310 Bonner zoologische Beiträge 54 (2005)Fig. 1. Exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the similarity <strong>of</strong> leaf-beetle assemblages gathered on various deciduous trees, by metric ord<strong>in</strong>ation (Horn<strong>in</strong>dex).Fig. 2. Exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the similarity <strong>of</strong> leaf-beetle assemblages gathered on various deciduous trees, by metric ord<strong>in</strong>ation (Horn<strong>in</strong>dex, after log2 (x+1) transformation <strong>of</strong> the raw data).
Károly VIG & Viktor MARKÓ: <strong>Leaf</strong> <strong>Beetle</strong>s from Tree Canopies <strong>in</strong> Hungary 311assemblages <strong>of</strong> maple and lime trees (Fig. 1). However,the abandoned orchards were situated <strong>in</strong> the same district(Nagykovácsi) and the maple and lime trees <strong>in</strong> adifferent one (Keszthely). It can also be seen that characteristicchrysomelid assemblages were formed <strong>in</strong>commercial orchards, regardless <strong>of</strong> differences <strong>in</strong> theirsurround<strong>in</strong>gs. On the other hand, the commercial pearorchard2 (No. 6 <strong>in</strong> the figures) is clearly dist<strong>in</strong>ct fromthe abandoned orchards, despite all be<strong>in</strong>g situated <strong>in</strong> thesame district (Fig. 1). The results are similar if theanalysis based on log2 transformed data are compared,or only the species compositions (Jaccard <strong>in</strong>dex). Inthese analysis, the role <strong>of</strong> the commonest, dom<strong>in</strong>antspecies was lower (log2 transformation) or relativeabundance was not taken <strong>in</strong>to consideration (Jaccardsimilarity) <strong>in</strong> the comparisons (Figs. 2 and 3). So the resultsshow the basic structure <strong>of</strong> the chrysomelid assemblages.The neighbour<strong>in</strong>g habitats seem to be more important<strong>in</strong> form<strong>in</strong>g the species composition <strong>of</strong> thechrysomelid assemblages. The species composition <strong>in</strong>the commercial pear orchard2 was closer to the abandonedones from the same location than to the othercommercial orchards. Similarly, the leaf beetle assemblages<strong>in</strong> the canopies <strong>of</strong> lime and maple trees from thesame location, Keszthely show remarkably similarcomposition (Fig. 3).Fig. 3. Exam<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>of</strong> the similarity <strong>of</strong> leaf-beetle assemblages gathered on various deciduous trees, by metric ord<strong>in</strong>ation (Jaccard<strong>in</strong>dex).4. DISCUSSIONThe leaf-beetle assemblages exam<strong>in</strong>ed consist <strong>of</strong> speciesthat sometimes feed on the tree species concernedand much larger specimen and species numbers<strong>of</strong> visit<strong>in</strong>g species. The untreated apple and pearorchards typically had large numbers <strong>of</strong> specimens <strong>of</strong>species feed<strong>in</strong>g on the trees (L. xanthopoda and O.l<strong>in</strong>eola). Treatment obviously <strong>in</strong>creases the proportion<strong>in</strong> the assemblages <strong>of</strong> visit<strong>in</strong>g species less tied toa food plant (pr<strong>in</strong>cipally and sometimes exclusivelyPhyllotreta vittula), and this causes the dist<strong>in</strong>ction <strong>in</strong>the commercial plantations. On lime and maple species,however, visit<strong>in</strong>g species were found almost exclusively,so that the different characteristics <strong>of</strong> thetwo species <strong>of</strong> tree do not give them dist<strong>in</strong>ct beetlefaunas. The tourists have a decisive role <strong>in</strong> speciescomposition. The relatively large number <strong>of</strong> touristspecies (A. euphorbiae, Cassida (s. str.) nebulosaL<strong>in</strong>naeus, 1758, C. conc<strong>in</strong>na, Cryptocephalus (s. str.)nitidus (L<strong>in</strong>naeus, 1758), Lachnaia sexpunctata (Scopoli,1763), Oulema melanopus (L<strong>in</strong>naeus, 1758), P.atra, P. cruciferae, Phyllotreta nemorum (L<strong>in</strong>naeus,1758), P. nigripes, P. vittula and S. (M.) salic<strong>in</strong>a <strong>in</strong>Nagykovácsi and 283 species <strong>in</strong> the case <strong>of</strong> Keszthely)have arrived from the environs, so that the speciescomposition is more similar on trees found <strong>in</strong> thesame environment. The explanation for this, as said
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