The Navy Vol_22_Part2 1960 - Navy League of Australia

'AUSTRALIA'SLARGESTINSURANCEBROKERSand SpecialistsinAlio at Newcastle. Lismore. Orange. Wagga, Wollongong andCapital Cities of tha Commonwaalth.NATIONAL INSTRUMENTCOMPANYFOR SPERRY GYRO COMPASS ANDSPERRY MARINE RADAR SALESAND SERVICE—TELEPHONE390 FLINDERS STREET. MELBOURNE -MELBOURNE AIRPORT. ESSENDON -SydneyB0229Brisbane - - - MW2068Adelaide - - - - W4840Perth 21-3728MB5Z81FX1528SALES lit SERVICIRB ASEITS FBI SPERRY MARINE 8YR0 COMPASSES ARB SPERRY RABARVol. 23CONTENTSPageElectronic Aids for the Surveyor 3Australia's Oceanographical Surveys 5New Hydrographer for the Royal Navy . 7Surveyors in New Zealand 8Director of Naval Reserves 9Australia's Debt to the R.N. Hydrographic Surveyors 10Royal Navy Surveyors are Busy, Too!IIExercise Sea Lion 12Nylon Barrier Proves Value 15U.S. Navy Makes Deep Dive 16-17New First Sea Lord 19Australian Sea Cadets in New Zealand 20Watson Memorial Chapel 25British Interest in U.S. Guided Missiles 27Identifying Wrecks by TV Camera 29High Purity Zinc is the Answer . . 31Plus news items from all Compass Points.Published by The Navy League of Australia.N.S.W.: 66 Clarence St., Sydney. VIC.: 443 Little Collins St.. Melbourne.ADVERTISING: Sydney—29 6531; Melbourne—MU 3123.SUBSCRIPTION RATE: 12 issues post free in the British Commonwealth. 20/-.Copies of "Herald" photographs published may be obtained direct fromPhoto Sales, " Sydney Morning Herald," Hunter Street, Sydney.To "The Navy"Box 4819, G.P.O.Sydney, N.S.W.SUBSCRIPTION FORMI enclose 20/- (postal note, money order or i!ieque) for12 issues of " The Navy," post free, commencing fromNameStreetCityDate(Please add exchange where applicable)StateTHE NAVY LEAGUEOF AUSTRALIAPATRON:His Excellency The Governor-General,The Rt. Hon. Viscount Dunrossil, P.C.,G.C.M.G., M.C., K.St.J., Q.C.FEDERAL COUNCIL:President: Rear Admiral H. A.Showers, C.BE. (Retd.).Deputy President: Cdr. R. A. Nettleford.D.S.C., VHJ)., R.A.NJl.iecreti " —~RAJNew South Wales Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof New South Wales.President: Rear Admiral H. AShowers. C.B.E.Secretary: Lieutenant Mackay-Cruise,R.A.N.R.Hon. Treasurer: R. I. Rae, Esq.Victorian Division:Patron: Hla Excellency the Governoror Victoria.President: Lieut.-Comdr. A. N. Bouiton,R.A.N.R.Secretary: Mias E. C. 8horrocka, Room8. 8th Floor. 528 Collins Street,Melbourne.South Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof South Australia.President: Surgeon-Comdr. R. P.Matter* (Retd.).Hon. Sec.: R Sutton. Esq., 30 PlrteStreet. Adelaide.Tasmanian Division:Patron: Vice Admiral Sir Guy Wyatt,K.B.E.. C.B.. R.N. (Retd.).President: Comdr. A. H. Green, OJBJC.,D5.C., R.A.N. (Retd.).Hon. Sec.: Comdr. G. E. W. W. Bayly{O-BE, V.R.D., R.A.N.V.R. (Retd.).726 Sandy Bay Road, Lower SandyBay. Hobart.Western Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governoror Western Australia.President: Roland Smith, Esq.Hon. Sec. - Hon. Treas.: K. Olson,Esq.. 62 Blencowe Street. WestLeedervllle. W.A.Queensland Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governoror Queensland.President: Comdr. N. 8. Plxley,M.B.E.. V.R.D.. R.A.N.R. (Retd.),Ryan House. Eagle 8treet, Brisbane.Hon. 8ec.: O. B. O'Neill. Esq., Box376E.. O.P.O., Brisbane.Australian Capital Territory Division:President: Lt.-Cdr. J. B. Howse.R.A.N.V.R . M P.. Parliament House,Canberra. A.C.T.Hon. Sec.: Lieut. D. M. Blake.R.A.N.V.R.. 60 Limestone Avenue.Alnslle. A.C.T. 'Phone: J 3237.Northern Territory Division:Patron: Hla Honour the Administrator.J. C. Archer, EM)., O.BE.President: Captain 8. H. K. Spurgeon.D.S.O., O.BE.. R.A.N.

MELBOURNESTEAMSHIPCO. LTD.Head Office51 KING ST., MELBOURNEBranches or Agenciesat all portsManaging Agents forHOBSONS BAY DOCK ANDENGINEERING CO. PTY.LTD.Works: Williamstown, VictoriaHODGE ENGINEERING CO.PTY. LTD.Works: Sussex St., SydneyandCOCKBURN ENGINEERINGPTY. LTD.Works: Hints Rd., FremantleShip Repairers, etc.Always ask lor . . .SHELLEY'SFAMOUS DRINKSObtainable from leadingshops and saloonsCORDIAL FACTORYSHELLEY & SONSPTY.MURRAYLTD.STREETMARRICKVILLEN.S.W.Phone: LA 5461HYDROGRAPHERS CONFERThe Hydrographer of TheRoyal Australian Navv. ('dr.•J. 11. S. Osborn (right),discusses with (.'dr. J. Sehoficldthe amount of survey workwhich still lias to be done. Itis estimated that it will be atleast 25 years before theAustralian coastline will bewell charted.AUSTRALIA'S OCEANOGRAPHICAL SURVEYSBy G. F. HUMPHREY, M.Sc., Ph.D.,Chief, C.S.I.R.O. Division of Fisheries ami Oceanography,HK C.S.I.R.O. laboratory inT Cronnlla was founded in1938 to study the fisheries ofAustralia. It was thought thatpelagic fisheries for fish suchas tuiiii and pilchards might bestarted and that the productionof the existing fisheriesmight be stabilised if scientificinformation were available.Fluctuations in catch and inavailability of stocks are notconducive to a stable industry.It was realised from the startthat it was not enough simplyto examine the fish. It was alsonecessary to study the environmentin which the fish lived.Thus oceanographical investigationswere planned, but owingto the war. it was not possibleto carry them out untilthe early 1950s, and then onlyin a minor way. The limitingfactor was always availabilityof ships. It was not until 1959,when the R.A.N, refitted DIA-MANTINA and GASCOYNE asoceantigraphical vessels thatAustralia was able to carry outan extensive deep-sea series ofinvestigations.C.S.I.R.O.'s own vessels 185-ft. WARREEN and 72-ft. DER-WENT HUNTER) worked inthe Coral and Tasman Seas.Mass Strait, the Great AustralianBight, and the IndianOcean. Apart from one cruiseto Noumea ami one to NewZealand, the work was withina few miles of the coast. Withoutan occauographical laboratoryon board and with speedlimited to ti knots, the scientificwork done was very limited.Nevertheless, many valuableresults were obtained. For example.it was shown that barracoutacongregated at theedge of the water masses movingthrough Bass Strait ratherthan at the places where fishfood was found.The Naval frigates with theirwell-equipped laboratories amispeeds of 15 knots, have enabledC.S.I."R.O. to extend theareas of observation ami thetypes of work done. Thecruises so far carried out havebeen exploratory to define theinteresting areas and problemsso that intensive studies canbe planned for future cruises.H.M.A.S. DIAMANTINA hasalready made three cruises:Dm 1/59 was a run from Sydneyto Perth when oceanogriipliicgear was tested and modifiedfor use on the ship:Dm 2/59 was a long cruisefrom October 11 to November9 from Fremantle to Onslow toCronulla.Cocos Island to Onslow. Thenfollowed a series of east-westlines in the Indian Ocean.Dm 1/60 from February 2 to•March 23 continued the liliesof Dm 2/59 south of Fremantle.and did two lines south ofthe Great Australian Bight betweenFremantle and Adelaide.One interesting finding on thesecruises is that the euphoticzone (the area where bothplants and animals live andgrow) extends as far down as80 fathoms. This is much deeperthan in the Tasman Sea (50fathoms). Another finding isthat in about 500 fathoms andsouth-west from Perth, thereare internal waves with amplitudesup to 600 ft. There weresmaller waves (60-80 ft.) atabout 20°s.In the Pacific Ocean,H.M.A.S. GASCOYNE hasmade two cruises: G 1/60 leftSydney on February' 2, travelledto the north of New Zealand.thence to Fiji, north-westtowards the Solomons, south toNoumea, and returned to Sydneyon March 8. Cruise G 2/60left Sydney on March 17, travelledto Port Moresby, ManusIsland. Kavieng, Rabatil, andreturned to Sydney on April 21.On these cruises it was foundthat the deep water in theWE ARE SUPPLIERS OF SEA FRESH LOCAL FISHandDirect Importers of United Kingdom and ContinentalQUICK-FROZEN FISHWholesale Suppliers to Hotels and RestaurantsWE SPECIALISE IN SHIPS PR0VID0RINGBULK COLD STORE AND WHOLESALE DEPT.:Corner of Gibbons and Marian Streets, Redfern—MX 5688A. A. MURRELLS FISH SUPPLYHead Office.-195 George Street, Sydney-BU 5945. After Hours-FY 5470.53 THE NAVYJuno. I96021

