Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians - UNEP - Division of ...

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2 Refrigerants Environmental parameters Whenever a gas is released into the environment it has some impact. The most important impacts related to refrigerants are ozone depletion and global warming. They are discussed in detail in Chapter 1 4 Cost and availability The cost (or retail price) of refrigerants varies widely, with HCFCs tending to be cheaper, and HFC blends more expensive. Similarly, the most widely used HCFCs (for example, R22) and the most common HFCs (e.g. R134a) tend to be most widely available. Hydrocarbon (HC) refrigerants tend to be less widely available, and ammonia is normally sourced from specialist suppliers. In reality, many of these parameters will already have been addressed, for example, by refrigerant retailers, and through the availability of components. Whilst there are several hundred refrigerants currently available, this catalogue of products will have been filtered down to a more manageable selection. Most refrigerant retailers will stock around 20 different refrigerants, whilst manufacturers of components (compressors, valves, heat exchangers, etc) often limit their range to five to 10 refrigerants, particularly for non-industrial applications. Often the predominant selection criteria tend to be: the choice of operating pressures, safety characteristics and whether the refrigerant has a high or low GWP. In terms of selection for equipment servicing, the selection depends upon whether the refrigerant currently in use is restricted or not. If it is not restricted, then the same refrigerant as indicated on the nameplate on the equipment should be chosen. If the named refrigerant is restricted (i.e. due to it being unavailable because of regulations), then a similar set of considerations need to be applied as detailed above. The following section outlines the types of refrigerants that are available. 38
2 Refrigerants Types of refrigerants Refrigerants can be divided in two main groups: synthetic (basically halocarbon fluids: CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs) and non-synthetic (hydrocarbons, carbon dioxide, ammonia, water, air – so-called natural refrigerants). Synthetic 4 Natural 4 39
Page 1 and 2: Manual for Refrigeration Servicing
Page 3 and 4: Introduction When to use the manual
Page 5 and 6: Introduction The Factors affecting
Page 7 and 8: Introduction How to assess conditio
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Characteristics of Sel
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Another form of refere
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Choose your chapter Th
Page 15 and 16: 1 Environmental impact of refrigera
Page 17 and 18: 1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
Page 19 and 20: 1 Environmental Impact RADIATION FR
Page 21 and 22: 1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
Page 23 and 24: 1 Environmental Impact Effects of o
Page 25 and 26: 1 Environmental Impact The greenhou
Page 27 and 28: 1 Environmental Impact Timeline act
Page 29 and 30: 1 Environmental Impact Alternative
Page 31 and 32: 1 Environmental Impact The way forw
Page 33 and 34: 2 Refrigerants 2.1. Section objecti
Page 35 and 36: 2 Refrigerants Chemical properties
Page 37: 2 Refrigerants Safety characteristi
Page 41 and 42: 2 Refrigerants Those with ozone dep
Page 43 and 44: 2 Refrigerants Those with zero ozon
Page 45 and 46: 2 Refrigerants Carbon dioxide (CO2,
Page 47 and 48: 2 Refrigerants Azeotropic Blends An
Page 49 and 50: 2 Refrigerants Using Refrigerant Bl
Page 51 and 52: 2 Refrigerants Lubricants Today, al
Page 53 and 54: 2 Refrigerants Refrigerants and app
Page 55 and 56: 2 Refrigerants Properties of most c
Page 57 and 58: 3 Refrigerants Content Management M
Page 59 and 60: 3 Refrigerant Management The majori
Page 61 and 62: 3 Refrigerant Management Handling o
Page 63 and 64: 3 Refrigerant Management Recovery c
Page 65 and 66: 3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
Page 67 and 68: 3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
Page 69 and 70: 3 Refrigerant Management Open Refri
Page 71 and 72: 3 Refrigerant Management CHAPITRE 3
Page 73 and 74: 3 Refrigerant Management Recycling
Page 75 and 76: 3 Refrigerant Management equipment
Page 79 and 80: 3 Refrigerant Management PAGE 22 Ex
Page 83 and 84: 3 Refrigerant Management Further re
Page 85 and 86: Summary This section will provide t
Page 87 and 88: 4 Servicing Practices Moisture Mois
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4 Servicing Practices Non-condensab
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4 Servicing Practices Evacuation A
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4 Servicing Practices 7 - For large
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4 Servicing Practices Pressure unit
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CHAPITRE 4 4PAGE 10 LEAK DETECTION
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4 Servicing Practices Detection met
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4 Servicing Practices CHAPITRE 4 PA
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4 Servicing Practices Volumetric ch
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4 Servicing Practices Electronic ch
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4 Servicing Practices Why charge re
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5 Retrofitting Content General retr
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5 Retrofitting • Upon evaluation
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5 Retrofitting General retrofitting
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5 Retrofitting procedures that you
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5 Retrofitting MVAC retrofitting pr
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5 Retrofitting Although, in general
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5 Retrofitting Further reading UNEP
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6 Summary 6.1. Overview of refriger
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Oxygen
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling The com
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Nev
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Safe ha
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling leak de
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Lea
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Storage
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Recomme
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling 3 - Sho
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Glossary Glossary Absolute pressure
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Glossary Fossil fuels Carbon-based
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Glossary hole in late 1985, governm
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Glossary Sealed system A refrigerat
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
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Copyright Copyright © United Natio
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