEntries 7397Mean 2.844RMS 3.6262χ / ndf988.1 / 63Constant 6.807 ±0.025Slope -0.3525 ±0.007410 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40length_in_BGO 5.7: 5.3 0.98 ∼ 500 5% 4 m 1.00.980.96 4 18 5.8 (a) 4 1 cm 3 APD 1.0 0.96 98% 98% 0.98 5.8 (b) 3 m 5 m4 m 4 m 3 m 5 m 1.00.96 C 0.98 4 m (2009)[?] 98% 4 m 5.9 25% ∼0.1 ◦ () 4 m 37

5.8: 4 18 (a) 4 m (b) 0.98 5.9: 5.8 0.98 4 m NaI (Tl) () BGO (3.2.1)38

66.1 18 20%BGO APD 6.2 4.5.2 XY (APD BGO ) Z 6.1 ( a) ( b) 6.1 6.1: (a) 18 BGO (b) 6.2 XY (a) APD BGO XY APD BGO 39

6.2: 6.1 (a) XY (b) Z XY APD APD XY 6.3 6.3.1 18 20%X = Y 1×1×1 cm 3 20×20×20 cm 3 1 cm 400 XY Z 8000 B 6.3.2 4 ( 6.1) 400 6.1 6.3 1000 cm 2 100 1000 cm 2 40

6.3: 6.3.3 L 6.4 ∼500 cm 3 6.4: (a) 6.3 (b) (a) XY −1 L ∝ (V + C) −1 (6.1) 6.3 6.4(a) ∼ ±30% 6.4(a) XY 6.4(b) 6.1 C XY 41

6.1 L =α 1 (6.2)(V + α 2 (XY )) α 2 XY ?? 6.2 α 1 = 110 (6.3) 6.3 6.4 6.2 L =α ′ 2 = 1.73 · XY + 106 (6.4)110V + 1.73 · XY + 106(6.5)6.3.4 XY XY XY 6.5 6.5: (a) 6.36.4 APD BGO XY (b) (a) Z Z 6.5 Z ( 6.4) XY -1 6.2 L =α 1(Z)′XY + α 2(Z) ′ (6.6)α 1 ′ α′ 2 6.5 Z ?? 6.6 Z α 1 ′ α′ 2 α′ 1 α′ 2 α ′ 1 = 108Z + 1.4442(6.7)

α ′ 2 = 116Z + 1.77 6.7 6.8 6.6 (6.8)L =108XY (Z + 1.77) + 116 · Z + 1.77Z + 1.44(6.9) (Z+1.77)/(Z+1.44)∼1 L =108XY (Z + 1.77) + 116(6.10) XY Z=V L =108XY (Z + 1.77) + 116 = 108V + 1.77 · XY + 116(6.11)6.11 6.5 V XY 6.3.5 L −1 6.11 L −1 = (V + 1.77 · XY + 116)/108 (6.12) V XY 1 L −1 V XY 6.6 6.12 6.6: V APD BGO XY 43

6.4 6.4.1 V −1 §6.3 1 §6.3 0.98 V 1 0.98 6.7 0.98 V 1 6.7: 1 0.98 6.7 V >500 cm 3 1 L XY L −1 ∝ V + const (6.13) 6.1 6.2 α 2 (XY ) XY 1 6.2 XY BGO 6.8 l abs V APD l abs V 6.8 APD APD 6.8 APD ρ w ρ w = 1 V(6.14)44

6.8: BGO APD V in Ω i V in = 4 3 π · l3 abs × Ω i4π = l3 abs3 Ω c (6.15)6.14,6.15 6.8 APD N w N w = ρ w × V in = 1 labs33 V Ω c (6.16)APD i Ω i r i APD S w ∫Ω i =S wdSr 2 icos θ i (6.17) cos θ i APD Ω w 6.8 ∑N wΩ w = Ω i (6.18) r i θ i APD l abs r i = l abs θ i θ c π/2 cos θ i ∼ 1 6.18 i=1Ω w = N w × S wl 2 abs(6.19) 6.16 Ω w = l absS w3Ω cV(6.20)45

L ′ Ω w L ′ = Ω w4π = l absS w 1(1 − cos θc) (6.21)3 V L ′ ∝1/V 6.21 (θ c ) L ′ L ′∝1/V BGO 4 L ′ 1×1×1 cm 3 L L 6.21 5.9 L = L′P = l absS w 13 V(6.22)APD 6.22 APD S w 1 cm 2 l abs 4 m L L = 133 · V −1 (V cm 3 ) (6.23) V −1 6.9 6.9: 6.7 500 > cm 2 V −1 L = 115 · V −1 (6.24) 6.23 §6.2 1 cm 3 V ∼1 L =1 6.226.13 L = l abs · S w3×461V + l abs · S w /3(6.25)

6.8 APD APD APD 6.4.2 6.25 6.25 l abs S w S w 1 cm 2 6.10 −1 6.10: 6.25 S w 6.11 V = 200 cm 3 l abs = 400cm S w 6.11 47

6.11: 6.25 V = 200cm 2 l abs = 400 cm 48

7ASTRO-HBGO7.1 7.1.1 BGO 4 6 BGO ASTRO-H ASTRO-H HXI (§ 2.2) 7.1 SGD 7.2 ∼1.2 kg (HXI-bottom) ∼5.3 kg (SGD-Side) APD BGO 7.1 7.1: HXI BGO HXI SGD 9 HXIbottom 4 SGD-bottom 7 4 6 6 §7.1.2 §7.1.3 §7.1.4 49

