44 Fig. 14 A reconstructed image of the highest occupied molecular orbital of a nitrogen molecule (top) compared with the calculated image (below). Acknowledgements <strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> • Paul Corkum Many people from NRC’s femtosecond science group (and elsewhere) have contributed key ideas and experiments to the work that I have covered. While their specific contributions are mentioned in the references, references alone can never show the intellectual team work that underlies this research.
Fig. 15 A sketch of the idea behind attosecond electron dynamics measurements. References Fig. 16 The modulation that you can see in the harmonic spectrum measures the internal motion of the electron. 1. B Stoicheff, “Gerhard Herzberg, An Illustrious Life in Science”, NRC press, Ottawa (2002). 2. http://www.temple.edu/photo/photographers/muybridge/05.html 3. M. <strong>Born</strong> and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics, Pergamon Press, New York 1970. 4. P. B. Corkum, “Breaking the Attosecond Barrier”, Opt. and Phot. News, May pp 18-22 (1995). 5. Y. Mairesse et al., “Attosecond synchronization of high-harmonic soft x-rays”, Science 302, 1540 (2003). 6. R. Kienberger et al., “Atomic Transient Recorder”, Nature 427, 817 (2004). 7. L.V. Keldysh, “Ionization in the field of a strong electromagnetic wave”, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 47, 1945-1957 (1964); Sov. Phys. JETP 20, 1307 (1965). 8. P. B. Corkum, N. H. Burnett and F. Brunel, “Above Threshold Ionization in the Long Wavelength Limit”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 62, 1259 (1989). 9. P. B. Corkum, “A Plasma Perspective on Strong Field Multiphoton Ionization”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 71, 1994 (1993). 10. H. Niikura, F. Légaré, R. Hasbani, A. D. Bandrauk, M. Yu. Ivanov, D. M. Villeneuve and P. B. Corkum, “Sub-laser-cycle electron pulses for probing molecular dynamics”, Nature 417, 917 (2002). 11. H. Stapelfeldt and T. Seideman, “Aligning molecules with strong laser pulses”, Rev. Mod. Phys. 75, 543 (2003). 12. P. W. Dooley, I. V. Litvinyuk, K. F. Lee, D. M. Rayner, M. Spanner, D. M. Villeneuve and P. B. Corkum, “Direct Imaging of Rotational Wave Packet Dynamics of Diatomic Molecules”, Phys. Rev. A. 68, 023406 (2003). 13. J. Itatani, J. Levesque, D. Zeidler, H. Niikura, H. Pepin, J. C. Kieffer, P. B. Corkum and D. M. Villeneuve, “Tomographic Imaging of Molecular Orbitals”, Nature 432, 867 (2004). 14. H. Niikura, D. M. Villeneuve and P. B. Corkum, “Mapping Attosecond Electron Wave Packett Motion”, Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 083003 (2005.) 15. T. Zuo, A. D. Bandrauk and P. B. Corkum, “Laser Induced Electron Diffraction: A New Tool for Probing Ultrafast Molecular Dynamics”, Chem. Phys. Lett. 259, 313 (1996). 16. S.N. Yurchenko, S. Patchkovskii, I.V. Litvinyuk, P.B. Corkum and G.L. Yudin, “Laser- Induced Interference, Focusing, and Diffraction of Rescattering Molecular Photoelectrons” Phys. Rev. Lett. 93, 223003 (2004). <strong>Max</strong> <strong>Born</strong> • Paul Corkum 45