Smart Grids Roadmap - Smart Grid Sherpa

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line rating special protection schemes, to managethe high proportion of wind energy on its systemand maximise infrastructure effectiveness. Theoperation of the system is being improved throughstate-of-the-art modelling and decision supporttools that provide real-time system stability analysis,wind farm dispatch capability and improved windforecasting, and contingency analysis. Systemflexibility and smart grid approaches are estimatedto facilitate real-time penetrations of wind up to75% by 2020 (EirGrid, 2010).In Spain, Red Eléctrica has established a ControlCentre of Renewable Energies (CECRE), aworldwide pioneering initiative to monitor andcontrol these variable renewable energy resources.CECRE allows the maximum amount of productionfrom renewable energy sources, especially windenergy, to be integrated into the power systemunder secure conditions and is an operationunit integrated into the Power Control Centre.With CECRE, Spain has become the first countryworldwide to have a control centre for all windfarms over 10 MW.Electrification of transportThe BLUE Map Scenario estimates that thetransport sector will make up 10% of overallelectricity consumption by 2050 because of asignificant increase in electric vehicles (EV) andplug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) (Figure 5).If vehicle charging is not managed intelligently,it could increase peak loading on the electricityinfrastructure, adding to current peak demandsfound in the residential and service sectors, andrequiring major infrastructure investment to avoidsupply failure. Smart grid technology can enablecharging to be carried out more strategically,when demand is low, making use of both low-costgeneration and extra system capacity, or whenthe production of electricity from renewablesources is high. Over the long term, smart gridtechnology could also enable electric vehicles tofeed electricity stored in their batteries back intothe system when needed. 3In the Netherlands, the collaborative MobileSmart Grid project lead by the distribution utilityEnexis is establishing a network of electric carrecharging sites and is using smart informartionand communication technology (ICT) applications3 The ownership strategy of the vehicle battery will have asignificant impact on whether using vehicle batteries for gridstorage is realistic, as this may reduce the life/reliability of vehiclebatteries for not much financial return for the vehicle owner.Battery switching technology and leasing models may facilitatethe use of vehicle batteries for grid storage.Figure 5. Deployment of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrid electric vehiclesPassenger LDV sales (millions per year)12010080604020PLDV sales (millions per year)765432102010201120122013201420152016201720182019202002010 2015 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050EVsPHEVsAll otherIndiaChinaOECD PacificOECD EuropeOECDNorth AmericaAll otherIndiaChinaOECD PacificOECD EuropeOECDNorth AmericaSource: IEA, 2009.KEY POINT: Major economies with large personal vehicle sales will need smart grids to enable the effectiveintegration of electric vehicles to their electricity grids.12 Technology Roadmaps Smart grids© OECD/IEA, 2010
to enable the existing power network to deal withthe additional power demand. Working togetherwith other network operators, energy companies,software and hardware providers, universitiesand other research institutes, the project shouldresult in simple solutions for charging and payingautomatically (Boots et al., 2010). 4Electricity systemconsiderationswhich is operating with very high reliability levels,and is now focusing on its distribution networks.One example is in Yokahama City, where a largescaleenergy management project is using bothnew and existing houses in urban areas to assessthe effects of energy consumption on distributioninfrastructure. 5 In the United States, as part of abroad range of smart grid investments, significanteffort is being devoted to deploying phasormeasurement units on the transmission system,providing increased information for more reliableoperation of ageing infrastructure. 6Ageing infrastructurePeak demandThe electrification of developed countries hasoccurred over the last 100 years; continuedinvestment is needed to maintain reliability andquality of power. As demand grows and changes(e.g. through deployment of electric vehicles), anddistributed generation becomes more widespread,ageing distribution and transmission infrastructurewill need to be replaced and updated, andnew technologies will need to be deployed.Unfortunately, in many regions, the necessarytechnology investment is hindered by existingmarket and regulatory structures, which oftenhave long approval processes and do not capturethe benefits of new, innovative technologies.Smart grid technologies provide an opportunity tomaximise the use of existing infrastructure throughbetter monitoring and management, while newinfrastructure can be more strategically deployed.Rapidly growing economies like China havedifferent smart grid infrastructure needs fromthose of OECD countries. China’s response toits high growth in demand will give it newerdistribution and transmission infrastructure thanthe other three regions examined in detail in thisroadmap (OECD Europe, OECD North Americaand OECD Pacific). In the Pacific region, recentinvestments in transmission have resulted innewer infrastructure than that in Europe andNorth America. OECD Europe has the highestproportion of ageing transmission and distributionlines, but North America has the largest numberof lines and the largest number that are ageing– especially at the transmission level. This is animportant consideration given the changes ingeneration and consumption in the IEA scenariosup to 2050, and the need to deploy smart gridsstrategically. In recent years Japan has investedsignificantly in its transmission infrastructure,4 www.mobilesmartgrid.euDemand for electricity varies throughout the dayand across seasons (Figure 6). Electricity systeminfrastructure is designed to meet the highestlevel of demand, so during non-peak times thesystem is typically underutilised. Building thesystem to satisfy occasional peak demand requiresinvestments in capacity that would not be neededif the demand curve were flatter. Smart grids canreduce peak demand by providing information andincentives to consumers to enable them to shiftconsumption away from periods of peak demand.Demand response in the electricity system – themechanism by which end-users (at the industrial,service or residential sector level) alter consumptionin response to price or other signals – can bothreduce peak demand, but also provide systemflexibility, enabling the deployment of variablegeneration technologies. Reducing peak demandis likely to be the first priority, because demand ata system level is relatively predictable and rampsup and down slowly compared with variablegeneration. As demand response technologydevelops and human interactions are betterunderstood, the availability, volume and responsetime of the demand-side resource will providethe flexibility necessary to respond to both peakdemand and variable generation needs.The management of peak demand can enablebetter system planning throughout the entireelectricity system, increasing options for new loadssuch as electric vehicles, for storage deploymentand for generation technologies. These benefits areessential for new systems where demand growthis very high, and for existing and ageing systemsthat need to maintain existing and integrate newtechnologies.5 www.meti.go.jp/english/press/data/20100811_01.html6 www.naspi.org/Electricity system needs for today and the future13© OECD/IEA, 2010
Page 4 and 5: Table of contentsForeword 1Table of
Page 6 and 7: AcknowledgementsThis publication wa
Page 8 and 9: IntroductionThere is a pressing nee
Page 10 and 11: Figure 2. Smart grids can linkelect
Page 12 and 13: Electricity system needs for today
Page 16 and 17: Figure 6. Example of a 24-hour elec
Page 18 and 19: Adequacy concerns introduced by the
Page 20 and 21: cable or telephone), support data t
Page 22 and 23: Table 3 highlights a number of hard
Page 24 and 25: Box 3. Smart communitiesSeveral con
Page 26: Vision for smart grid deployment to
Page 29 and 30: Interpreting results and furtherana
Page 31 and 32: commodities such as oil, gas, coal
Page 33 and 34: operators have made it clear that m
Page 35 and 36: Interoperability Framework for smar
Page 37 and 38: Electricity system and market opera
Page 39 and 40: This roadmap recommends the followi
Page 41 and 42: zzzzHow much time differentiation i
Page 43 and 44: International collaborationThis roa
Page 45 and 46: Conclusion: near-term roadmapaction
Page 47 and 48: GlossaryCritical peak pricing (CPP)
Page 49 and 50: ReferencesBazilian, M. and Welsch,
Page 52: Technology Roadmaps Smart Grids2015

Smart Grids Roadmap - Smart Grid Sherpa

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