Food and nutrition.pdf

222ExtractionFats and OilsThe "modern" way of processing vegetable oil is by chemicalextraction, using solvent extracts, which produces higher yields and isquicker and less expensive. The most common solvent is petroleumderivedhexane. This technique is used for most of the "newer" industrialoils such as soybean and com oils.Another way is physical extraction, which does not use solventextracts. It is made the "traditional" way using several different types ofmechanical extraction. This method is typically used to produce the moretraditional oils (e.g., olive), and it is preferred by most "health-food"customers in the USA and in Europe. Expeller-pressed extraction is onetype, and there are two other types that are both oil presses: the screwpress and the ram press. Oil seed presses are commonly used indeveloping countries, among people for whom other extraction methodswould be prohibitively expensive. The amount of oil extracted using thesemethods varies.ProductionCrude oil, straight from the crushing operation, is not considerededible in the case of most oilseeds. The same is true for the remainingmeal. For instance, animals fed raw soy meal will waste away, even thoughsoy meal is high in protein.Researchers at Central Soya discovered that a trypsin inhibitor insoybeans could be deactivated by toasting the meal, and both licensedtheir invention, and sold soy meal augmented with vitamins and mineralsas MasterMix, a product for farmers to mix with their own grain to producea high quality feed.The processing of soy oil is typical of that used with most vegetableoils. Crude soy oil is first mixed with caustic soda. Saponification turnstriglycerides into soap. The soap is removed with a centrifuge. Neutralizeddry soap stock (NDSS) is typically used in animal feed, more to get rid ofit than because it is particularly nourishing. The remaining oil isdeodorized by heating under a near-perfect vacuum and sparged withwater. The condensate is -further processed to become vitamin E foodsupplement, while the oil can be sold to manufacturers and consumers atthis point.Some of the oil is further processed. By carefully filtering the oil atnear-freezing temperatures, "winter oil" is produced. This oil is sold tomanufacturers of salad dreSSings, so that the dressings do not tum cloudywhen refrigerated.The oil may be partially hydrogenated to produce various ingredient