Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians - UNEP - Division of ...

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Glossary High pressure side The part of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the condenser or gas cooler pressure. Hydrocarbons (HCs) Chemical compounds consisting of one or more carbon atoms surrounded only by hydrogen atoms. Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) Halocarbons containing only hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine and carbon atoms. Because HCFCs contain chlorine, they contribute to ozone depletion. They are also greenhouse gases. Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) Halocarbons containing only carbon, hydrogen and fluorine atoms. Because HFCs contain no chlorine, bromine or iodine, they do not deplete the ozone layer. Like other halocarbons they are potent greenhouse gases. Isolating valve A valve which prevent flow in either direction when closed. Joint A connection made between two parts. Kyoto Protocol The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted at the Third Session of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC in 1997 in Kyoto, Japan. It contains legally binding commitments, in addition to those included in the UNFCCC. Countries included in Annex B of the Protocol agreed to reduce their anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions (specifically carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride) by at least 5% below 1990 levels in the commitment period 2008 to 2012. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force on 16 February 2005. Latent heat It is the amount of heat needed to change the phase of a pure substance where temperature remains constant. Liquid receiver A vessel permanently connected to a system by inlet and outlet pipes for accumulation of liquid refrigerant. Low pressure side The part of a refrigerating system operating at approximately the evaporator pressure. Machinery room A completely enclosed room or space, vented by mechanical ventilation and only accessible to authorized persons, which is intended for the installation of components of the refrigerating system or of the complete refrigerating system. Other equipment may also be installed provided it is compatible with the safety requirements for the refrigerating system. Maintenance All kinds of work that may be performed by a maintenance technician, primarily related to ensuring the continued good operation and working of refrigeration systems, as well as record-keeping. Materials safety data sheet (MSDS) A safety advisory bulletin prepared by chemical producers for a specific refrigerant or compound. Maximum allowable pressure The maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed, as specified by the manufacturer. Maximum working pressure The maximum pressure for which the equipment is designed, as specified by the manufacturer. Mobile system A refrigerating system which is normally in transit during operation. Montreal Protocol The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was adopted in September 1987. Following the discovery of the Antarctic ozone 146
Glossary hole in late 1985, governments recognized the need for firm measures to reduce the production and consumption of a number of CFCs (CFC-11, -12, -113, -114, and -115) and several Halons (1211, 1301, 2402). The Protocol was designed so that the phase-out schedules could be revised on the basis of periodic scientific and technological assessments. Following such assessments, the Protocol was adjusted to accelerate the phaseout schedules in 1990 (London), 1992 (Copenhagen), 1995 (Vienna), 1997 (Montreal), 1999 (Beijing) and again in 2007 in Montreal. Multilateral Fund Part of the financial mechanism under the Montreal Protocol. The Multilateral Fund was established by a decision of the Second Meeting of the Parties to the Montreal Protocol (London, June 1990) and began its operation in 1991. The main objective of the Multilateral Fund is to assist Article 5 parties to the Montreal Protocol whose annual per capita consumption and production of ODS is less than 0.3 kg to comply with the control measures of the Protocol. Non-condensable gases Gases with very low temperature boiling points, which are not easily condensed. Nitrogen and oxygen are the most common ones. Normal boiling point (NBP) The boiling point of a compound at atmospheric pressure (1.013 bar). Occupied space A completely enclosed space which is occupied for a significant period by people. The occupied space may be accessible to the public (for example supermarket) or only to trained persons (for example cutting up of meat). In an occupied space, both parts of a refrigerating system or the complete refrigerating system may be located/installed. Open compressor A compressor having a drive shaft penetrating the refrigerant-tight housing. Ozone depletion Accelerated chemical destruction of the stratospheric ozone layer by the presence of substances produced by human activities. Ozone depleting potential (ODP) A relative index indicating the extent to which a chemical product may cause ozone depletion compared with the depletion caused by R11. Specifically, the ODP of an ozone depleting substance is defined as the integrated change in total ozone per unit mass emission of that substance relative to the integrated change in total ozone per unit mass emission of R11. Ozone layer The layer in the stratosphere where the concentration of ozone is greatest. The layer extends from about 12 to 40 km. This layer is being depleted by anthropogenic emissions of chlorine and bromine compounds. Every year, during the Southern Hemisphere spring, a very strong depletion of the ozone layer takes place over the Antarctic region. This depletion is caused by anthropogenic chlorine and bromine compounds in combination with the specific meteorological conditions of that region. This phenomenon is called the Antarctic ozone hole. Ozone The triatomic form of oxygen (O3), which is a gaseous atmospheric constituent. In the troposphere it is created by photochemical reactions involving gases occurring naturally and resulting from anthropogenic activities (‘smog’). Tropospheric ozone acts as a greenhouse gas. In the stratosphere ozone is created by the interaction between solar ultraviolet radiation and molecular oxygen (O2). Stratospheric ozone plays a major role in the stratospheric radiative balance. Its concentration is highest in the ozone layer. Ozone depleting substances (ODS) Substances known to deplete the stratospheric ozone layer. ODS controlled under the Montreal Protocol and its Amendments are chlorofluorocarbons, hydrochlorofluorocarbons, halons, methyl bromide, carbon tetrachloride, methyl chloroform, hydrobromofluorocarbons and bromochloromethane. Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) Synthetically produced halocarbons containing only carbon and fluorine atoms. They are characterized by extreme stability, non-flammability, low toxicity, zero ozone depleting potential and high global warming potential. 147
