Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians - UNEP - Division of ...

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1 Environmental Impact Exposure to increased UV-B radiation could also suppress the body’s immune system. Immunosuppression by UV-B occurs irrespective of human skin pigmentation. Such effects could exacerbate the poor health situations of many developing countries. Increased UV-B radiation could also cause decreased crop yields and damage to forests. It could affect ocean life causing damage to aquatic organisms, parts of the marine food web, which may lead to a decrease in fish higher up the food chain. Materials used in buildings, paints, packaging and countless other substances could be rapidly degraded by increased UV-B. Depletion of stratospheric ozone could aggravate the photochemical pollution in the troposphere resulting in an increase of ozone at the surface of the earth where it is not wanted. Earth and inhabitants, therefore, have an enormous stake in preserving the fragile ozone layer shield. Global consensus supports the theory that chlorine and bromine containing man-made chemicals emitted into the atmosphere are responsible for the depletion of ozone in the stratosphere. The larger part of these compounds, called ODS, consists of CFCs, HCFCs and halons (used as fire extinguishing agents), which are most effective in ozone depletion. CFCs have been used for years as refrigerants, solvents or blowing agents. ODS are classified considering how harmful they are for the ozone layer using a parameter called ozone depleting potential (ODP). ODP is a relative index indicating the extent to which a chemical product may cause ozone depletion. The reference level of 1 is the potential of R11 and R12 to cause ozone depletion. If a product has an ODP of 0.5, a given weight of the product in the atmosphere would, in time, destroy half the amount of ozone that the same weight of R11 would destroy. ODP is calculated from mathematical models which take into account factors such as the stability of the product, the rate of diffusion, the quantity of depleting atoms per molecule and the effect of ultraviolet light and other radiation on the molecules. 20
1 Environmental Impact The ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol CFCs (ANNEX A/I) PRODUCTION/CONSUMPTION REDUCTION SCHEDULE UNEP has been concerned about the protection of the ozone layer since its inception in 1972. In March 1985, the Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 120 % NON - A5 ARTICLE 5 CFC-NON-A5 was signed in Vienna. The Convention provided for future protocols and specified procedures for amendment and dispute settlement. In September 1987, agreement 100 % BASELINE 1989 BASELINE 95-97 CFC-A5 was reached on specific measures to be taken and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone 80 % Layer was signed. Under the Protocol, the first concrete step to protect the ozone layer was taken, a 50% 60 % reduction in the production and consumption of specified CFCs by the year 1999. Even as the nations adopted the Protocol in 1987, new 40 % 20 % scientific findings indicated that the Protocol’s control 0 % measures were inadequate to restore the ozone layer. In JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JAN- JANaddition, developing countries expressed concern over the vague language both regarding technology transfer to 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010 2012 2014 developing countries and regarding financial assistance. MONTH/YEAR As a result of the Second Meeting of the Parties in London (1990), the Montreal schedules were adjusted so that the five CFCs (R11, R12, R113, R114 and R115) and the three halons Figure 1.3 Article 5 and Non-Article 5 countries phase-out schedules of Annex A Group I CFCs would be phased out by the year 2000. Methyl chloroform was to The UNEP Assessment Panels did a substantial amount of work in 1991. These be controlled and to be phased out in 2005. Figure 1.3 shows the Panels consider the science, the effects and the technology that is in place to CFC phase-out schedules for Article 5 and Non-Article 5 countries. replace and phase out the controlled chemicals. 21
Page 1 and 2: Manual for Refrigeration Servicing
Page 3 and 4: Introduction When to use the manual
Page 5 and 6: Introduction The Factors affecting
Page 7 and 8: Introduction How to assess conditio
Page 9 and 10: Introduction Characteristics of Sel
Page 11 and 12: Introduction Another form of refere
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Choose your chapter Th
Page 15 and 16: 1 Environmental impact of refrigera
Page 17 and 18: 1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
Page 19: 1 Environmental Impact RADIATION FR
Page 23 and 24: 1 Environmental Impact Effects of o
Page 25 and 26: 1 Environmental Impact The greenhou
Page 27 and 28: 1 Environmental Impact Timeline act
Page 29 and 30: 1 Environmental Impact Alternative
Page 31 and 32: 1 Environmental Impact The way forw
Page 33 and 34: 2 Refrigerants 2.1. Section objecti
Page 35 and 36: 2 Refrigerants Chemical properties
Page 37 and 38: 2 Refrigerants Safety characteristi
Page 39 and 40: 2 Refrigerants Types of refrigerant
Page 41 and 42: 2 Refrigerants Those with ozone dep
Page 43 and 44: 2 Refrigerants Those with zero ozon
Page 45 and 46: 2 Refrigerants Carbon dioxide (CO2,
Page 47 and 48: 2 Refrigerants Azeotropic Blends An
Page 49 and 50: 2 Refrigerants Using Refrigerant Bl
Page 51 and 52: 2 Refrigerants Lubricants Today, al
Page 53 and 54: 2 Refrigerants Refrigerants and app
Page 55 and 56: 2 Refrigerants Properties of most c
Page 57 and 58: 3 Refrigerants Content Management M
Page 59 and 60: 3 Refrigerant Management The majori
Page 61 and 62: 3 Refrigerant Management Handling o
Page 63 and 64: 3 Refrigerant Management Recovery c
Page 65 and 66: 3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
Page 67 and 68: 3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
Page 69 and 70: 3 Refrigerant Management Open Refri
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3 Refrigerant Management CHAPITRE 3
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3 Refrigerant Management Recycling
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3 Refrigerant Management equipment
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3 Refrigerant Management PAGE 22 Ex
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Page 83 and 84:
3 Refrigerant Management Further re
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Summary This section will provide t
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4 Servicing Practices Moisture Mois
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4 Servicing Practices Non-condensab
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4 Servicing Practices Evacuation A
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4 Servicing Practices 7 - For large
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4 Servicing Practices Pressure unit
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CHAPITRE 4 4PAGE 10 LEAK DETECTION
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4 Servicing Practices Detection met
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4 Servicing Practices CHAPITRE 4 PA
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4 Servicing Practices Volumetric ch
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4 Servicing Practices Electronic ch
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4 Servicing Practices Why charge re
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5 Retrofitting Content General retr
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5 Retrofitting • Upon evaluation
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5 Retrofitting General retrofitting
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5 Retrofitting procedures that you
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5 Retrofitting MVAC retrofitting pr
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5 Retrofitting Although, in general
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5 Retrofitting Further reading UNEP
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6 Summary 6.1. Overview of refriger
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Oxygen
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling The com
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Nev
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Safe ha
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling leak de
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Lea
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Storage
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Recomme
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling 3 - Sho
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Glossary Glossary Absolute pressure
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Glossary Fossil fuels Carbon-based
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Glossary hole in late 1985, governm
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Glossary Sealed system A refrigerat
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
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Copyright Copyright © United Natio
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