Detailed Soil Survey of the Mount Revelstoke Summit Area.

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41TABLE 6 .GUIDES FOR ASSESSING SOIL LIMITATIONS FOR TRAILSThis guide applies to soils to be used for trails assuming no hard surfacing. It is assumed that theseareas will be used as they occur in nature and that little or no soil will be moved (excavated or filled) .The steeper the slope upon which a trail is to be built the more soil that will have to be moved toobtain a level tread and the more miles of trail needed to cover a given horizontal distance . Severelimitation does not indicate a trail can not or should not be built . It does suggest higher designrequirements, higher cost of construction and maintenance, and often greater potential for environmentalimpact . Soil features that affect trafficability, dust, design and maintenance of trails are givenspecial emphasis .ItemsAffectingUse one to SlightDegree ofSoil LimitationoderateSevereWetness Rapidly, well and moder- Imperfectly drained soils .ately well drained soils . Water table during seasonWater table below 20" of use may be above 20"during season of use . for short periods .Flooding Does not flood. May flood but not duringseason of use .Slopel 0 to 15% (AE) . 15 to 30% (F) .Surface soil SL, FSL, VFSL, L. SiL, CL, SCL, SiCL, LS .texture3(Text .)Coarse fragments 0 to 20% . 20 to 50% .4on surface (CF)Rockiness or Stones greater than 25' Stones 5 to 25' apart .stoniness5 apart, Rock exposures Rock exposures 30 to 100'(Rock) roughly 100' apart and apart and cover 10 to 25%cover less than 10% of of the surface.the surface .Poorly and very poorlydrained soils . Water tableabove 20" and often nearsurface for month or moreduring season of use.Floods during season ofuse .Greater than 30%2(>F) .SC, SiC, C, sand, peaty andorganic soils.> 50% .Stones less than 5' apart .Rock exposures less than30' apart and cover morethan 25% of the surface .1 . Slope in this context refers to the slope of the ground surface, not the slope of the tread ofthe trail .2.3 .4.5 .A distinction between severe limitation (30 to 60%) and very severe limitation (greater than 60%)will be made in the interpretation table (Table 10) .Surface texture influences soil ratings as it affects foot trafficability, dust, design ormaintenance of trails, and erosion hazard . Most of these textures are not applicable to thisspecific area .Some gravelly soils may be rated slight if the content of the gravel exceeds 20% by only a smallmargin providing (a) the gravel is embedded in the soil matrix or (b) the fragments are less than3/4 inch in size .See also definitions for gravels, rockiness and stoniness in the System of Soil Classification forCanada (C .S .S .C ., 1970), pp . 213-214 . Coarse fragments include both gravels and cobbles .
42TABLE 7.GUIDES FOR ASSESSING SOIL LIMITATIONS FOR ROADS AND PARKING LOTSThis guide applies to soils evaluated for construction and maintenance of roads and parking lots havingsome kind of surfacing, commonly gravel . They consist of : (1) underlying local soil material (either cutor fill) called the subgrade ; and (2) gravel surface . They also are graded to shed water and have ordinaryprovisions for drainage . The roads are built mainly from the soil at hand, and cuts and fills are limited,usually less than 6 feet . Excluded from consideration in this guide are highways designed for fast-movingheavy trucks .Properties that affect design and construction of roads are : (1) those that affect the load supporting capacityand stability of the subgrade ; and (2) those that affect the workability and amount of cut and fill .The AASHO and Unified Classification, and the shrink-swell potential give an indication of the trafficsupporting capacity . Wetness and flooding affect stability . Slope, depth of bedrock, stoniness, rockiness,and wetness affect the ease of excavation and the amount of cut and fill to reach an even grade .Soil limitation ratings do not substitute for basic soil data or for onsite investigations .ItemsAffectingUseone to SlightDegree of Soil LimitationModerateevereSoil drainage Rapidlyl, well and mod- Imperfectly drained. Poorly and very poorlyclassl erately well drained . drained .Flooding None . Once in 5 years . More than once in 5 years .Slope 0 to 9% (AD) . 9 to 15% (E) . More than 15% (> E) .Depth to bedrock More than 40 inches . 20 to 40 inches . Less than 20 inches .Subgrade2 (Str .)a. AASHOGroup index30 to 4 . 5 to 8 . more than 8 .b . Unified GW, GP SW, GM, SM, C1 (with PI5 less than CL (with PI5 15 or more),soil classes and GC~+ and SC4. 15), ML, SP . CH, MH, OH, CL, Pt .Shrink-swell Low (PI5 less than 15) . Moderate (PI5 10 to 35) . High (PI5 greater than 20) .potential6Susceptibility Low (Fl, F2)6 . Moderate (F3)6 . High (F4)6 .to frost heave7Stoniness8 Stones greater than 5' Stones 2 to 5' apart . Stones less than 2' apart .apart .Rockiness8 Rock exposures greater Rock exposures 300 to Rock exposures less than 100'than 300' apart and 100' apart and cover 2 apart and cover greater thancover less than 2% of to 10% of the surface. 10% of the surface .the surface .1 . For an explanation of soil drainage classes see the System of Soil Classification for Canada (C .S .S .C .,1970), pp . 215-216 .2 . This item estimates the strength of a soil as it applies to roadbeds . When available, AASHO GroupIndex values from laboratory tests were used ; otherwise the estimated Unified classes were used . Onunsurfaced roads, rapidly drained, very sandy poorly graded soils may cause washboard or rough roads .3 . Group Index values were estimated from information published by the1962), pp . 23-25 .4 . Downgrade to moderate if content of fines (lessthan 200 mesh) is greater than about 30% .5 . PI means plasticity index.6 .Inherent swelling capacity is estimated as low when the plasticity index is less than 15, medium whenthe plasticity index is 10 to 15 and high when the plasticity index is greater than 20 (Tarzaghi andPeck, 1967) . Gravelly and stony soils may not exhibit shrink-swell as estimated by the plasticityindex because of dilution of the fines with coarse fragments . In these situations decrease a severelimitation to moderate and a moderate limitation to slight .7 .Frost heave is important where frost penetratesportable by capillary movement is sufficient tobility classes are taken from the United Statesreproduced from the above article.below the hardened surface layer and moisture transformice lenses at the freezing front . The suscepti-Army Corps of Engineers (1962), pp . 5-8 . Table 11 is8 . See also definitions for rockiness and stoniness in the System of Soil Classification for Canada (C .S .S .C .,1970), pp . 213-214 .
