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Conditions and Constraints in the Formwork Systems for Complex ...

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Photo 11a – gantry <strong>for</strong>m used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Siu Hong Station ofWest Rail projectsPhoto 11b – <strong>the</strong> gantry <strong>for</strong>m as seen from <strong>the</strong> side, with<strong>the</strong> suspended slab soffit clearly shownPhoto 12 – examples of some common br<strong>and</strong> names <strong>for</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork3. Technical considerations when us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>mworkThe selection <strong>and</strong> application of <strong>for</strong>mwork, particularly <strong>for</strong> large-scaled <strong>and</strong> complex projects, dependon <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g factors :3.1 Design-related factors3.1.1 The shape of <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gSimple block-shaped build<strong>in</strong>gs are much easier to construct than build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> awkward shapes,such as projects with curved, <strong>in</strong>cl<strong>in</strong>ed, stepped, undef<strong>in</strong>ed or sculptured features. As a generalrule, awkwardly shaped build<strong>in</strong>gs can be more easily dealt with by us<strong>in</strong>g more traditional,labour-<strong>in</strong>tensive <strong>for</strong>mwork systems <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>ir better adaptability.3.1.2 Design of <strong>the</strong> external wallSome build<strong>in</strong>gs may have many architectural features on <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g exterior such as f<strong>in</strong>s orribs, sunshad<strong>in</strong>g blades, planter boxes, deep rebate w<strong>in</strong>dows or hoods <strong>for</strong> air-conditioner units.These may limit <strong>the</strong> choice of system-type <strong>for</strong>mwork due to features that <strong>in</strong>terrupt with <strong>the</strong>cast<strong>in</strong>g process.5


3.1.3 Internal layoutSome build<strong>in</strong>gs may have very simple layouts with few <strong>in</strong>-situ walls <strong>and</strong> floor plates framedwith regularly spaced columns, as seen <strong>in</strong> many commercial <strong>and</strong> office build<strong>in</strong>gs. However,some developments feature very complicated load-bear<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>ternal walls that can make <strong>the</strong>cast<strong>in</strong>g process difficult.3.1.4 Structural <strong>for</strong>msLike <strong>in</strong>ternal layout, <strong>the</strong> structural <strong>for</strong>m of build<strong>in</strong>gs also affects <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork options. Forexample, build<strong>in</strong>gs with a structural core <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m of a vertical shaft limit <strong>the</strong> use of o<strong>the</strong>r<strong>for</strong>mwork systems o<strong>the</strong>r than those of a self-climb<strong>in</strong>g nature. Build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong> flat slab design maketable <strong>for</strong>ms or fly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>ms <strong>the</strong> most obvious choice. For build<strong>in</strong>gs with regularly arranged shearwall designs, <strong>the</strong> best selection is large-panel type steel <strong>for</strong>ms or o<strong>the</strong>r types of gang <strong>for</strong>ms.3.1.5 Consistency <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g dimensionsSome build<strong>in</strong>gs may have non-st<strong>and</strong>ardised dimensions due to <strong>the</strong> architectural design <strong>and</strong>layout or to fulfill o<strong>the</strong>r structural requirements. These <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> regular reduction of sizes <strong>for</strong>beams, columns <strong>and</strong> walls <strong>in</strong> high-rise build<strong>in</strong>gs as <strong>the</strong> structure ascends. Some <strong>for</strong>mworksystems, like <strong>the</strong> climb <strong>for</strong>m or steel <strong>for</strong>m, may be quite difficult to use <strong>in</strong> such situations, <strong>for</strong><strong>the</strong> frequent adjustments of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m to meet <strong>the</strong> changes <strong>in</strong> dimensions may eventually <strong>in</strong>curextra cost <strong>and</strong> time.3.1.6 HeadroomHigher headroom <strong>in</strong>creases <strong>the</strong> amount of falsework required <strong>and</strong> can also create accessibility<strong>and</strong> safety problems. It can also make <strong>the</strong> erection of <strong>for</strong>mwork, ensur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>mwork stability <strong>and</strong><strong>the</strong> plac<strong>in</strong>g of concrete more difficult. Work<strong>in</strong>g headrooms of more than five metres arefrequently encountered <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>gs with transfer structures (Photo 12), entrance foyers (Photo13), atriums <strong>in</strong>side shopp<strong>in</strong>g malls <strong>and</strong> many o<strong>the</strong>r functional, <strong>in</strong>stitutional <strong>and</strong> public build<strong>in</strong>gs.3.1.7 Build<strong>in</strong>g spanLarge build<strong>in</strong>g spans also create problems similar to those with high headroom situations. Inaddition, long-span structures generally have larger beam sections, heavier re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>cementprovisions, or accompany<strong>in</strong>g post-tension works (Photo 14). This will fur<strong>the</strong>r complicate <strong>the</strong><strong>for</strong>mwork’s design <strong>and</strong> erection process.6


Photo 12 – <strong>the</strong> transfer structure practically subdivides<strong>the</strong> construction <strong>in</strong>to two work fronts: <strong>the</strong> podium <strong>and</strong>Photo 13 – very high headroom required <strong>the</strong> provisionof complicated falsework (Belcher Garden project)superstructure (Park Avenue)3.1.8 Repetitive natureHigh-rise block-shaped structures usually require highly repetitive cycles <strong>and</strong> this is favourableto <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>for</strong>mwork. However, <strong>the</strong> degree of repetition <strong>in</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g with very largeconstruction area like a podium or underground structures such as basements is limited <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>use of <strong>for</strong>mwork, as an expensive resource, becomes very critical.3.1.9 Surfaces f<strong>in</strong>ishesFair-faced concrete dem<strong>and</strong>s very high quality <strong>for</strong>mwork <strong>in</strong> terms of surface treatment of <strong>the</strong>panels, tightness of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork jo<strong>in</strong>ts <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong> dimensional accuracy. Requirements are slightlyrelaxed where <strong>the</strong> concrete surface is to be f<strong>in</strong>ished at a later stage.Photo 14 – heavily re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced beams withpost-tension<strong>in</strong>g design (Term<strong>in</strong>al Build<strong>in</strong>g, new HKPhoto 15a – exceptionally large-sized project as <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>International Airport of Hong Kong at Chek Lap KokInternational airport)7