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Manual for Refrigeration Servicing
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Introduction When to use the manual
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Introduction The Factors affecting
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Introduction How to assess conditio
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Introduction Characteristics of Sel
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Introduction Another form of refere
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Introduction Choose your chapter Th
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1 Environmental impact of refrigera
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1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
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1 Environmental Impact RADIATION FR
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1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
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1 Environmental Impact Effects of o
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1 Environmental Impact The greenhou
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1 Environmental Impact Timeline act
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1 Environmental Impact Alternative
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1 Environmental Impact The way forw
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2 Refrigerants 2.1. Section objecti
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2 Refrigerants Chemical properties
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2 Refrigerants Safety characteristi
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2 Refrigerants Types of refrigerant
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2 Refrigerants Those with ozone dep
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2 Refrigerants Those with zero ozon
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2 Refrigerants Carbon dioxide (CO2,
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2 Refrigerants Azeotropic Blends An
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2 Refrigerants Using Refrigerant Bl
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2 Refrigerants Lubricants Today, al
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2 Refrigerants Refrigerants and app
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2 Refrigerants Properties of most c
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3 Refrigerants Content Management M
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3 Refrigerant Management The majori
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3 Refrigerant Management Handling o
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3 Refrigerant Management Recovery c
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3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
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3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
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3 Refrigerant Management Open Refri
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3 Refrigerant Management CHAPITRE 3
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3 Refrigerant Management Recycling
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3 Refrigerant Management equipment
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3 Refrigerant Management PAGE 22 Ex
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3 Refrigerant Management Further re
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Summary This section will provide t
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4 Servicing Practices Moisture Mois
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4 Servicing Practices Non-condensab
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4 Servicing Practices Evacuation A
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4 Servicing Practices 7 - For large
Page 95 and 96: 4 Servicing Practices Pressure unit
Page 97 and 98: CHAPITRE 4 4PAGE 10 LEAK DETECTION
Page 99 and 100: 4 Servicing Practices Detection met
Page 101 and 102: 4 Servicing Practices CHAPITRE 4 PA
Page 103 and 104: 4 Servicing Practices Volumetric ch
Page 105 and 106: 4 Servicing Practices Electronic ch
Page 107 and 108: 4 Servicing Practices Why charge re
Page 109 and 110: 5 Retrofitting Content General retr
Page 111 and 112: 5 Retrofitting • Upon evaluation
Page 113 and 114: 5 Retrofitting General retrofitting
Page 115 and 116: 5 Retrofitting procedures that you
Page 117 and 118: 5 Retrofitting MVAC retrofitting pr
Page 119 and 120: 5 Retrofitting Although, in general
Page 121 and 122: 5 Retrofitting Further reading UNEP
Page 123 and 124: 6 Summary 6.1. Overview of refriger
Page 125 and 126: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Oxygen
Page 127 and 128: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling The com
Page 129 and 130: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Nev
Page 131 and 132: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Safe ha
Page 133 and 134: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling leak de
Page 135 and 136: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Lea
Page 137 and 138: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Storage
Page 139 and 140: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Recomme
Page 141 and 142: 6 Safe Refrigerant Handling 3 - Sho
Page 143 and 144: Glossary Glossary Absolute pressure
Page 145: Glossary Fossil fuels Carbon-based
Page 149 and 150: Glossary Sealed system A refrigerat
Page 151 and 152: Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
Page 153: Copyright Copyright © United Natio
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