7.1: ASTRO-H BGO V APD BGO XY V cm 3 XY cm 2HXI-top 308.5 13.8HXI-side 406.3 30.78HXI-bottom 174.2 43.56SGD-top1 220.7 15.4SGD-top2 353.4 33.1SGD-side1 714 39.6SGD-side2 747.5 37.8SGD-side3 611.5 31SGD-bottom 548.4 39.67.1.3 1 7.1 1 7.2 5 6 6 4 V XY 7.2: 1 HXI-side 0.19 0.20 0.22HXI-bottom 0.29 0.31 0.38SGD-side1 0.12 0.12 0.18SGD-side2 0.12 0.12 0.19SGD-side3 0.14 0.14 0.20SGD-bottom 0.15 0.15 0.21HXI-side 10%HXI-bottom ∼20% (∼ 20)%SGD 50%• 4 m • • BGO 4 m 51

SGD 7.3 6 ∼7 m 7.3: SGD BGO 4 m 5 m 6 m 7 m SGD-side1 0.12 0.13 0.16 0.18 0.18SGD-side2 0.12 0.15 0.17 0.19 0.19SGD-side3 0.14 0.18 0.21 0.22 0.20SGD-bottom 0.15 0.19 0.21 0.23 0.21 HXI,SGD-top ( 2009)[?]HXI-side 10% SGD-bottom 7.1.4 2HXI-top ( 2011)[6] SGD-top1,2 5 7.3 §7.2 7.4 APD 7.4 7.4 1 HXI,SGD-top SGD-top2 10%HXI-top SGD-top1 20%SGD-top APD APD HXI-top SGD-top1 ∼20%HXI SGD 5 6 52

7.3: HXI-top,SGD-top1,2 7.4: HXI SGD top () HXI-top SGD-top1 SGD-top2col1 0.20(0.21) 0.32(0.29) 0.22(0.24)col2 0.23(0.24) 0.30(0.26) 0.20(0.18)col3 0.3(0.29) 0.29(0.24) 0.20(0.19)col4 0.43(0.35) 0.28(0.24) 0.20(0.18) 0.24 0.30 0.207.2 7.2.1 () 7.5 APD BGO APD BGO 53

7.4: HXI-top ( a) SGD-top1,2 ( b,c) 7.5: BaSO4+ ESR +20 −20, −15 APD APD APD 7.2.2 (§2.3)APD BGO APD 7.5 [6] 7.6 5 4 54

7.6: 1.18 (−20/−15 ) 0.21/0.25APD 1APD 1.08APD 1.37 (−20/−15 ) 0.31/0.37 () +20 ∼1/3 BGO (§3.2.2+20 -20 ∼+50%)APD +20 −15 −20 7.7 60 keV 200 keV BGO 200 keV 7.7 HXI −20 120 keV 7.7: −15 −20 7.6 @+20 keV @−15 @−20 HXI top 372/231 138/85.5 115/71.2HXI side 349 129 110HXI bottom 217 80.3 67SGD top1 274/333 101/123 84.9/103SGD top2 320/429 118/159 99.2/133SGD side1 411 152 127SGD side2 441 163 137SGD side3 379 140 117SGD bottom 377 139 1177.2.3 55

( 7.1 HXI-sideHXI-bottom) 7.5+20 −15 −20 7.5 /Users/sasano/BGO_mca_data/2011_0424_bgo_hxi_bottom/20110424_bgo_hxi_bottm_em_BaSO4_ESR_Gore_APD_U_assembly_threshold_150_sasano_1_p20.mcaCount51010 431010 21010 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000Channel 7.5: HXI-bottom +20 −15 −20 137 Cs ADC HXI-side −20 103 keVHXI-bottom 64.6 keV 7.7 ∼10%56

81. 9 BGO APD S8664–1010 18 APD BGO 2. Geant4 20% 400 APD BGO 3. ASTRO-H BGO Geant4 10% ∼20%4. ASTRO-H BGO BGO 5. BGO −20 HXI-bottom 64.6 keVHXI-side 103 keV 57

A A.1: (a) 3 m(b) 4 m (c) 5 m 4m 98% 3∼5 m 10098 96% A.1 y=x 4 m 908%58

BX,Y,ZB.1 B.1: 6.3 8000 400 8000 400 B.1 400 8000 8000 400 100∼1000 cm 2 400 B.2 400 8000 B.2 (a) −1 (b) ??XY 400 XY B.3 XY XY 400 8000 B.3 (a) 8000 400 59

B.2: (a) 6.3 8000 400 (b) XY B.3: (a) ??XY 8000 400 (b) Z (b) Z XY −1 60

CC.1 ASTRO-H C.1,C.2 4 m 8 m C.1: HXI 50 % 30%C.2 BGO 1 cm 3 BGO BGO APD BGO BGO APDASTRO-H 1.51 1.41 10%61

C.2: SGD APD 1.7 () 1 C.1 C.1: + 1.0+ 0.84+ 1.462

ASTRO-H 0 BGO K2012.01.0663

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