Coral Sea basin is suppliedfrom the south, while that inthe Planet Trench and the SolomonSea basin comes from thecentral Pacific Ocean. It seemsalso that just near the thermocline(the depth at which aclear abrupt change in temperaturemay occur), there is aquantity of suspended matter,and this makes the water veryturbid.A new series of cruises is nowbeing planned. Dm 3/60 inJuly-September will work asfar as 95° W., and then returnto examine an area of upwellingoff the north-west Australiancoast. Dm 4/60 will worka line of stations to 85° \V..and Dm 1/61 will investigateupwelling in the Arafura-Timor area. The process of upwellingis a very interestingand important one, and is causedby wind action and the resultingmovement of waterfrom 200-300 m. to the surfacelayers. It usually brings nutrientsalts to the surface so thatphvtoplankton and zooplankton(the plants and animalsthat form fish food) grow ingood quantity. The Humboldtcurrent along the west coast ofSouth America, with its profusionof life, an area on thewest coast of California, withits enormous catches of sardines,and another on the westcoast of Africa, with its pilchardfishery, are well-knownareas of upwelling. It is notyet known whether the northwestAustralian area is as prolificas these, hut fish have beencaught there for some years.Until the population of Australiaincreases very greatly,the demand for fish will not beenough to stimulate the developmentof a fishery so farfrom markets. Other countriesare interested in the possibilityof securing fish supplies there,because they are short of protein.and fish is an excellentsource of this type of foodstuff.Ill order to assess the productivityof the area and to providefor the proper management ofany fisheries which might develop,it is important for Australiato commence work now.On these cruises there will bestudies made of the nutrientsalts in the water, the amountof fish food and the movementsof the water masses.On the east coast of Australia,Cruise (I 3/60 will be inNovember and December, andwill be specially designed todevelop methods for addingradioactive substances to watersamples collected at about 50fathoms, without bringing thesamples to the surface. It isalso planned to investigate tileorigin and nature of the particlescausing the turbiditynear the thermoeline. It ishoped that f! 1-2/61 (January-March) will be cruises in collaborationwith France andNew Zealand as part of a '' Tasmapac"investigation on theoceanography of the Coral andTasman Seas. In 1958, scientistsfrom the Institut Francaisd'Oceanic in Noumea and theNew Zealand OeeanographicInstitute met in Cronulla todiscuss with their AustralianGet your supplies ofVULCATEXRUBBATEXfromcolleagues how the three countriescould co-operate to maketheir work more valuable. InJune there will be anothermeeting in Wellington to decideif joint cruises by severalvessels can be arranged. Thesejoint cruises will be called"Tasmapac."THE FUTUREWhat of the future? Theoceanographer sees the possibilityof causing artificial upwellingby moving deeperwater to the surface with theheat generated by small atomicreactions submerged in theocean. The benefits we now getfrom natural upwelling wouldthen follow in areas that wechose. Klectrieity has alreadybeen used experimentally forsea fishing, ami the developmentof "fish farms," usingelectrical barriers, may becomecommonplace.All of these advances requiredetailed oceanographical informationif the most suitableareas are to be selected. Australianoceanographers are nowaccumulating this informationlargely through the co-operativeprogrammes of the RoyalAustralian Navy and C.S.I.R.O.HORNEXFORBES RANKEN & SONS PTY. LTD.24 Bond Street. Sydney'Phone:BU3I6154 THE NAVYNEW HYDROGRAPHERFOR ROYAL NAVYyi NEW hydrographer forthe Royal Navy has beenappointed. Captain EdmundIrving, O.B.E.. R.N., is to succeedRear Admiral KennethSt. liar be Collins. O.B.K.,D.S.C.. in July this year.Captain Irving, who wasborn in April. 1910. has spentthe greater part of his servicein the Royal Navy with theSurveying Branch. The longestperiod he has spent away fromhvdrographic duties is threemonths, the time spent on theSenior officers' TechnicalCourse.He has undertaken surveyingwork in all parts of theworld, including the Kast andWest Indies and the China Sea.After wartime duty off theN.W. coast of Scotland andIceland, lie went to the RedSea in 1942 in II.M.S. EN-DKAYOl'R, and afterwardsserved with the Mediterraneansurvey unit preparing for theinvasion of Sicily and Italy.His first command wasH.M.S. FRANKLIN in 1944.surveying captured ports fromCherbourg to Kiel, includingthe clearance of the Scheldt.He was awarded the O.B.E. forhis services in this ship, andremained in her until 1946.when he went to Admiralty forduty in the Hydrographic department.He was twice Mentionedin Despatches for hiswar services.From 1950 to November,1952. he commanded H.M.S.DAIjRYMPI.E on survey operationsin the Persian Gulf. Zanzibarand the Mediterranean.In 195.3 he became the firstCommanding Officer of thenew survey ship, VIDAL. andat the present is serving as AssistantHydrographer and Superintendentof Charts.During his time as Hydrographerof the Navy, AdmiralCollins has led the inceptionof electronic methods of surveying.including the use oftwo-range Decca and the tellurometer,and also the hydrodistwith the development ofwhieh he was particularly concerned.He has had greatinterest in the Falkland Islandssurvey and in the activities ofthe National Institute ofOceanography.Lieut. HURST (right). Leading Seaman REESON and Snb-Ueut. PULLAR recordingsoundings In the chart-room of H.M.A.S. WARREGO.—Photo courtesy "8. M. Herald"Juno. I960 21

