New Approaches to Medieval Communication?1

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36 MARCO MOSTERTConclusionA first conclusion from this rapid survey imposes itself: research is centredever more on the question of the relative importance of writing, seen as part ofthe whole of medieval forms of communication. This change of perspectiveconstitutes a clear challenge for future research, and suggests a first approachto the subject.The earlier surveys of the uses of writing insisted on the preserved sources.Almost all sources, verbal as well as non-verbal, have been used for the studyof communication: objects, such as archaeological remains, town plans, monuments,works of art, books and documents, and iconographical and verbal‘texts’. Any object which has come down to us from the Middle Ages mayinform us as to aspects of medieval acts of communication, and not only thosesources may be put to use which were explicitly meant by their authors (ormakers) to convey information to contemporaries or to posterity .Images were clearly meant to convey a message, and used a visual vocabulary,grammar and semantics which are just as difficult to interpret as those ofverbal messages. The continued study of their messages provides anotherpromising approach.Written texts form the privileged sources for the student of medieval communication,not only because of their intrinsic interest as depositories of thewritten word, but also because other forms of communication may be translatedinto writing (oral discourse, but also the symbolic systems of music andmathematics), or at least be described in written texts. Without written texts thesymbolic meaning of objects, including visual images, would remain obscureor simply unknown. The study of descriptions of non-verbal and oral communicationis a third major approach to medieval communication.Medieval written texts may also tell us something through the study of thecopies in which they survive. Written texts may be copied, read, commentedupon and translated in other times and places, and by others than those forwhom they were originally intended. The message of the author may bechanged, consciously or unconsciously, by ulterior readers. Written texts haveto be studied not only for what their authors intended their message to be, butalso for what others made of that original message. Copies may be as interestingfor the study of medieval communication as original texts as they survivein autographs or apographs, or as they have been painfully reconstructed byphilologists. The study of the transmission of written texts constitutes a fourthapproach to medieval communication. 122122 See forthcoming studies by Mary Garrison and Karl Heidecker.
New Approaches to Medieval Communication?37Furthermore, the study of the organization of the texts as it is apparent intheir subdivisions and in the layout of the manuscript page may suggest psychologicalchanges over the medieval centuries. 123 Apparently minor changesin punctuation or even word spacing may be signs of more importantchanges. 124 This suggests a fifth approach.Are these five approaches new? After the foregoing discussion of the publicationson medieval communication the answer must be cautious. Whatseems certain is, that taken together they will prove of more than average interestfor future research.123 See No. 972 (ed. MOSTERT, 1999).124 See Nos. 976 (PARKES, 1992) and 986 (SAENGER, 1997).
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New Approaches to Medieval Communication?1

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