Photo 15b – ano<strong>the</strong>r example of very large-sized projectas <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> International F<strong>in</strong>ance Center at Central, HKPhoto 16 – a complicated site work<strong>in</strong>g on a steep slopewith 60m level difference (Belcher’s Garden)3.2 Construction-related factors3.2.1 <strong>Complex</strong>ity of <strong>the</strong> built environmentExceptionally small or large sites (Photo 15a & 15b), sloped (Photo 16) or very crowded sites(Photo 17), proximity to sensitive structures, sites where o<strong>the</strong>r major activities are underway(Photo 18), or sites with many physical or contractual restrictions will <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> difficulty ofwork<strong>in</strong>g with <strong>for</strong>mwork. There is no specific solution to improve <strong>the</strong> situation <strong>in</strong> general <strong>and</strong>problems are tackled accord<strong>in</strong>g to <strong>in</strong>dividual circumstances.3.2.2 Speed of workWhen work<strong>in</strong>g with build<strong>in</strong>gs with large construction areas <strong>and</strong> horizontal spread, projects canbe expedited by <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction of additional sets of <strong>for</strong>mwork, to create more <strong>in</strong>dependentwork fronts. This will, of course, <strong>in</strong>crease <strong>the</strong> cost of production. For high-rise build<strong>in</strong>gs,<strong>in</strong>creas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> number of <strong>for</strong>mwork used cannot always solve <strong>the</strong> question of speed, <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>critical path still depends on <strong>the</strong> floor cycle. However, a properly selected, designed <strong>and</strong>arranged <strong>for</strong>mwork system will <strong>in</strong>crease work efficacy <strong>for</strong> each typical cycle. In some cases,add<strong>in</strong>g half or a full set of <strong>for</strong>mwork, especially <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> floor <strong>for</strong>ms, may help to speed up <strong>the</strong>cycle as <strong>the</strong> additional set can provide more flexibility when <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m is struck at an earlier time.Photo 17 – work<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> very crowded site with<strong>in</strong> urbanenvironment (commercial build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> Central, Hong Kong)Photo 18 – a wide variety of major construction activitiestak<strong>in</strong>g place with<strong>in</strong> a very large site (Festival Walk)8


3.2.8 Provision of construction jo<strong>in</strong>tsSometimes a large number of construction jo<strong>in</strong>ts is <strong>in</strong>evitable <strong>in</strong> a large structure because of <strong>the</strong>subdivision of works <strong>in</strong>to effectively workable sizes. The provision of construction jo<strong>in</strong>ts canchallenge <strong>the</strong> output <strong>and</strong> affect <strong>the</strong> quality of <strong>the</strong> concrete (Photo 20a & b). Careful selectionshould be made to ensure a particular <strong>for</strong>mwork system can satisfactorily allow sucharrangements.Photo 19 – large-sectionedbeam with slot position <strong>for</strong>precast secondary member(podium, Hung Hom Station)Photo 20a & b – location <strong>in</strong>structure where complicatedconstruction jo<strong>in</strong>ts are to beprovided3.2.9 Accessibility to workDur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> course of construction, accessibility problems may be created through segregation,temporary discont<strong>in</strong>uation, or block<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> layout by <strong>the</strong> partially completed build<strong>in</strong>g (Photo21a & b). Or, <strong>in</strong> cases construct<strong>in</strong>g a shaft-type core wall is constructed <strong>in</strong> an advanced phase,<strong>the</strong> shaft may st<strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dependently <strong>for</strong> a long period of time be<strong>for</strong>e it is connected to <strong>the</strong>horizontal elements. Arrangements <strong>for</strong> access to work places should be properly arranged whencarry<strong>in</strong>g out construction plann<strong>in</strong>g.10


Photo 21a, & b – situations where <strong>the</strong> access of a large site is temporary blocked by <strong>the</strong> partially completedstructure (Metropolitan project <strong>in</strong> Hung Hum on <strong>the</strong> left, <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> N<strong>in</strong>a Plaza project on <strong>the</strong> right)3.2.10 Feasibility of <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g alternative designsUnder <strong>the</strong> traditional design <strong>and</strong> construction detached procurement system, architects oftendesign a build<strong>in</strong>g which is not suitable <strong>for</strong> use of more advanced <strong>and</strong> efficient <strong>for</strong>mworksystems. It is quite common <strong>for</strong> builders to submit alternative design proposals to clients <strong>for</strong>consideration with m<strong>in</strong>or structural or architectural amendments so that more effective<strong>for</strong>mwork methods can be applied. Very often, <strong>the</strong> cost benefit derived is shared between <strong>the</strong>builder <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> client <strong>in</strong> order to achieve a w<strong>in</strong>-w<strong>in</strong> situation.4. Examples of applicationFollow<strong>in</strong>g are a number of recent construction case studies <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong <strong>for</strong> illustrat<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> use of<strong>for</strong>mwork systems on unique projects.4.1 Festival Walk – us<strong>in</strong>g traditional manual-type timber <strong>for</strong>mworkThis project is built on a 21,000 sq m site. The development is a shopp<strong>in</strong>g mall <strong>and</strong> leisurecenter that comprises a four-level basement <strong>and</strong> a seven-level upper structure. Design <strong>and</strong>construction features <strong>in</strong>clude:a) A 48 m-span skat<strong>in</strong>g r<strong>in</strong>k constructed of eight <strong>in</strong>-situ cast <strong>and</strong> post-tensioned beams,supported on <strong>the</strong> sides by bearers (Photo 22).b) The basement was constructed us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> top-down approach.c) A 40-m diameter circular ramp down <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> basement was also constructed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>top-down manner (Photo 22a).11


