Smart Grids Roadmap - Smart Grid Sherpa

More documents

Recommendations

Info

Figure 6. Example of a 24-hour electricity system demand curveon several dates over the year30 00025 00020 00015 00010 00008 Jul. 1008 Jan. 1008 Apr. 1008 Oct. 105 000MW00 4 8 12 16 20 24Time of daySource: Data from Independent Electricity System Operator, Ontario, Canada. 7KEY POINT: The demand for electricity varies throughout the day and across seasons; smart grids canreduce these peaks and optimise system operation.PowerCentsDC was an advanced meter pilot 7programme in Washington DC for 850 residentialcustomers that ran over two summers and onewinter from July 2008 to October 2009. Theprogramme analysis found that customer responseto three different residential pricing optionscontributed to reducing peak demand, rangingfrom 4% to 34% in the summer and 2% to 13%in the winter. These results indicate that differentprice structures enabled by smart grids can reducepeak demand. 8Electricity reliabilityGrowing electricity consumption and recent systemfailures have focused attention on the role that smartgrids can play in increasing electricity reliability –especially by increasing system flexibility. The NorthAmerican Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) 97 www.ieso.ca/imoweb/marketdata/marketSummary.asp8 www.powercentsdc.org/9 NERC’s mission is to improve the reliability and security of the bulkpower system in the United States, Canada and part of Mexico.The organisation aims to do that not only by enforcing compliancewith mandatory Reliability Standards, but also by acting as a“force for good” – a catalyst for positive change whose roleincludes shedding light on system weaknesses, helping industryparticipants operate and plan to the highest possible level, andcommunicating Examples of Excellence throughout the industry.defines the reliability of the interconnected bulkpower system in terms of two basic and functionalaspects: adequacy and security.Adequacy is seen by NERC as the ability of the bulkpower system to supply the aggregate electricaldemand and energy requirements of its customersat all times, taking into account scheduled andreasonably expected unscheduled outages ofsystem elements. System operators are expectedto take “controlled” actions or procedures tomaintain a continual balance between supply anddemand within a balancing area. Actions include:14 Technology Roadmaps Smart gridszzzzPublic appeals to reduce demand.Interruptible demand – customer demand that,in accordance with contractual arrangements,can be interrupted by direct control of thesystem operator or by action of the customer atthe direct request of the system operator.zzVoltage reductions – sometimes as much as 5.zzRotating blackouts.Security, in NERC’s definition, includes all othersystem disturbances that result in the unplannedand/or uncontrolled interruption of customerdemand, regardless of cause. When theseinterruptions are contained within a localised area,they are considered unplanned interruptions or© OECD/IEA, 2010
disturbances. When they spread over a wide areaof the grid, they are referred to as “cascadingblackouts” – the uncontrolled successive loss ofsystem elements triggered by an incident at anylocation. Cascading results in widespread electricservice interruption that cannot be preventedfrom spreading sequentially beyond an areapredetermined by studies. 10System adequacysolar power systems, will increase the amount ofgeneration capability on the system. Smart gridsenable improved, lower-cost integration of theseand other variable technologies that may requiredifferent electricity system operation protocols.Figure 7. Transmission links betweenNordic countriesThe considerations for meeting the needs ofelectricity consumers are significantly differentfrom those for other energy commodities. First,large-scale electricity storage is available onlyin a few regions that have significant reservoirhydro resources. Second, electricity is tradedon a regional rather than on a global basis. It isin this context that electricity production andconsumption must be continually monitoredand controlled. Smart grid technologies can helpto improve system adequacy by enabling moreefficient system operation and the addition ofregional energy resources to the electricity mix.The increased amounts of data gathered from asmart grid can show where operational efficiencycan be improved and increased automation canimprove control of various parts of the system,enabling fast response to changes in demand.The introduction of regional energy resources,including variable generation such as solar, wind,small-scale hydro, and combined heat and power,as well as dispatchable generation such as biomass,reservoir-based hydropower and concentratingSource: Norwegian Ministry of Petroleum and Energy.KEY POINT: The Nordic electricity systemsuccessfully integrates large amounts ofvariable renewable energy in a regionalgrid by making use of interconnections.10 www.nerc.com/page.php?cid=1|15|123Box 2. Electricity system flexibilityFlexibility is the capability of a power system to maintain reliable supply by modifying productionor consumption in the face of rapid and large imbalances, such as unpredictable fluctuations indemand or in variable generation. It is measured in terms of megawatts (MW) available for rampingup and down, over time.The term flexibility is used here to include power system electricity generation, transport,storage, trading and end-use consumption. Smart grids can optimise the operation of a range offlexibility mechanisms in three contexts: the power market, system operation and the use of gridhardware. Resources that contribute to flexibility include dispatchable power plants, demand-sidemanagement and response, energy storage facilities and interconnection with adjacent markets.Source: IEA,2011.Electricity system needs for today and the future15© OECD/IEA, 2010
Page 4 and 5: Table of contentsForeword 1Table of
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsThis publication wa
Page 8 and 9: IntroductionThere is a pressing nee
Page 10 and 11: Figure 2. Smart grids can linkelect
Page 12 and 13: Electricity system needs for today
Page 14 and 15: line rating special protection sche
Page 18 and 19: Adequacy concerns introduced by the
Page 20 and 21: cable or telephone), support data t
Page 22 and 23: Table 3 highlights a number of hard
Page 24 and 25: Box 3. Smart communitiesSeveral con
Page 26: Vision for smart grid deployment to
Page 29 and 30: Interpreting results and furtherana
Page 31 and 32: commodities such as oil, gas, coal
Page 33 and 34: operators have made it clear that m
Page 35 and 36: Interoperability Framework for smar
Page 37 and 38: Electricity system and market opera
Page 39 and 40: This roadmap recommends the followi
Page 41 and 42: zzzzHow much time differentiation i
Page 43 and 44: International collaborationThis roa
Page 45 and 46: Conclusion: near-term roadmapaction
Page 47 and 48: GlossaryCritical peak pricing (CPP)
Page 49 and 50: ReferencesBazilian, M. and Welsch,
Page 52: Technology Roadmaps Smart Grids2015

Smart Grids Roadmap - Smart Grid Sherpa

Create successful ePaper yourself

Delete template?

Save as template?