SURVEYORS INN New Zealand, also. NavyI surveyors are hard at work.How our sister dominion is progressingis described by LieutenantE. I.. Roberts, ofH.M.N.Z.S. LACHLAN.Until 1939. all h.vdrographiesurveying in New Zealand exceptharbour surveys carriedout by local authorities, wasthe responsibility of the RoyalNavy. A plan for the re-chartingof New Zealand was madein the middle thirties, anilstarted bv H.M. SurveyingShip, ENDEAVOUR, in 19.17.but because of the outbreak ofthe Second World War. thiswas halted at 1111 early stage.At the end of the war. theHydrographer was again approached.but with the backlogof work in other areas, liewas unable to assist. It was.however, suggested that a New-Zealand Hydrographic Servicemight be set up with aid fromthe United Kingdom and Australia,to produce charts of theNew Zealand coast.A senior surveying officerwas lent by the United Kingdomhydrographer to takecharge of the surveying service.and with the aid of officersloaned from both theRoyal Navy and the Royal AustralianNavy, a nucleus ofRoyal New Zealand Navy surveyorswas trained. As theirtraining was completed, the dependenceon overseas officerswas reduced and with the appointmentof Commander W.J. L. Smith, D.S.O.. to LACH-LAN as commanding officer atthe end of January, the servicebecame entirely Royal New-Zealand Navy.NEW ZEALANDThe ships employed by theDirector of Hydrography arel-ACHLAN, an AustralianbuiltRiver-class frigate, andthe two 72-foot surveyingmotor launches. TAKAPU andTARAPl'NGA. I11 accordancewith tradition and internationalagreement, these vesselsare painted white over-all withhuff masts and. in LACHLAN'Scase, buff funnel.LACHLAN differs from theother frigates of her class illthat her armament has beenremoved: she has 11 large chartroomaft. and atop this the tallmast used to support her TwoRange Deeea aerial umbrella.Because of this mast she laysclaim to be the only ship ofthe Royal New Zealand Navywith a mizzen.She carries the two-echosounderequipped surveyingmotor boats. PENGUIN amiPANDORA. Her other powerboat. PUFFIN, can be fittedwith a portable echo-sounderto help her larger cousins tocarry out the inshore sounding.The ship herself is fitted withtwo echo-sounders, and herasdic is modified by a reflectorplate and special recorder toenable it to be used to carryout very deep sounding.TAKAPU and TARAPl'NGAare harbour defence motorlaunches, sister ships of theFishery Protection boats operatingfrom Auckland. Theyare, of course, fitted with echosounders.and as they are commandedby surveying officersand a proportion of their crewsare survey recorders, they arecapable of operating withLACHLAN or undertakingseparate small surveys.The main coastal surveys ofNew Zealand were done byH.M. Surveying Ships ACHE-RON and PANDORA in themiddle of the 19th century,and by H.M. Surveying ShipPENGUIN at the beginning ofthe present century.With the exception of thework done by ENDEAVOUR,the coastal charts of New Zealanddepended upon surveysdating from these times, withcorrections to topography resultingfrom Lands and SurveyDepartment surveys. LACH-LAN began the work requiredto bring these surveys up todate in 1949. Soon after shecommenced work she was joinedin her long task by the twolarge launches.The work has been progressingsteadily. Since she beganher service with the Roval NewZealand Navy. LACHLAN hasbeen responsible for the productionof nine medium scalecoastal charts covering theareas from Wauganui via Wellingtonto Gishornc: fromItanks Peninsula via CookStrait nearly to Westport:from llluff to Dunedin: andover 25 large scale surveys ofharbours and anchorages.In order that the ship's companymight have some respitefrom the often severe weatherconditions 011 the coast, it hasbeen a policy in the past thatLACHLAN should spend somesix weeks of the winter in thePacific Islands, undertakingsuch surveys as may be neededin New Zealand Dependenciesand adjacent waters. Fiji, Samoaand Tonga have been visitedfor this purpose.As well as regular surveys,there are investigations to becarried out. New Zealand's sealanes must be searched for thevaguely reported and fixedrocks and shoals which abound(Continued 011 page 26)DIRECTOROF NAVALRESERVESCaptain W. B. M. Marks.C.B.E., D.S.C'., R.A.N.. who wasrecently appointed Director ofNaval Reserves at Navy Office.Melbourne, after having servedas Naval Representative,North America and Naval Attacheat the Australian Embassyin Washington for twoand a half years, has been inthe Royal Australian Navy for34 years. He is a graduate ofthe Royal Australian NavalCollege.He had a distinguished recordin the Sccond World Warand in operations in Koreanwaters. As Captain of the TribalClass Destroyer BATAANfor part of the Korean campaignhe was awarded tbeD.S.C. by Her Majesty theQueen, and the Ijegion of Meritby the United States Government.He was awarded theC.B.E. for his work as chairmanof the Joint Services Committeewhich made arrangementsin Australia for the sccondatomic test at Monte BelloIsland.Before going to Washingtonin 1957 he was the Australianrepresentative at the CommonwealthNaval Conference inEngland, and subsequently underwentthe Senior Officers'Technical Course.From 1954 until 1956 he wasDirector of Ordnance and UnderwaterWeapons. He has alsoheld the appointment of Directorof Training and Staff Requirements.BIGGER SHIPS MAKE UPTO DATE SURVEYS VITALThe new 40.008-ton liner Orlana, which, H l> expected. wU aril oaher maiden voyace to Australia In December. Ships like the Orlanaand Canberra, which will also Join the Australian run in the searfuture, necessitate, because of their much deeper draught, thatcharts of the Australian coast where they will trade be kept lightITHE NAVYJuns. I960

AUSTRALIA'S DEBT TO THE ROYALNAVY HYDROGRAPHICSURVEYORSBy OEOFFKET C. IWGLETON(Author, "Charting aContinent")HK first hydrographic surveyorfrom the Royal NavyTto work in Australian waterswas Lieutenant James Cook,who discovered the easterncoastline in 1770 and conducteda running survey of it in H.M.Barque. ENDEAVOUR.None of Cook's work, excepthis nomenclature, has survivedon the Admiralty charts today.In spite of great care topreserve this nomenclature,mistakes have occurred: for example:Cape Moreton was calledMorton by Cook after theEarl of Morton. On Flinders'charts an "e" was added tothe name and the mistake hasexisted ever since.Cook was a hydrographicBurveyor of long experiencewhen he reached Australia, butmany of his immediate successorsin Australian waters werenaval officers with a great zealfor discovery, but without theessential training in hydrographicsurveying. The most notedof these was Matthew Flinders,whose exalted reputationdepends mainly on his voyagein H.M.S. INVESTIGATOR,1802-1803.Only a small portion of Flinders'work survives on the Admiraltychart to-day andconsists of some isolated linesof soundings in out-of-the-waywaters, especially the Gulf ofCarpentaria. Flinders' name,however, is kept before thepublic by the extraordinarynumber of place-names whichwere named in his honour orafter members of his family.For some strange reason,almost every year, someone inAustralia is inspired to namesomething after Matthew Flinders.The latest proposal is toname the new inner harbour atPort Kembla. the MatthewFlinders Harbour.In 1814. following the publicationof Hinders' "A Voyageto Terra Australia." theAdmiralty issued a series ofcharts from Cape Lecuwin toPort Curtis, skilfully compiledand beautifully engraved byAaron Arrowsmith. and basedlargely on Flinders' surveys.Aaron Arrowsmith was a notedcartographer, whose contributionto the charting of thePacific has never been fullyrecognised in Australia.An Australian, LieutenantPhillip Parker King, R.N., wasthe next hydrographic surveyorto survey in Australian waters.His work was the most outstandingby the pioneers, andmuch of it still survives on theAdmiralty charts, especially onthe north-west coast of Australia.King also conducted anoteworthy survey along thecoast of Chile, much of it inthe region of the