d) A number of large span structures up to 32m <strong>in</strong> length were cast <strong>in</strong>-situ; <strong>the</strong> majoritywere post-tensioned.e) 3 atrium spaces, averag<strong>in</strong>g 35m <strong>in</strong> span, <strong>and</strong> with 25m headroom (Photo 23).f) Average headroom <strong>for</strong> each floor is about 4.5m.–Photo 22a – a 40m diameter vehicular ramp wasconstructed us<strong>in</strong>g top-down approach from <strong>the</strong>ground level down to <strong>the</strong> basement 7 levels below.Due to <strong>the</strong> specific functions of <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g, <strong>the</strong> layout of <strong>the</strong> 160,000 sq m build<strong>in</strong>g has fewrepeatable elements, mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> application of system <strong>for</strong>mwork not feasible. As a result,traditional <strong>for</strong>mwork with timber panels was employed throughout <strong>the</strong> project (Photo 24a, 24b& 24c). S<strong>in</strong>ce <strong>the</strong> overall build<strong>in</strong>g area is extremely large, <strong>the</strong> structure was subdivided <strong>in</strong>to sixma<strong>in</strong> phases with fur<strong>the</strong>r sub-section<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> each phase. The ma<strong>in</strong> phases were constructed <strong>in</strong> aprogressive <strong>and</strong> staggered manner both <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> basement <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> superstructure, each with alapse of about one to two months. A large amount of construction jo<strong>in</strong>t<strong>in</strong>g was provided dur<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> construction, mak<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g, coord<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>and</strong> quality assurance process fairly difficult(Photo 25).Photo 23 – Atrium space with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Festival Walk<strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g a very splendorous mall <strong>in</strong>teriorPhoto 24a – timber <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> slab of <strong>the</strong> podiumstructure12


Photo 24b & 24c - us<strong>in</strong>g of traditional timber<strong>for</strong>mwork to construct <strong>the</strong> complex structure ofPhoto 25 – complicated phas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> section<strong>in</strong>g detailwith<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> gigantic structure of Festival WalkFestival Walk4.2 Belcher’s Gardens Redevelopment – us<strong>in</strong>g traditional manual-type timber <strong>for</strong>mThe development is located on a slop<strong>in</strong>g 24,000 sq m site. A 10-level podium structure, hous<strong>in</strong>ga carpark, shopp<strong>in</strong>g mall <strong>and</strong> recreational facilities, was built on top of <strong>the</strong> sloped site <strong>in</strong> order toprovide a terrace to seat <strong>the</strong> residential towers. The upper <strong>and</strong> lower levels of <strong>the</strong> slope have adifference of about 65 m. Six 48-storey residential towers are built on top of <strong>the</strong> podium,provid<strong>in</strong>g about 2,200 residential units each of about 80 sq m <strong>in</strong> size. To construct <strong>the</strong> podiumon <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>med slope, complicated falsework had to be erected, creat<strong>in</strong>g many elevated workpositions that significantly retarded <strong>the</strong> progress of work. The huge size of <strong>the</strong> podium <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>sophisticated site topography dem<strong>and</strong>ed very complicated phas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> section<strong>in</strong>g arrangements(Photo 26).For <strong>the</strong> superstructure, due to <strong>the</strong> irregularity <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> layout, <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>corporation of a lot ofarchitectural features <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> external envelope <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> use of a large amount of short-span slabs<strong>and</strong> shear walls, manually-operated timber panel <strong>for</strong>ms were aga<strong>in</strong> adopted (Photo 27). As moststructural <strong>for</strong>ms <strong>for</strong> high-rise residential build<strong>in</strong>gs have similar designs, <strong>the</strong> Belcher’s Gardensredevelopment can be regarded as typical of <strong>the</strong>se works <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong.Photo 26 – complicated phas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> section<strong>in</strong>garrangement <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> podium structure of <strong>the</strong>Photo 27 – traditional timber <strong>for</strong>mwork employed <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>construction of <strong>the</strong> residential towers <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Belcher’s GardenBelcher’s Garden13


Photo 27a – layout of <strong>the</strong> podium structure <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>column <strong>and</strong> floor arrangementPhoto 27b – falsework <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> brac<strong>in</strong>g beamslocated under <strong>the</strong> transfer plate of each residential tower blockPhoto 27c – <strong>the</strong> transfer plate structure support<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> residential blocks.Photo 27d – detail of <strong>the</strong> falsework system erected us<strong>in</strong>guniversal steel sections that mounted onto <strong>the</strong> column structuresof <strong>the</strong> podium to facilitate <strong>the</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> transfer plate.O<strong>the</strong>r features related to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>for</strong>mworka) The span of <strong>the</strong> podium averaged 12m. Circular <strong>and</strong> squared section columns up to 3m x3m <strong>in</strong> section are used (Photo 27a). For <strong>the</strong> floor system, a flat slab design was employed<strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> lower floors to <strong>in</strong>crease headroom. A beam <strong>and</strong> slab system was used <strong>for</strong> upperfloors.b) Incl<strong>in</strong>ed brac<strong>in</strong>g beams were used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> upper podium structure to stiffen <strong>the</strong> residentialtower on top (Photo 27b).c) A 3m deep transfer plate, tensioned <strong>and</strong> cast <strong>in</strong> 2 layer, was placed on top of <strong>the</strong> podiumcolumns as support <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> residential tower (Photo 27c & 27d).4.3 Lee Gardens Redevelopment – Climb <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> core, composite slab <strong>and</strong> structural steelouter frameThis is a 50-storey office build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m of composite structure with <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>ner coreconstructed of re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>ced concrete <strong>and</strong> an outer frame of structural steel. The RC core wasconstructed us<strong>in</strong>g VSL climb <strong>for</strong>m, which is a self-lift<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>mwork system that uses hydraulic14


