Manual for Refrigeration Servicing Technicians - UNEP - Division of ...

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Introduction Further information The information within this manual was drawn from a variety of different sources. However, rather than providing a detailed reference list, each chapter is accompanied by a short list of publications for further reading. These publications cover a large amount of information on the topics addressed within this manual. There are also a large number of textbooks on the subject of refrigeration engineering, and a selection of those is listed below. Amongst these, are addressed many of the topics covered within this manual, particularly related to servicing and maintenance practices: Air Conditioning and Refrigeration, by R Miller and M R Miller, 2006 Modern Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, by A D Althouse, C H Turnquist, and A F Bracciano, 2004 Principles of Refrigeration, by R J Dossat and T J Horan, 2001 Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Technology, by B Whitman, B Johnson, J Tomczyk, E Silberstein, 2008 Refrigeration Equipment: A Servicing and Installation Handbook, by A C Bryant, 1997 More generally, there exist a large number of organizations who have Internet sites from where extensive information can be found related to the subjects of refrigeration and refrigerants. A selection are: 4 www.ammonia21.com - related to the ammonia refrigeration industry 4 www.ashrae.org American Society of Heating, Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Engineers 4 www.eurammon.com Eurammon - the European trade association for the use of natural refrigerants 4 www.hydrocarbons21.com Hydrocarbons21 - related to the hydrocarbon refrigeration industry 4 www.iiar.org - International Institute of Ammonia Refrigeration 4 www.iifiir.org - International Institute of Refrigeration 4 www.r744.com Everything R744 - related to the carbon dioxide refrigeration industry 4 www.refrigerantsnaturally.com Refrigerants, Naturally! - an organization of end-users involved in the adoption of natural refrigerants 4 www.unep.org/ozone/ UNEP Ozone Secretariat – website of the Secretariat of the Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol: Ozone Secretariat 4 www.uneptie.org/ozonaction UNEP DTIE OzonAction – website of the OzonActon Branch as an implementing agency and clearinghouse function 10
Introduction Another form of reference information pertinent to the application of refrigeration systems and refrigerants is standards, which are usually a description of procedures or technical requirements that should enable individuals or companies to achieve equivalence in the activity under consideration. For example, following refrigeration safety standards should ensure that two separate refrigerating systems achieve an equivalent level of safety, and following performance standards should ensure that two separate organizations would measure the same performance of the same system. Furthermore, they are intended to help practitioners avoid problems, errors and pitfalls that they may otherwise encounter if they did not follow the guidance of the standards. Standards are published by a variety of different organizations. At a country level, national standardization bodies publish national standards (although in many cases these may be based on other countries’ standards or international standards). European standardization bodies publish a European standard, which are typically adopted by national standardization bodies within European countries. Internationally, there are two main organizations which publish international standards. The numbers of national, European and International standards that apply to the RAC sector are vast, and the reader should seek out the most relevant ones when and where necessary. Here, a small selection of such standards is listed to provide an indication of what may be relevant to this subject area: EN 378: 2008 – Refrigeration systems and heat pumps, safety and environmental requirements; This is comprised of four parts • Part 1: basic requirements, classification and selection criteria • Part 2: design, construction, testing, marking and documentation • Part 3: Installation site and personal protection • Part 4: Operation, maintenance, repair and recovery EN 13313: 2008 – Refrigeration systems and heat pumps, Competence of personnel; this addresses the level of competence that is necessary for engineers and technicians to carry out different activities ISO 817: 2005 – Refrigerants – designation and system classification; this covers the R-numbering system for refrigerants and the means for their safety classification ISO 5149: 1993 – Mechanical refrigerating systems used for cooling and heating – Safety requirements; this current version is rather dates, but it is currently under revision and is similar to EN 378 ISO 916: 1968 – Testing of refrigerating systems; this covers the determination of the technical performance of a refrigerating system (but not the functional duty of a complete installation or the performance of its individual components) 11
Page 1 and 2: Manual for Refrigeration Servicing
Page 3 and 4: Introduction When to use the manual
Page 5 and 6: Introduction The Factors affecting
Page 7 and 8: Introduction How to assess conditio
Page 9: Introduction Characteristics of Sel
Page 13 and 14: Introduction Choose your chapter Th
Page 15 and 16: 1 Environmental impact of refrigera
Page 17 and 18: 1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
Page 19 and 20: 1 Environmental Impact RADIATION FR
Page 21 and 22: 1 Environmental Impact The ozone la
Page 23 and 24: 1 Environmental Impact Effects of o
Page 25 and 26: 1 Environmental Impact The greenhou
Page 27 and 28: 1 Environmental Impact Timeline act
Page 29 and 30: 1 Environmental Impact Alternative
Page 31 and 32: 1 Environmental Impact The way forw
Page 33 and 34: 2 Refrigerants 2.1. Section objecti
Page 35 and 36: 2 Refrigerants Chemical properties
Page 37 and 38: 2 Refrigerants Safety characteristi
Page 39 and 40: 2 Refrigerants Types of refrigerant
Page 41 and 42: 2 Refrigerants Those with ozone dep
Page 43 and 44: 2 Refrigerants Those with zero ozon
Page 45 and 46: 2 Refrigerants Carbon dioxide (CO2,
Page 47 and 48: 2 Refrigerants Azeotropic Blends An
Page 49 and 50: 2 Refrigerants Using Refrigerant Bl
Page 51 and 52: 2 Refrigerants Lubricants Today, al
Page 53 and 54: 2 Refrigerants Refrigerants and app
Page 55 and 56: 2 Refrigerants Properties of most c
Page 57 and 58: 3 Refrigerants Content Management M
Page 59 and 60: 3 Refrigerant Management The majori
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3 Refrigerant Management Handling o
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3 Refrigerant Management Recovery c
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3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
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3 Refrigerant Management Refrigeran
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3 Refrigerant Management Open Refri
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3 Refrigerant Management CHAPITRE 3
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3 Refrigerant Management Recycling
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3 Refrigerant Management equipment
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3 Refrigerant Management PAGE 22 Ex
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3 Refrigerant Management Further re
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Summary This section will provide t
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4 Servicing Practices Moisture Mois
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4 Servicing Practices Non-condensab
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4 Servicing Practices Evacuation A
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4 Servicing Practices 7 - For large
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4 Servicing Practices Pressure unit
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CHAPITRE 4 4PAGE 10 LEAK DETECTION
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4 Servicing Practices Detection met
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4 Servicing Practices CHAPITRE 4 PA
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4 Servicing Practices Volumetric ch
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4 Servicing Practices Electronic ch
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4 Servicing Practices Why charge re
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5 Retrofitting Content General retr
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5 Retrofitting • Upon evaluation
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5 Retrofitting General retrofitting
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5 Retrofitting procedures that you
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5 Retrofitting MVAC retrofitting pr
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5 Retrofitting Although, in general
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5 Retrofitting Further reading UNEP
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6 Summary 6.1. Overview of refriger
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Oxygen
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling The com
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Nev
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Safe ha
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling leak de
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling • Lea
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Storage
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling Recomme
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6 Safe Refrigerant Handling 3 - Sho
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Glossary Glossary Absolute pressure
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Glossary Fossil fuels Carbon-based
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Glossary hole in late 1985, governm
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Glossary Sealed system A refrigerat
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Acknowledgements Acknowledgements I
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Copyright Copyright © United Natio
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