recent seriesof earthquakes.Following that arduous survey.King returned to Australiato occupy in his privatecapacity, the position ofauthority on hydrographic mattersin Australia. His advicewas sought constantly, andsome of his work was publishedlocally in Sydney. He died,a Rear-Admiral, in 1856.The voyages of CaptainFrancis Blackwood. R.N., inH.M.S. FLY, Captain JohnLort Stokes, R.X., in H.M.S.BEAGLE. Captain Owen Stanley.R..Y. in H.M.S. RATTLE-SNAKE, anil Lieutenant C. I!.Yule. R.X.. in H.M. cutterBRAMBLE, all provided essentialdata, much of it exploratorysurveys, which addedgreatly to the hydrographicknowledge of these waters.Most interesting narratives ofthe voyage were written by theofficers ami published iu London,in the decade before 1850.Following the discovery ofgold in Australia. Captain H.M. Denham, R.N.. arrived inH.M.S. HERALD, and proceededto conduct a series of surveys.from 1853 to 1861, inmany parts of Australia andthe South-west Pacific. Thesesurveys can be considered thebeginning of scientific hydrographicsurveys in Australianwaters, and much of it surviveson the charts to-day. WithDenham were a number ofyoung naval officers, who receivedan excellent training inhydrographic surveying. Manyof them returned to Australiato conduct surveys for thevarious colonies.Denham was instrumental informing agreements betweenthe Admiralty and the AustralianColonies to carry out thehydrographic survey of eachcolony's coastline, the expenseof which to be shared by theAdmiralty and the colony concerned.These important surveyscommenced in the early1860s. and continued until the1880s. The Admiralty chartsbased on these surveys wereused by mariners until the presentday. and it is only recentlyChina's Sub Fleet GrowsChina is steadily acquiringwarships and submarines,mainly from Russia. About 22submarines were reported recentlyto be under the ChineseCommunist flag. They havealso acquired warships fromJapan and even from theUnited States.ROYAL NAVY SURVEYORSARE BUSY, TOO!that they are gradually beingre-surveyed by the Royal AustralianNavy Surveying Service.From the 1880s until the beginningof World War I theRoyal Navy maintained at least The giant tankers now using the English Channel areone, and for much of the timethree, surveying ships in Australianwaters. The names of wrecks of ships of two World Wars.making the Royal Navy, take a second "look" at the seabedthe surveving ships. LARK,DART. PALUMA. MYRMI-DON, FLYING FISH, EGE- ECAUSE of the increasing using modern echo soundingB1A, RAMBLER. PENGUIN, B draughts of these large vessels,it is necessary thatequipment.WATERWITCH. FANTOME,and SEALARK. arc wellknownto mariners, largely be-pinpointed on marine charts wrecks, whose positions andpossible obstructions should be There are some fifty to sixtycause they feature in the titles and the safety margin of water depths may have changed,of Admiralty charts and often over them re-examined. A start within the limits in which thebecause their name is attached was made in March in the SCOTT is being employed. Herto some notorious underwater Channel between Dover and task is likely to take somedanger. The work carried out Dungeness by H.M.S. SCOTT, three months. The latest asdicin these vessels was, indeed, a a survey ship, commanded by will ensure that the wrecks arenotable contribution to Australia'shydrographic story. D.E.P.D. Scott, R.N.miralty charts, which arc usedLieutenant - Commander accurately fixed on future Ad-One officer, who served for aby every maritime nation. Byvery long period in AustraliaOropesa and drift sweeping,in these ships, is worthy of After the last war, Naval the clearance above them willmention, an Australian. V. C. survey ships checked wrecks be measured and possible risksC. Pasco. He commenced hisaround the coast and those into shipping reported.hydrographic surveys in Australiain 1889 as a Lieutenantimportant channels and likelyto be a danger were afterwardsin H.M.S. PALUMA. He finishedthem as a Captain in ance of at least 45 feet at low been determined by survey ves-depth-charged to give a clear-After their positions hadH.M.S. FANTOME in 1910. Hewater by trawlers of the R.N. sels. hundreds of wrecks werethen became Assistant Hydrographer.but disliking officeWreck Dispersal Fleet, which tackled by the Wreck DispersalFleet after the war andwas disbanded in 1958.work, he declined the opportunityof becoming Hydro-effectively "buried" or brokenup. Since 1958, Naval responsibilityfor the dispersal of dan-It is now considered, however,that there should be atgrapher. Unfortunately, thisAustralian officer of experiencegerous wrecks has been takenleast sixty feet over these over in the majority of casesin hydrographic surveying was wrecks in view of the size ofnot available when the AustralianCommonwealth Naval years, and their whereaboutsby Trinity House.the tankers built in TecentBoard commenced its own SurveyingService in 1921. fic equipment now available Royal Navy will also havefixed accurately by the scienti-Other survey ships of thefor this purpose.tasks this summer in the samepart of the Channel. The EastCoast of England Survey Unit,including the inshore surveycraft ECHO, commanded byH.M.S. SCOTT, based onDover, is working in a busyarea stretching south-westwardsfrom the North Goodwinslightship to a point some12 miles south of Dungenesslight and including the Varneshoal. The work being undertakenby the ship is the firstsystematic survey of the areaLieutenant-Commander RichardGreen. R.N., is going backto the Goodwins to finish workstarted there last snmmer.Operating out of Ramsgate,they will be concentrating onreported sand encroachmentinto the Gulf Stream.10 THE NAVYJIIIW,twoII

EXERCISE SEALIONLAMEST SEATO EXERCISE HELDUK Australian warships,Fincluding the carrier,H.M.A.S. MELBOURNE, haveplaved an important part inthe" SEATO Exercise SKA-LION, just concluded.The exercise was the biggestof its kind yet held by SEATO.More than tiO ships and 150aircraft from all eight membernations took part.MELBOURNE, with the DaringClass destrovers VEN-DETTA and VOYAGER, formedpart of three carrier groupswhich protected a large convoyof supply ships moving frontManila to Singapore.The three groups sailed fromManila on May 6, and in theSouth China Sea were joinedon May 11 by a second smallerforce of warships that had sailedfrom Bangkok on May 9.This second group included theAustralian fast anti-submarinefrigate. H.M.A.S. QUEEN-BOROUGH.On the completion of theoperational phase of the exercise,the ships of the combinedSEALION Fleet entered SingaporeNaval Base on Fridav.May 13.Command Rotates.Rear-Admiral W. H. Harrington.C.B.E., D.S.O., FlagOfficer Commanding the AustralianMeet and one of thethree senior National commanders.is living his flag inH.M.A.S. MELBOURNE. Theother two are Rear-AdmiralJoseph D. Black. U.S.N.