jacks to operation (Photo 28a). The panel shutters used <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> walls were operated on track railsto allow open<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> shutt<strong>in</strong>g actions dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> erect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> strik<strong>in</strong>g processes. The shutters<strong>and</strong> rail tracks, toge<strong>the</strong>r with <strong>the</strong> scaffold systems, were hung onto a steel gantry frame whichfur<strong>the</strong>r articulated to <strong>the</strong> jacks to lift <strong>the</strong> entire system (Photo 28b).Photo 28a – set-up of <strong>the</strong> climb <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> LeeGarden Hotel redevelopment projectPhoto 28b – detail show<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> gantry, shutter panels<strong>and</strong> guide rail system of <strong>the</strong> climb <strong>for</strong>mO<strong>the</strong>r features related to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>for</strong>mworka) The 4-level basement was constructed <strong>in</strong> complicated phases us<strong>in</strong>g top-down method with<strong>the</strong> old 2-level basement structure of <strong>the</strong> previous Lee Gardens Hotel carefully replaceddur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> process (Photo 29a). Traditional manually-operated timber <strong>for</strong>ms were used<strong>for</strong> basement construction.b) The basement portion of <strong>the</strong> core wall of <strong>the</strong> 50-storey office tower was constructed us<strong>in</strong>gtraditional timber <strong>for</strong>ms. The VSL climb <strong>for</strong>m was erected after <strong>the</strong> completion of <strong>the</strong>ground floor slab <strong>and</strong> was used to cast <strong>the</strong> upper portion of <strong>the</strong> core wall up to <strong>the</strong> 50 thfloor (Photo 29b).Photo 29a – <strong>the</strong> 4-level basementgradually replaced <strong>the</strong> old 2-levelbasement structure <strong>in</strong>complicated phases15


Photo 29b – <strong>the</strong> lower portion of <strong>the</strong> core wall wasconstructed us<strong>in</strong>g traditional timber <strong>for</strong>mwork.Photo 29c – <strong>the</strong> sett<strong>in</strong>g up of <strong>the</strong> jump <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>portion of <strong>the</strong> core wall above ground level.c) The construction cycle <strong>for</strong> typical floor averaged at 4.5 days per floor. Expected delaysoccurred at several locations, <strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g on floors with outrigger provisions on which avery complicated anchor steel frame was required <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>sertion <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> core wall toconnect <strong>the</strong> outriggers, as well as on floors where <strong>the</strong> size of <strong>the</strong> core wall wasprogressively reduced (Photo 29c).4.4 Cheung Kong Center – Jump <strong>for</strong>m system <strong>for</strong> core; composite slab <strong>and</strong> concrete-filledsteel tube as <strong>the</strong> outer frameCheung Kong Center is a 62-storey office build<strong>in</strong>g featur<strong>in</strong>g a composite structure similar to <strong>the</strong>Lee Gardens Redevelopment project but on a larger scale. Instead of us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> climb <strong>for</strong>m, thisproject employed a jump <strong>for</strong>m system patented under <strong>the</strong> product name Cantilever (Photo 30a, b& c). Besides us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m to construct <strong>the</strong> core wall <strong>in</strong> an advanced phase with necessaryprovisions of starter bars <strong>for</strong> connection to <strong>the</strong> composite floor slab, <strong>the</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r difficult part of<strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork process was allow<strong>in</strong>g placement of three sets of anchor frames <strong>in</strong>side <strong>the</strong> core <strong>for</strong>connection to 550-tonne outrigger frames at three prescribed levels (Photo 31a & b).O<strong>the</strong>r features related to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>for</strong>mworka) The entire core wall structure <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> 62-storey office tower was constructed us<strong>in</strong>g a jump<strong>for</strong>m system which was erected <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> wall start<strong>in</strong>g from <strong>the</strong> lowestbasement level. This was made possible by <strong>the</strong> provision of a 37m diameter shaft <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>purpose (<strong>the</strong> shaft was also used to facilitate <strong>the</strong> construction of <strong>the</strong> basement, Photo 32a &32b).b) The construction cycle <strong>for</strong> typical floor averaged 3 days per floor. Expected delaysoccurred at several locations similar to <strong>the</strong> problems encountered on <strong>the</strong> Lee GardenRedevelopment project.16


Photo 30a – ascend<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> core wall with <strong>the</strong>jump <strong>for</strong>m <strong>in</strong> positionPhoto 30b – close up see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> jump <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> constructionof <strong>the</strong> core wallPhoto 30c – detail of <strong>the</strong> jump <strong>for</strong>m as seen on <strong>the</strong> work<strong>in</strong>g deck level–17