Page 2 and 3: DETAILED SOIL SURVEYOF THEMOUNT REV
Page 4 and 5: PageSOIL PRODUCTIVITY 53BIBLIOGRAPH
Page 6 and 7: LIST OF PLATESPagePLATE 1 . Humo-Fe
Page 8 and 9: INTRODUCTIONIn recent years Parks C
Page 10 and 11: THE STUDY AREAGeographic LocationTh
Page 12 and 13: calcareous rocks in the study area
Page 14 and 15: Mount Copeland (6,060 feet ASL) .At
Page 16 and 17: METHODS OF INVESTIGATIONField Techn
Page 18 and 19: 116 . Pyrophosphate-Extractable Alu
Page 20 and 21: 13FIGURE 2 .DIAGRAM OF A SOIL PROFI
Page 22 and 23: 15Soils of the Summit AreaThe soils
Page 24 and 25: MISCELLANEOUS MAPPING UNITSRBedrock
Page 26 and 27: AhBhf20 cm-Plate l .The Humo-Ferric
Page 28 and 29: 21extremely sloping land surfaces o
Page 30 and 31: Soil Map Unit 3(Orthic and Cumulic
Page 32 and 33: 25These soils have severe limitatio
Page 34 and 35: 27Horizon Depth (cm) Color Texture
Page 36 and 37: 295-a20 cm-5 -bPlate 5 .The hummock
Page 38 and 39: 31stands are made up of Abies lasio
Page 40 and 41: 6-aAeBfR20 cm-6 -bPlate 6 .The Lith
Page 42 and 43: 37INTERPRETATIONSSoil Properties an
Page 44 and 45: 39TABLE 4,GUIDES FOR ASSESSING SOIL
Page 48 and 49: 43TABLE 8 .GUIDES FOR ASSESSING SOI
Page 50 and 51: 45especially where bedrock is close
Page 52 and 53: TABLE 10 . DEGREE AND NATURE OF SOI
Page 54 and 55: 49The soils of map units 1, 8 and 9
Page 56 and 57: 51compounds thus inhibiting percola
Page 58 and 59: 53PRODUCTIVITYProductivity ratings
Page 60 and 61: S4 XTABLE 11 . DISTRIBUTION OF SOIL
Page 62 and 63: 57BIBLIOGRAPHYAlberta Department of
Page 64 and 65: 59Terzaghi, K . and R .B . Peck . 1
Page 66 and 67: 61ecosystem .While the activities i
Page 68 and 69: TABLE A. CLASSES OF FRAGILITY FOR P
Page 70 and 71: TABLE B. CLASSES OF FRAGILITY FOR S
Page 72 and 73: 67than to channel use to a rarer ty
Page 74 and 75: 69approximately 10 cm thickness and
Page 76 and 77: 71ANALYTICAL DATA 1HorizonDepthcmCa
Page 78 and 79: 73several species of common occurre
Page 80 and 81: 75Soil Map Unit 3The imperfectly to
Page 82 and 83: 77Soil Classification :Orthic Regos
Page 84 and 85: 79ANALYTICAL DATA 3BHorizonDepthcmC
Page 86 and 87: 81Elevation : 6,000 ft . ASL (1,830
Page 88 and 89: 82ANALYTICAL DATA 4HorizonDepthcmCa
Page 90 and 91: Aspect :southeastElevation : 6,200
Page 92 and 93: Soil Map Unit 6Hummocky microrelief
Page 94 and 95: ANALYTICAL DATA 6HorizonDepthcmCaC1
Page 96 and 97:
Location : S-7Parent Material :glac
Page 98 and 99:
Soil Map Unit 8These soils have med
Page 100 and 101:
Elevation : 6,250 ft . ASL (1,910 m
Page 102 and 103:
orizonPyrophosphate96ANALYTICAL DAT
Page 104 and 105:
Slope : 5%Aspect :northElevation :
Page 106 and 107:
Soil Map Unit 10Map Unit 10 soils h
Page 108 and 109:
Vegetation : Abies lasiocarpa (shru
Page 110 and 111:
104ANALYTTCAL DATAlOBHorizonDepthcm
Page 112 and 113:
A further separation of sands is ma
Page 114 and 115:
(D1) Rapidly drained - soil moistur
Page 116 and 117:
110TABLE 13 . UNIFIED SOIL CLASSIFI
Page 118 and 119:
GLOSSARYThis is included to define
Page 120 and 121:
illuviation -the process of deposit
Page 122 and 123:
pH - a notation used to designate t
Page 124:
LATIN AND COMMON NAMES OF PLANTS ME
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Detailed Soil Survey of the Mount Revelstoke Summit Area.

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