(U.S.S. YORKTOWN) and theoverall director, ltear-AdmiralV. C. Begg. C.B., D.S.O., D.S.C.,(H.M.S. ALBION). Throughoutthe exercise tactical commandof the Force rotatedamong these three officers.11.M A S. MELBOURNE wasthe only carrier in the exercisewith both anti-submarine andfighter aircraft, and providedcover against submarine, surface.and air attack on theforce.Co-operation among forcesreached a high peak, so it wasnot uncommon for an AustralianGannet to combine withU.S. Trackers and helicoptersand a Pakistan destroyer in asubmarine hunt. Similarly.Australian Sea Venoms weredirected by a French radar destroyerto intercept attackingaircraft of the U.S. MarineCorps and the R.A.F.R.A.N. Versatile.VENDETTA and VOYAGERwere members of the internationalescort screens for AL-BION and MELBOURNE respectively.Their versatilitywas emphasised by rapid andaccurate firing in both surfaceand anti-aircraft roles anil byexcellent A/S detection and attack.This ensures their activeparticipation in most featuresof the exercise.QUEENBOROUGH, a specialistfast anti-submarine frigate,was well suited to thepredominantly A-S activities ofBangkok group. All three CommandingOfficers of the Australianships took their turn asscreen commander of their respectivescreens.After a three-day post exercisecritique and relaxationperiod in Singapore, the R.A.N,ships sailed on .Monday. May16, to meet their various operationalcommitments.Sailor* from eifht Seato Nations fraternised when on shore leave durlnc- SEALION."SPORTS DAYDuring OperationSealionIn Manila Harbour an athleticmeet was held on boardthe Royal Navy Carrier, II.M.S.ALBION. Here a husky Americansailor tries his hand at"tossing the caber". The carnivalhonours went to the teamrepresenting H.M.A.S. MEL-BOURNE.Food tastes better . . .FOSTER'SMELBOURNELACItBITTER—Photo courtesy "S. M. Herald"foodbetteriswithGoodBeer12 THE NAVYJun*. I960

——Lieut. B. ORR (right), pilot, andLieut. R. BLOFFWITCH, whose Sea.Venom crash-landed into 9 nylonbarrier on H.M.A.S. MELBOURNE.The champagne is a present fromthe Flag Officer CommandingH.M A Fleet. Rear Admiral W. H.Harrington. The flying fish, apresent from the deck crew, crashlandedon the flight deck a shortwhile before the Sea Venom.(Blocks, courtesy "Navy News").NYLON BARRIER PROVESVALUEIn April, 1959, an aircraftsignalled to her carrier H.M.S.EAGLE—I am in trouble: myarrester hook has jammed.An emergency crew set upthe new "Spider Web" nylonelastic safety barrier, and theaircraft landed without injuryto her pilot or damage to theplane. The first real test hadbeen successful.On March 16 a Sea Venomfrom H.M.A.S. MELBOURNEwas damaged in attempting toland during night exercises.There was a long swell with intermittentrain squalls.Piloted by Lieut. B. Orr,with Lieut. R. R. BlolTwitch asobserver, the plane damagedits nose wheel on the first landingattempt, failed to engagethe arrester wires and overshot.Lieut. Orr's Venom overshoton two attempts to land. Thenose wheel collapsed and thedeck hook failed to function.Moreover, fuel was by this timedangerously short.The decision was then madeto rig the nylon crash barrier—this being the first time thatsuch an emergency procedurehas been adopted in the R.A.N.As it was realised that fuelwas practically exhausted, thecrew of the plane were instructedto use their ejectorseats during their final approachif tlie barrier was notreadied.But the flight deck crewwere equal to their task andthe crash barrier was in fullreadiness. Lieut. Orr made askilful landing and the planecame to rest enmeshed in thenylon strands with both crewmembers uninjured.While this tense drama wasbeing played out, other SeaVenoms and the Gannets carriedout their normal CombatAir ratrol and Convoy Supportduties.Then, during the recent Sealionexercises a Sea Hawk,piloted by Lieutenant MarieThomson, of Newburg, Eng..was unable to lower its flap*fully. It came in to land atspeed, and was brought to astop '7 the nylon barrier andthe usual arrester wire. Againthe plane and its pilot wereuninjured.The Nylon Barrier had againproved itself, another aid withthe mirror landing sight andthe angled deck to make carrierflying so much safer.The Seahawk jet fighter an Instant before hitting the nylon crash harrier. The broadnylon bands wrap around the wings and fuselage and as they give, with the planesmomentum, bring it to a gentle stop.The nylon crash barrier draped around it, the Seahawk comes to a aafe stop on the fllxhtdeck of H.M.S. ALBION.Juns. 1460

U.S. Navy MakesDeep DiveR ecently the u.s. Navyscientists in the Pacificmade a deep dive

floating wasps'nest...ISA flight of high-speed jetsscreams to 30,000 feel from thecarrier deck ...pitchinga magnificent testof pilot, aircraft and the Golden Fleece fuelwhich powers the jet aircraftof the Fleet Air Arm.The same superb quality is availableto you in every gallon of Golden FleeceMotor Spirit and Lubricating Oil,so wherever you drive, lookforthe blue and yellow pump withthe merino ram onGOLDEN FLEECEPETROLEUM PRODUCTS. . proud to b. A«»(r•Han"top.BRITAINRefusesBATHYSCAPEA writer in the British magazine,"Navy", wrote recently:It is clear that Britain is notgoing to plunge headlong intothe exploration of outer space.1 would like to think thatsound judgment and not financialanxiety is the criterion, forthe fantastic possibilities of theuniverse have a mesmerisingeffect upon us.We are inclined to think thatman has discovered more aboutthe planet in which he livesthan he actually has done, forgettingthat two-thirds of theearth's crust lies under the sea— the fringe only having beenseen by man.Such thoughts as these undoubtedlyprompted a Memberto ask the Civil Lord in theHouse of Commons recentlywhy the Admiralty declined anoffer of the Piccard hathyscapewhich probed the deepestknown part of the ocean bed.The Admiralty, said the enquirer.could have the hathyscapefor nothing had it beenprepared to pay running anddevelopment charges.But the hathyscape went tothe American Navy.It looks as though Britainmissed an important opportunityhere. The Navy's HydrographicService has probablycontributed more than anyother service of its kind to theknowledge of the oceans of theworld. It located the greatestdepth in the Pacific, nowreached by Professor Piccard'sson and an American navalofficer.(Continued on page 19)THE NAVYNEW FIRST SEA LORDAdmiral Sir Casper John, K.C.B., hasbeen appointed First Sea Lord. Hereplaces Sir Charles Lambe, whoresigned because of ill-health.Admiral Sir Casper John.K.C.B.. is a son of the famousartist, Augustus John, O.M.He was born in 1903, and is anofficer with exceptional knowledgeof Naval aviation, especiallythe supplv of naval aircraft.Between the two Great Warshe served in several aircraftcarriers. Ill 1941 he became theDirector-General and subsequentlyChief Naval Representativefor Naval Aircraft Developmentand Production atthe Ministry of Aircraft Production.In 1943. he left forWashington to become theHead of the British Naval AirService Representation in theI'nited States. He also servedas Assistant Naval Attache(Air), Washington.In October. 