4.5 The Gateway II – Climb <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> core <strong>and</strong> table <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> slabThere are three towers <strong>in</strong> this project, each ris<strong>in</strong>g 38 storeys <strong>and</strong> hous<strong>in</strong>g offices <strong>and</strong> servicedapartments. The tower structures comprise a central core with 12 m-span RC columns placed to<strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong> outer envelope <strong>and</strong> a post-tensioned flat slab system <strong>for</strong> floors <strong>and</strong> horizontal restra<strong>in</strong>t.The core walls were constructed us<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> VSL climb <strong>for</strong>m. Columns were built with gang<strong>for</strong>ms <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> slabs were cast us<strong>in</strong>g an alum<strong>in</strong>ium-strutted fly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>m system (Photo 32a &32b). The slabs were cast <strong>in</strong> two separate sections <strong>in</strong> a staggered manner with a lapse of two tothree storeys (Photo 33). This arrangement has <strong>the</strong> flexibility of ga<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g one more work front sothat <strong>the</strong> floor area can be split <strong>in</strong>to smaller, easily-h<strong>and</strong>led portions with better access <strong>for</strong>tension<strong>in</strong>g works (Photo 34). The drawback is that <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>tegrity of <strong>the</strong> structure is broken <strong>and</strong> anumber of construction jo<strong>in</strong>ts were required <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> structure. Besides, <strong>the</strong> number of sets of<strong>for</strong>mwork to be provided <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> strength development period of <strong>the</strong> concrete be<strong>for</strong>e tension<strong>in</strong>gcan be applied had to be properly balanced <strong>in</strong> order to achieve <strong>the</strong> most efficient schedule.Photo 32a – <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>m system employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>Gateway projectPhoto 32b – see<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork arrangement <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>floor system <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> core wallPhoto 33 – <strong>the</strong> phas<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> section<strong>in</strong>g arrangement <strong>for</strong><strong>the</strong> 3 tower blocks <strong>in</strong> staggered manner with a lapse of 2Photo 34 – layout of <strong>the</strong> stress<strong>in</strong>g cable be<strong>for</strong>e <strong>the</strong>plac<strong>in</strong>g of floor concreteto 3 storey differences.18


4.6 Harbourfront L<strong>and</strong>mark – Steel panel <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> shear walls <strong>and</strong> table <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> slabThis 72-storey residential development conta<strong>in</strong>s three residential towers on a 7,500 sq m site(Photo 35). The build<strong>in</strong>g structure consists of a series of shear walls to <strong>for</strong>m <strong>the</strong> compartmentunits, centred with a core structure. A full steel <strong>for</strong>m system was used <strong>for</strong> all <strong>the</strong> walls (Photo36a). For <strong>the</strong> slabs, an alum<strong>in</strong>ium-strutted fly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>m system was used <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> majority of areasexcept <strong>for</strong> a small portion at <strong>the</strong> rear hous<strong>in</strong>g kitchens <strong>and</strong> m<strong>in</strong>or lobbies where traditionaltimber/plywood <strong>for</strong>mwork was used. The central cores were constructed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>m of a verticalshaft (Photo 36b). The <strong>in</strong>ner structures such as <strong>the</strong> slabs <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> lift lobbies, <strong>the</strong> lift walls <strong>and</strong>l<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>gs <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> stairs were cast <strong>in</strong>-situ at a later phase (Photo 36c). The stair flights wereprefabricated <strong>and</strong> erected at pre-arranged positions <strong>in</strong>side <strong>the</strong> core.Though <strong>the</strong> construction concept looks quite typical <strong>and</strong> similar methods have been widely used<strong>in</strong> public hous<strong>in</strong>g development <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong, this project is <strong>in</strong> fact a pioneer among privatedevelopment. This is especially notable consider<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> complicated external shape of <strong>the</strong>build<strong>in</strong>g. The project was not run under design <strong>and</strong> built contract, yet certa<strong>in</strong> design alternativeswere <strong>in</strong>troduced. With<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> relatively conservative culture of Hong Kong’s construction<strong>in</strong>dustry, this may serve as a prototype <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> application of more <strong>in</strong>novative technologies <strong>in</strong>private sector build<strong>in</strong>g construction.Photo 35 – external view of <strong>the</strong> semi-detached residentialbuild<strong>in</strong>g towersPhoto 36a – <strong>the</strong> steel <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> walls employed <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>L<strong>and</strong>mark Waterfront projectPhoto 36b – <strong>the</strong> construction of <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g core with <strong>the</strong>re<strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>c<strong>in</strong>g bars <strong>in</strong> positionPhoto 36c – an <strong>in</strong>terior view of <strong>the</strong> core shaft with <strong>the</strong><strong>in</strong>-situ elements be<strong>in</strong>g cast (left), <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> plac<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> of <strong>the</strong>precast stair flight <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> shaft.19