1944. he tookcommand of H.M.S. PRK-TORIA CASTLE, which hadbeen converted for use as anaircraft carrier, and in the fol-Yct we allowed others to diveinto its dark mysteries becauseacceptance of the Piccard offerwould have involved the costof fuel to act as ballast and theexpense of transport to thearea—a small price to pay forthe opportunity to lead in anew and fascinating region fordiscovery. The wealth whichthe sea may one day yield toman may far outweigh the advantagesof space travel.fortunately we arc to begiven a second chance. Thepro-British Piccard family isanxious to build another hathyscapeif Britain wants it. Thisopportunity must not be missed.The sea is the element ofwhich Britain has unrivalledknowledge and experience.Jon.. I960lowing year he commanded thelight fleet carrier, OCEAN,when she was first commissioned.After World War II, he continuedhis association withNaval aviation. In 1948 he wasappointed to command R.N.Air Station, Lossiemouth, Scotland.Then he served in theAdmiralty as Deputy Chief ofNaval Air Equipment, andlater as Director of Air Organisationand Training.He was promoted Rear-Admiralin January, 1951. Onpromotion he was appointed tothe command of the Third AircraftCarrier Squadron.In 1952 he became Chief ofNaval Air Equipment and ChiefNaval Representative at theMinistry of Supply. After areorganisation of the arrangementsbetween the Admiraltyand the Ministry of Supply hebecame Deputy Controller ofAircraft Production at the Ministryof Supply. He was promotedto Vice-Admiral inMarch, 1954. and took up theappointment of Flag OfficerAir (Home) in June, 1955.Admiral John was promotedto his present rank in January,1957—four months before becominga Lord Commissionerof the Admiralty and ViceChief of the Naval Staff. Hegave up that appointment inFebruary.POOLE 6. STEEL LTD.43 STEPHEN STREET, BALMAINNi.W.Telephone: WB2511General Engineers, Boilermakers, Shipbuilders,Dredge BuildersPlans, Specifications and Estimates preparedfor Mining Dredges and Plant of all kinds.Electric Welding and Oxy-acetylene Work.Telegrams:" POOLSTEEL," BALMAIN. NJ.W,

AUSTRALIAN SEA CADETSIN NEW ZEALANDMonday, 11th January, 1960:Our Contingent came together on this dayat Balmoral Naval Depot. We consisted ot2 officers and 21 cadets. One officer each fromN.S.W. and Victoria. Five cadets were fromN.S.W.. 6 from Victoria, 3 from Queensland,2 from S.A., 3 from Tasmania, and one eachfrom Darwin and Canberra. We were tospend four days in Balmoral, settling in as acontingent, kitting up, sightseeing round Sydneyand a little instruction. At noon onThursday, under the glare of TV lights, HisWorship, the Lord Mayor of Sydney, receivedthe contingent in his rooms at the Town Hall,a gracious gesture much appreciated by thecadets. After this reception, cadets weregranted leave until 1830—the first and onlyleave granted in Sydney."Friday, 15th January:After an early lunch, we made our farewellsto the Staff at Balmoral, and thanked themfor their co-operation before boarding the buswhich took us to T.S.M.V. WANGANELLA.which sailed at 3 p.m. The cadets were wellquartered in most comfortable cabins. Thefarewell was a typical Sydney liner farewell,enlivened on this occasion by 21 lusty voicesbooming out our A U S T R A L I A war cry,followed by "Waltzing Matilda."Saturday, 16th January-Monday, 18th Jan.:Cadets settled in well to ship board life,helping to organise and take part in deckgames, taking tricks at the wheel and. ofcourse. Divisions, and church on Sunday. TheCaptain and 1st Officer and Chief Steward allwere most helpful, and allowed the cadetsmany liberties and privileges not normallyavailable to passengers.Friday, 19th January:The WANGANELLA arrived in Aucklandright on time, and we were met by the NavalBaggage Officer, who looked after all our customsand entry forms, and for his help wewere most grateful. At the wharf were Lieutenant-CommanderMarkwick, CommandingOfficer of Auckland Unit, and Lieutenant-Comir.anderAinslee. K.N.Z.N. Staff Officer ReservesAuckland Division, who accompanied us roundto Admiralty Steps to board an M.L. forMotoihi Island, the site of H.M.N.Z.S.TAMAKI, the R.N.Z.N. New Kntry Trainingestablishment. At TAMAKI we were greetedwith a Haka by the N.Z. cadets (40 in number),10 from each Division; also we met theCanadian cadets (17 in number), and Mr.Deane, Dominion Secretary of the NavyLeague. The cadets had the afternoon free tosettle in.Wednesday, 20th January:The United Kingdom contingent arrived,consisting of 12 U.K. cadets commanded byLieutenant-Commander Boulton. There were4 N.Z. Sea Cadet Lieutenants and 1 R.C.S.C.C.Lieutenant.At noon on this day the opening ceremonyof the camp took place. Present were N.O.C.A.Commodore Burke and 2nd Naval MemberR/Admiral l'hipps. It was most gratifyingto us to learn that R/Admiral Phipps hadserved for several years as a Sea Cadet Officer.Thursday, 21st-Saturday, 30th January:During this period the camp progressed withthe cadets becoming more finely tuned day byday. The undoubted highlights of the campwere the two overnight expeditions, half ofthe lads going to each. TAMAKI has threesailing cutters, which lend themselves admirablyto such expeditions. The first party wentto Rakino Island, the second, due to weatherconditions, went to Waihike—a far more hospitablesite than Rakino. The first expeditionwas led by the U.K., Canadian. Otago andChristchurch officers. A small raiding groupattacked the party during the night. Despiteexpansive stories of havoc wrought, theirefforts were largely abortive, but. nevertheless,provided a colourful highlight. The secondparty was not raided. TAMAKI has only one14-ft. dinghy, so cadet sailing was done inwhalers, hence little opportunity was availablefor cadets to get a chance to coxswain. P.O.McCrath. of Gcelong Unit, was made coxswainfor Australia, and in the regatta held on Saturday.30th. sailed to second position, but havingfailed to make one of the marks, all firstthree boats were disqualified on protest.Ill the Tabloid Athletics. Zoeller, from Brisbane,did very well, getting the 2nd highestindividual point score. Canada, with the highestteam points, took the TAMAKI Trophy.Sunday, 31st January:This was the day of the closing ceremonyand prize giving. Mr. Connelly, Minister ofDefence, inspected Divisions, and took thesalute at the March Past. We were mostpleased that Sir John Collins. Australia HighCommissioner, who was in Auckland to receivethe Governor-Gencral-elect, and Lady Collins,were also able to be present. The cadets ofall contingents acquitted themselves well, andwere greatly praised by all spectators.T' * > *«' ' * 'iAustralian Sea Cadeta photographed at Government House with His Excellency TheGovernor, Sir Eric Woodward, on their return from New Zealand. The Cadets were accompaniedby Rear-Admiral H. A. Showern (Retd.) and Mr. Bodney Brown.Monday, lit February:Farewells, cheers, war cries and "WaltzingMatilda" marked our farewell to TAMAKI.and a subdued reception marked our arrival inH.M.N.Z.S. BLACK PRINCE, a cruiser now inreserve, which is used as an accommodationship. That afternoon cadets were given leavein Auckland.Tuesday, 2nd February:During the forenoon the cadets inspectedDevonport Dockyard and then after lunchproceeded to Auckland, where thev were receivedby the 1/ord Mayor at afternoon tea,after which the Auckland Division of the NavyLeague provided two sight-seeing buses toshow us the sights of the city, followed by adinner dance in the Navy League rooms.Thursday, 4th February-Tuesday, 9th Feb.:These days were spent in H.M.N.Z.S.ROTOITI and KANIERE, which ships, togetherwith H.M.A.S. SWAN, H.M.S.ANDREW and H.M.N.Z.S. ROYALIST, weretaking part in the Waitangi ceremony at Russellin the Bay of Islands. A sailing regattaduring our stay at Russell was won by Canada.Wednesday, 10th February:All were glad to be back in BLACK PRINCEand on completion of packing, leave wasgranted.Thursday, 11th February:Embark in Navy buses at 0900 (in the rain)for Rotorua. Lunch at Hamilton with boys ofHamilton High School, and then to Rotorua by1700 (for the tour we were to be accompaniedby Lt.