4.7 Park Avenue (Phase II) – Alum<strong>in</strong>ium <strong>for</strong>mThe project comprises four 46-storey residential towers (Photo 37a). A full alum<strong>in</strong>ium MIVAN<strong>for</strong>mwork system was used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction (Photo 37b). Typical of designs <strong>for</strong> Hong Kongresidential build<strong>in</strong>gs, <strong>the</strong> structure <strong>in</strong>cludes of a large number of shear walls <strong>for</strong>m<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> externalwalls, staircases <strong>and</strong> lift walls, as well as <strong>the</strong> majority of <strong>in</strong>ner walls between apartments or o<strong>the</strong>rfunctional units. Beams serve as tie elements while external architectural features such as planterboxes <strong>and</strong> air-conditioner hoods are also <strong>in</strong>corporated <strong>in</strong>to <strong>the</strong> design.The first five typical floors took an average of 15 days each to complete. It <strong>the</strong>n took about 8.5 daysper cycle to complete each rema<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g storey. This is much too slow when compared to similarprojects with floor cycles of five to six days. The problems seemed to come from <strong>the</strong> large amount ofwalls to be <strong>for</strong>med, a complicated layout <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r architectural features, as well as <strong>in</strong>consistency <strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> sizes of major elements. As a result, labour <strong>in</strong>put was unexpectedly high <strong>and</strong> caused significantdelay to <strong>the</strong> works.Photo 37a – a full alum<strong>in</strong>ium <strong>for</strong>m system used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>Park Avenue projectPhoto 37b – an <strong>in</strong>terior view of <strong>the</strong> alum<strong>in</strong>ium <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong>wall <strong>and</strong> floor be<strong>in</strong>g fixed <strong>in</strong> position ready <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>plac<strong>in</strong>g of concrete soonO<strong>the</strong>r features related to <strong>the</strong> use of <strong>for</strong>mwork:a) Support<strong>in</strong>g column clusters were first constructed from ground to support <strong>the</strong> transfer platestructure, which was located about 20m from <strong>the</strong> exist<strong>in</strong>g ground level (Photo 38a & 38b).b) The support steel frame was erected on top of <strong>the</strong> columns cluster as falsework <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong>construction <strong>and</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> 2.8m thick transfer plates (Photo 38c).c) The podium structure below <strong>the</strong> transfer plates was constructed afterward from <strong>the</strong> groundlevel at <strong>the</strong> same time with <strong>the</strong> superstructure of <strong>the</strong> residential towers (Photo 38d)20


Photo 38a – <strong>the</strong> column clusters erected <strong>for</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g<strong>the</strong> transfer plate <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> 4 residential tower blocks.Photo 38b – detail of <strong>the</strong> column clusters, with <strong>the</strong> steel<strong>for</strong>ms <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> cast<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> columns clearly observed.Photo 38c – erect<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> transfer platewhich was supported on a column-mounted falseworksystem.Photo 38d – construct<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> podium structure underneath<strong>the</strong> transfer plate at <strong>the</strong> same time with <strong>the</strong> superstructureof <strong>the</strong> residential blocks.5. Application of Innovative <strong>Formwork</strong> <strong>Systems</strong> <strong>in</strong> Hong KongAre <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork systems employed <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong <strong>in</strong>novative?<strong>in</strong>novative <strong>for</strong>mwork systems <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> local construction <strong>in</strong>dustry?What is <strong>the</strong> future of moreAccord<strong>in</strong>g to studies <strong>in</strong> this area, <strong>in</strong>novative construction technologies have <strong>the</strong> follow<strong>in</strong>g features <strong>in</strong>common:a) Engage fewer resources to achieve <strong>the</strong> same outputb) Yield better per<strong>for</strong>mance when compared to traditional methodsc) Ability to cater <strong>for</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r associated works dur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> construction process <strong>in</strong> a more coord<strong>in</strong>atedmannerd) Better adaptability to cope with variances <strong>and</strong> changes <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> designe) Achieve <strong>the</strong> task neatly <strong>and</strong> fasterf) Safer work processesg) More environmental friendlyHowevcr, several basic conditions must be met be<strong>for</strong>e <strong>in</strong>novative technologies can be applied. They<strong>in</strong>clude:21


External conditions (on community level)a) Read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>and</strong> flexibility of procurement <strong>for</strong>mats <strong>for</strong> construction projects, <strong>in</strong> particular large <strong>and</strong>complex one.b) Read<strong>in</strong>ess of <strong>the</strong> related professions, which <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> developers, architects, eng<strong>in</strong>eers,contractors, sub-contractors <strong>and</strong> suppliers.c) Expectation of society <strong>in</strong> terms of quality, cost effectiveness, wiser <strong>and</strong> greener products <strong>and</strong>services etc.d) Development of a mature market <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> economical supply of new products <strong>and</strong> services.Internal conditions (on <strong>in</strong>stitutional or corporate level)a) Read<strong>in</strong>ess <strong>for</strong> cultural re<strong>for</strong>m <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> search <strong>for</strong> excellence <strong>and</strong> quality per<strong>for</strong>mance, not just <strong>the</strong>adoption of w<strong>in</strong>dow-dress<strong>in</strong>g type exercise.b) Development of better manpower with <strong>the</strong> required vision, experience, qualification <strong>and</strong>competence <strong>for</strong> technological <strong>and</strong> managerial advancement.c) Development of <strong>the</strong> required support <strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>in</strong><strong>for</strong>mation technology, computer network<strong>in</strong>g,equipment <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r logistic support.d) Read<strong>in</strong>ess of <strong>the</strong> managerial structure to cope with new technology, market <strong>and</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r bus<strong>in</strong>essenvironments.The current situation <strong>in</strong> Hong KongThe support of a very active economy over <strong>the</strong> past one or two decades has led to significantdevelopments <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction <strong>in</strong>dustry <strong>in</strong> terms of experience <strong>and</strong> master<strong>in</strong>g of <strong>the</strong> requiredmanagerial, construction or eng<strong>in</strong>eer<strong>in</strong>g skills <strong>for</strong> h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g very large <strong>and</strong> complex projects. At <strong>the</strong>same time, <strong>the</strong> motivat<strong>in</strong>g factors highlighted above have created an eagerness <strong>and</strong> read<strong>in</strong>ess with<strong>in</strong><strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustry to advance. From <strong>the</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g construction po<strong>in</strong>t of view, <strong>the</strong> use of better <strong>for</strong>mworksystems is no doubt a very direct way <strong>for</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduc<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>novative methods <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction ofbuild<strong>in</strong>gs. Below are some motivat<strong>in</strong>g factors:a) <strong>Formwork</strong> labour cost is so immense that any <strong>in</strong>novative system result<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong> a labour costreduction is highly tempt<strong>in</strong>g.b) Fulfillment of fast track construction schedule provides fewer choices, one of which is to adoptmore <strong>in</strong>novative <strong>for</strong>mwork systems.c) Traditional systems can hardly satisfy <strong>the</strong> tight quality st<strong>and</strong>ard that is required nowadays.d) Similarly, traditional systems can hardly satisfy current safety <strong>and</strong> environmental st<strong>and</strong>ard.e) The accumulation of experienced operators makes <strong>the</strong> application of more sophisticated<strong>for</strong>mwork systems more reliable <strong>and</strong> economical.f) Many developers view <strong>the</strong> application of <strong>in</strong>novative technology <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> construction process as apositive image-build<strong>in</strong>g factor.22