-Cdr. Ainslee. R.N.Z.N., and M.A.A.Thompson on the Reserve Staff of AucklandR.N.Z.N.V.R. Division). That evening we wereguests of the Tourist Department at the MineralBaths, which we found most refreshing.Friday, 12th Februpy:W T e attended a Civic Reception iu the forenoon.and visited Mokoia Island (redolent withmemories of Hinemoa and Tutanekai) out inLake Rotorua. That evening we attended aMaori concert.Saturday, 13th February:This day was spent on a visit to Waitomolimestone caves, and then on return cadetsattended several local Rotorua dances.Sunday, 14th February:In the forenoon we visited Whakoa thermalregion. In the afternoon we visited LakeRotoiti and several other very scenic lakes.An impressive variety concert was put on bya Maori concert group that evening.Monday, l&th February:An early start, to-day, for we are to visitGeyser Valley at Wairaki. Geyser Valley wasmore impressive than Rotorua as far as thermalactivity is concerned and, of course, italso boasts one of the world's two Geo-thermalpower generating plants, where steam from theearth is fed direct to huge turbo generators.After lunching at sumptuous Wairaki hotel,we moved on, past Lake Taupo, and on to the"Desert Road," round the base of partly extinctvolcanoes, Tongariro and Ruapehu. atthe foot of which is the R.N.Z.N. Wireless Station."Irirangi," and the Army Camp atWainuru.Tuesday, 10th February:On to the R.A.N.Z.A.F. Station at Ohakiafor lunch, and then by the Bristol freighter toChristchurch. The flight was enjoyed by some,disliked by others, for Bristols are not renownedfor quiet and comfort. Once in Christchurchwe were adopted by our hosts for thefollowing week.20 THE NAVYJuno. I96021

••• !! 'IJ-'.'-'BWIWJWednesday, nth-Sunday, 21st February:Mostly billeted with loeal eadets or NavyLeague workers; all hands thoroughly enjoyedCanterbury's hospitality. The Navy leaguearranged a eadet dance at H.M.N.Z.S.PEGASUS, the RN.Z.R. drill hall used also bythe Sea Cadet Corps, also visits to a tyre factory.a newspaper office and the National AirlinesCorp hangars and workshops at Christchurchairport. Most exciting was a jet boatdisplay and joy ride on the Wairnak Riverand an M.L. trip to Ripa Island on LytteltouHarbour, which is used as a Sea Cadet Campby the Sumner Redeliffs sub-unit.Monday, 22nd February:Time for farewells to our hosts and oft' overthe Canterbury Plains to Dunedin, where wewere welcomed by our hosts for one night only.T.S. Waireka, the Dunedin Unit, arranged afilm night at their fine unit building, for usthat evening.Tuesday, 23rd-Thursday, 25th February:A Mayoral Reception at the Town Hall, followedby a visit to Museums and lunch at T.S.Waireka, filled our forenoon, and then intothe buses to visit farms in Central Otago, frontwhere we returned on Thursday afternoon.The magnificent adventures enjoyed on thefarms would fill many pages, and were wellworth the great distance travelled. Thursdayevening, after the only bus breakdown of thetour, we returned travel-stained to our Dunedinhosts.Friday, 26th February-3rd March:Friday found us pushing hard to return toChristchureh to again board our Bristols forthe Flight to Wellington, where wc arrived atthe new ltangotai Airport at 1000, and weremet by our Wellington hosts, and so startedanother busy period, this time as guests ofWellington Navy League. Here a further dancewas enjoyed at H.M.N.Z.S. OLPHERT, theR.N.Z.R. Drill Hall, while visits to the Fordfactory, and meat processing works, and alsoa civic reception, filled in different days. Mostcadets also visited the old and new headquartersof the Wellington cadets at Petonc, andmost felt envious of the locals for their newbuilding. Thursday found everyone back withtheir best parade ground manners, for we werereceived by the Prime Minister, Mr. WalterNash, at Parliament House. Mr. Nash thentcok the cadets on a personally col ducted tourof Parliament Buildings and presided at afternoontea.(Continued on page 24;THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES PTY. LTD.GEELONG MELBOURNE PORTLANDVICTORIAAUSTRALIAH.M.A.S.TOBRUK(Above) A cheque being presentedby the ship's companyto the Olympic Fund.The largest organisation in Victorian ports for the supply and erection of fittingsfor the carriage of every description of cargo. Bulk grain fittings a speciality.Dunnage supplied, holds cleaned. Decks caulked. Carpenters, joiners andshipwrights supplied.(Right) Recruits from FlindersNaval Depot Join Tobrukfor their first sea cruise—sixweeks touring the PacificIslands.88-102 NORMANBY RD., SOUTH MELBOURNETelephone: MX 5231 Telegrams and Cables: " FLEETWAYS," Melbourne22 THE NAVYJuno. I960 21

SKA CADETS' TOUR —Continued from page 22At 1600 the first farewells were said, for ourparty had then to depart, and having beenwith the "C'anuchs" and l.K.s for so long, itwas a sad parting. Even the Aussies bad tosplit up, for our trusty Bristol was not available.and two Herons of limited capacity wereall that could be made available, so 15 cadetsand Lieutenant Nicholas went by plane, whilethe other six and I went by train.Friday, 4th March:This was a hectic time bringing any gifts orsouvenirs which had been neglected. Surelynone had. however, for every time we sawcadets, they were haunting the ever-popularsouvenir sho|>s. Anvhow, bv 1400 we were all"back home" in WANGANELLA, and at 1500Auckland Harbour echoed to our well knownAUSTRALIA, and a much more wistful versionof "Waltzing Matilda," for our greatadventure was almost over.Saturday, 5th-Tuesday, 8th March:The trip home was not as calm as the oneover, but all were experienced sailors by now,and only that bad weather made tricks at thewheel out of the question for 24 hours, thecadets followed the same pattern as on theway over.Much time was spent in collecting autographsand addresses and pledging eternalfriendship.Tuesday, dawn found Manly ferries and ourBridge right ahead of us, just as proof that theshow was over.DRIRARMCOMPRESSED YEAST-VACUUM PACKED"Dribarm" is a special form of Compressed Yeast,dried under scientific conditions and carefully compoundedwith a suitable yeast food. Specially suitablewhen not accessible to, or supplied by, bakers.Obtainable from: Merchants, Stores, Grocers,or direct from the Proprietors:MAURI BROTHERS & THOMSON LIMITEDThe Compressed Yeast Co.BOX SI, P.O., WATERLOO, N.S.W.One last moment of glory was a reception atGovernment House by His Excellency the Governorof N.S.W., Sir Eric Woodward, withmorning tea on the verandah. From there werepaired to H.M.A.S. RUSHCUTTER to returnthe loan clothing. Then the farewells started:firstly, when the N.S.W. boys went their separateways; one Tasmanian was next, then at1920 the ltrisbaneites, 2030 the Victorians andSouth Australians. Two Tasmanians, due toleave the following inorniug, and 1 wavingfrom the railway platform, were all that remained.The visit to New Zealand