Advanced <strong>for</strong>mwork systems are only part of <strong>the</strong> advanced technology equation. Quite a number ofrecent projects have already <strong>in</strong>tegrated <strong>the</strong> use of advanced <strong>for</strong>mwork systems <strong>and</strong> prefabricationtechniques wtih success. Examples can be found at <strong>the</strong> Harbourfront L<strong>and</strong>mark project <strong>in</strong> Hung Homas previously highlighted. O<strong>the</strong>r examples <strong>in</strong>clude <strong>the</strong> construction of most public houses (Harmony<strong>and</strong> Concord blocks, Photo 39a & 39b), staff quarters (<strong>in</strong> Tai Kok Tsui <strong>and</strong> Lai K<strong>in</strong>g, Photo 40a &40b) fot <strong>the</strong> Hong Kong Police Force, some private commercial <strong>and</strong> residential developments (SwireHouse Redevelopment located <strong>in</strong> Central, Photo 41a, b, c & d; Residential development <strong>in</strong> StubbsRoad, Photo 42a & 42b), or <strong>the</strong> depot build<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong> Kowloon Motor Bus Ltd. at Lai Chi Kok (Photo43a & 43b). <strong>the</strong>se are projects that employed a large proportion of <strong>in</strong>novative elements <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>construction.Photo 39a – typical <strong>for</strong>mwork <strong>and</strong> prefabricationarrangement <strong>for</strong> Harmony Block constructionPhoto 39b – a very complicated comb<strong>in</strong>ation <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> constructionof a new hous<strong>in</strong>g estate <strong>in</strong> Yau Tong area show<strong>in</strong>g <strong>the</strong> podium,transfer plate <strong>and</strong> superstructure construction arrangement.Photo 40a – similar construction concept us<strong>in</strong>g a significantamount of prefabrication <strong>for</strong> a staff quarter <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> PoliceForce <strong>in</strong> Tai Kok TsuiPhoto 40b – detail of <strong>the</strong> <strong>for</strong>mwork arrangement as seen on <strong>the</strong>deck level <strong>for</strong> ano<strong>the</strong>r staff quarter project owned by <strong>the</strong> PoliceForce <strong>in</strong> Lai K<strong>in</strong>g area.23


Photo 41a & b – detail of <strong>the</strong> climb <strong>for</strong>m be<strong>in</strong>g used <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> Swire House Redevelopment projectPhoto 41c & d – <strong>for</strong>mwork arrangement <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> core wall <strong>and</strong> floor system. Note that <strong>the</strong> fly<strong>in</strong>g <strong>for</strong>m <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> floor is arranged<strong>in</strong> a smaller size <strong>for</strong> easy lift<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> h<strong>and</strong>l<strong>in</strong>g by a specially designed hoist<strong>in</strong>g rack (on <strong>the</strong> left).This arrangement can relief<strong>the</strong> carnage time <strong>and</strong> allow <strong>the</strong> crane be used <strong>in</strong> o<strong>the</strong>r more critical work activities.Photo 42a – set-up of <strong>the</strong> jump <strong>for</strong>m system to construct a60-storey residential tower block <strong>in</strong> Stubbs RoadPhoto 42b – detail of <strong>the</strong> jack arrangement <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> jump <strong>for</strong>m asviewed on <strong>the</strong> deck level24


Photo 43a & b – a more <strong>in</strong>novative approach is be<strong>in</strong>g adopted to construct <strong>the</strong> Kowloon Motor Bus depot structure mak<strong>in</strong>g useof large amount of prefabrication design.Traditional <strong>for</strong>mwork is be<strong>in</strong>g employed only <strong>for</strong> elements like <strong>the</strong> staircases walls,bus ramp <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> adm<strong>in</strong>istrative block structure.Follow<strong>in</strong>g are, <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> author’s view, <strong>the</strong> potential <strong>and</strong> limit<strong>in</strong>g factors of <strong>in</strong>novative technologies <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong>built environment of Hong Kong.Potentialsa) The public’s expectation (government, developers, build<strong>in</strong>g users) are ris<strong>in</strong>g all <strong>the</strong> time.b) More str<strong>in</strong>gent regulations have been imposed to control <strong>the</strong> per<strong>for</strong>mance of <strong>the</strong> construction<strong>in</strong>dustries.c) Accidents are costly, especially where human casualties are <strong>in</strong>volved (both <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> reasons ofcompensation, imag<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> government records).d) The development or import<strong>in</strong>g of more advanced technology have become more common <strong>and</strong>market af<strong>for</strong>dable.e) Some o<strong>the</strong>r work systems <strong>and</strong> support<strong>in</strong>g logistics are becom<strong>in</strong>g mature.f) The <strong>in</strong>dustry is gradually accept<strong>in</strong>h <strong>the</strong> production of higher per<strong>for</strong>mance build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>in</strong>volv<strong>in</strong>g amore expensive resource <strong>in</strong>put.Limitsa) Insufficient research <strong>and</strong> development at most contract<strong>in</strong>g firms or o<strong>the</strong>r support<strong>in</strong>g units.b) Lack of work<strong>in</strong>g space on construction sites (both on site or o<strong>the</strong>r work areas off-site).c) Tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g opportunity (<strong>in</strong>clud<strong>in</strong>g on-<strong>the</strong>-job tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g) is still limited <strong>for</strong> both <strong>the</strong> professionals <strong>and</strong>o<strong>the</strong>r workers.d) No guarantee of a consistent market environment <strong>for</strong> <strong>the</strong> development <strong>and</strong> cont<strong>in</strong>ual applicationof <strong>in</strong>novative technology <strong>in</strong> construction (learned skill <strong>and</strong> experience will lose eventually).e) The extensive use of cross wall design especially <strong>in</strong> most residential build<strong>in</strong>gs <strong>and</strong> small-scaledprojects makes <strong>the</strong> use of more <strong>in</strong>novative <strong>for</strong>mwork system less feasible.f) The exceptionally large scale <strong>and</strong> complex nature of projects <strong>in</strong> terms of <strong>the</strong> site condition aswell as structural <strong>and</strong> build<strong>in</strong>g design conf<strong>in</strong>e <strong>the</strong> application of more advanced <strong>and</strong>sophisticated <strong>for</strong>mwork system.25


The local <strong>in</strong>dustry has <strong>for</strong> a long time lacked <strong>the</strong> motivation to <strong>in</strong>troduce highly <strong>in</strong>novative build<strong>in</strong>gmethods due to a lot of underst<strong>and</strong>able reasons. These <strong>in</strong>clude short-sightedness on <strong>the</strong> part of bothdevelopers <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong> contractors regard<strong>in</strong>g <strong>in</strong>vestment <strong>in</strong> research <strong>and</strong> development, an extremelysevere competitive environment based on lowest-bid arrangements, very high labour costs <strong>and</strong> <strong>the</strong>relatively conservative culture with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> related professions <strong>and</strong> <strong>in</strong>dustries.The use of <strong>for</strong>mwork <strong>in</strong> construction occupies a critical place <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> technological improvementprocess. Yet, <strong>in</strong> this regard, <strong>the</strong> pace of change <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong has been ra<strong>the</strong>r slow. The economicdownturn <strong>and</strong> restructur<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> ris<strong>in</strong>g environmental concern <strong>in</strong> particular have provided <strong>the</strong>motivation to seek more efficient <strong>and</strong> higher quality construction systems. These adjustments can beas simple as <strong>the</strong> tra<strong>in</strong><strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> attitude of <strong>the</strong> work team from <strong>the</strong> management down to <strong>in</strong>dividuallabourers, <strong>the</strong>ir sense of loyalty <strong>and</strong> belong<strong>in</strong>g, housekeep<strong>in</strong>g issues on site, or safety <strong>and</strong> qualityconsciousness. These issues share equal importance <strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> <strong>in</strong>troduction of advanced technologies as awhole. However, slow adoption of <strong>the</strong>se pr<strong>in</strong>ciples shows Hong Kong's construction <strong>in</strong>dustry still hasquite a long journey to travel.Referencesa) A W Irw<strong>in</strong> & W I Sibbald, Falsework – H<strong>and</strong>book of Design <strong>and</strong> Practice, London, Granada,1983.b) M K Hurd, <strong>Formwork</strong> <strong>for</strong> Concrete, American Concrete Institute, 1995, 6 th editionc) C J Wilshere, <strong>Formwork</strong>, Thomas Tel<strong>for</strong>d, 1992.d) J Steele, Plann<strong>in</strong>g <strong>and</strong> Manag<strong>in</strong>g Innovation <strong>and</strong> Diffusion <strong>in</strong> Construction, 2001, Innovation <strong>in</strong>Architecture, Engg & Construction, Dept of Innovative Construction Engg, LoughboroughUnivesity,.e) Raymond W M Wong, Battle with<strong>in</strong> <strong>the</strong> ground – Experience learned from <strong>the</strong> Lee Garden,Hotel Redevelopment Project, The 5 th International Conference on Tall Build<strong>in</strong>gs, July 1998.f) Raymond W M Wong, 15 Most Outst<strong>and</strong><strong>in</strong>g Projects <strong>in</strong> Hong Kong, Ch<strong>in</strong>a Trend Bldg Press,1998.g) Raymond W M Wong, Construction of Residential Build<strong>in</strong>gs - Developments <strong>and</strong> Trends <strong>in</strong>Methods <strong>and</strong> Technology, Hong Kong Hous<strong>in</strong>g Development, Book 2, Ch<strong>in</strong>a Trend Build<strong>in</strong>gPress, 1999.h) Raymond W M Wong, Common <strong>Formwork</strong> <strong>Systems</strong>, Issue 1, Construction & Contract News,Ch<strong>in</strong>a Trend Build<strong>in</strong>g Press, 1999.i) Raymond W M Wong, Prefabricated Construction, Issue 3, Construction & Contract News,Ch<strong>in</strong>a Trend Build<strong>in</strong>g Press, 2000.j) Raymond W M Wong, The Construction of a Semi-Buried Build<strong>in</strong>g – A Super-Sized Shopp<strong>in</strong>gMall: The Festival Walk, International Conference Megacities 2000, Dept of Architecture,University of HK.k) Raymond W M Wong, The construction of <strong>the</strong> 62-storey Cheung Kong Centre, The CharteredInstitute of Build<strong>in</strong>g (Hong Kong), Technical Review Paper, Newsletter February 2001 issue27

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