was over.The pictures of "me and the hosts at C'hristchurch"and "cadets returning from the Waihekiexpedition, and the postcards showingl'ohutugeyser in its full glory (not sulking ason the day of our visit), and the little greenstonetikis, and the smell of the sea at RipaIsland in the paua shells, the inlaid rulers andcrested teaspoons—these are the things thatremain that we can see and feel, but the thingsthat count more are the brighter eyes, thesmarter step and straighter backs, for no onecould make such a tour without gaining these.ISut what we gained that was even more importantis the understanding of our BritishCommonwealth partners, the friendshipsformed with those from overseas and with theothers of our own contingent. For these thingsand more we must, in conclusion, say a heartful"thank you" to our Kiwi cousins for havingsaid: "You are invited to send a party of 23to New Zealand in 1960."GUIDED MISSILE SHIPSThe building of guided missileships for the Royal Navyhas not been neglected, andthere are now four ships of thisclass laid down. H.M.S. DE-VONSHIRE will be launchedthis summer. The hulls ofH.M.S. LONDON and H.M.S.HAMPSHIRE arc under constructionand that of H.M.S.KENT was laid down in March.They are "super destroyers"with the Seaslug missile forlong range and Scacat weaponsfor short range attacks. Tlie.vwill also carry a new type ofhoming torpedo, four fullyautomatic 4.5-inch guns and ahelicopter for anti-submarinework.14 THE NAVYWATSON MEMORIALPresentation of BronzePlaquesCHAPELAmong the various links withWatson and other parts of theworld is the strong link betweenWatson and H.M.S.VERNON and H.M.S. DRYAD.H.M.S. VERNON is the headquartersin England of theTorpedo Anti - SubmarineSchool, and H.M.S. DRYAD isthe headquarters of the NavigationDirection School. Inone way thev could be claimedto be the parents of Watson,as they supplied instructorsand staff until Watson was ableto provide qualified officers andstaff from the Royal AustralianNavy.We have just heard thatthese two parent establishmentsare to present a bronze plaqueeach to the Watson Chapel.The one from VERNON willhave the famous prayer writtenby Nelson on the eve ofTrafalgar. 1805. and the onefrom DRYAD will contain partof the message addressed byGeneral Eisenhower to the AlliedExpeditionary Force onJune 6th, 1944. ' Both theseprayers are remarkable (seebelow). Nelson left to fightthe battle of Trafalgar from aspot not very far distant fromwhere H.M.S. VERNON nowstands, and General Eisenhower'sSupreme Headquarterswere at Southwiek, Hampshire,where DRYAD now stands, sothere is a great deal of historybound up with this connection.EISENHOWER'S PRAYERBefore D-Day6th June, 1944"Soldiers, sailors and airmenof the A.E.F., you areabout to embark on the greatcrusade to which we havestriven these many months."The world's eyes are uponyou. The hopes and prayersof liberty-loving people everywheremarch with you."The tide has turned. Freemen of the world are marchingtogether to victory."I have full confidence inyour courage, devotion to dutyand skill in battle. We willaccept nothing less than fullvictory."Good luck, and let us allbeseech the blessings of AlmightyGod upon this greatand noble undertaking."an Australian Margarineblended to suitAustralianconditionsNISII INICERNELSON'S PRAYERBEFORE TRAFALGARMonday, October 21, 180S"May the Great God Whom1 worship grant to my Countryand for the benefit of Europein general a great and gloriousvictory, and may no misconductin anyone tarnish it, andmay humanity after victory bethe predominant feature in theBritish Fleet. For myself individuallyI commit my life toHim Who made me, and mayHis blessing light upon my endeavoursfor serving iny Countryfaithfully. To Him I resignmyself and the just causewhich is entrusted me to defend.Amen. Amen. Amen."MINESWEEPER JOINSMALAYAN NAVYThe coastal minesweeper,DARLASTON, left Plymouthat the end of February forSingapore.On her arrival, she was handedover to the Royal MalayanNavy under ih» terms of theMalayan Defence Agreement.She has been re - namedH.M.M.S. MAHAMERU.N T s aTABLEMARGARINEJuly, I960 II21

N.Z. SURVEYORS(From page 8)oil the old eharts of her watersand those of her dependenciesin the Pacific.From ships and other sourcescome reports of new dangersnot appearing 011 the existingAdmiralty charts. These mustbe investigated and their existenceor non-existence confirmed.This work can sometimesbe done by the larger surveyingmotor launches, but inmany cases LACHLAN carriesout this task.A recent example was the investigationby the ship of ashoal reported in mid-Tasman.which was carried out in Junelast. When a danger to navigationis confirmed, it becomesthe subject of a Notice to Marinersamending the appropriatecharts to show it.Local small surveys are oftenEarlyLot.Mid.Earlylot.•FirstSailingsSept.Oct.Nov.D«c.Dec.ClassfromAustralian§ORIONfORONTES•ORSOVA§ORION•ORCADES§CabinClassPorts:SrEAM NAVIGATION CO. L10-.undertaken for some immediatespecific purpose. The twosurveying motor launches andLACHLAN have just finishedthe re-survey of the WhangareiHeads area in connection withthe investigation being carriedout to find suitable sites for anoil refinery. This was followedby an investigation survey some15 miles north of Westport inconnection with the projectedcoal trade with Japan.MUD COMES IN HANDYSo the bottom of the oceanis covered with mud! Whocares?The Navy cares and. attimes, is glad of it. The CaliforniaAcademy of Sciences,while engaged in an oceanographicsurvey, sponsored bythe Office of Naval Research,reported that not far off the••oast of California the ocean24.000 tons20.000 tons29,000 tons24.000 tons28,000 tonsffouristOne-classbottom was covered with largeareas of thick, gooey mud.Since the ocean's depth at thatpoint was some 500 fathoms,this appeared to be furtherfascinating information—to befiled.Then some unsung geniusconnected this sticky fact withthe problem of disposing oflarge quantities of radioactivewaste.Now, the waste is loaded intosteel drums, carried to muddybottomareas, and heaved overboard.The drums sink farinto the mud long before theydisintegrate, and the mud absorbsthe radiation. This avoidscontaminating large volumesof sea water, which would happenif the drums happened tobe dropped on a sand or rockbottom.The moral? Basic research isa fine thing whenever applied.Greatly reduced off-season Return rates:Homeward Sack Ratara from:Tourist On.-closs First Clan £240 Stq.Cabin Clots First Class £265 Stg.First Class First Class £290 Stg.Return by Ori.nl, P * O, llu. Funn.lLiiws: from U.K., Jan.-Moy, ItM, or 12months lat.r if required.ORIENT LINEDuring the recent visitof Mr. Wilkinson. Minister forDefence to the United States,the Air Correspondent of theLondon Financial Times saidthat he paid particular attentionto the Skybolt and PolarisMissiles.These missiles, savs the correspondent.eould take theplace of the cancelled "BlueStreak" missile.Skvbolt missile is a twostage.solid-fuelled ballisticmissile capahlc of carrying auuclear warhead over distancesof between 1.0(H) and 1.500miles. It is designed for launchingfrom aircraft — the U.S.plans to use Boeing B-52Hs,but almost any large aircraftcould be modified to act as alaunching platform.Total cost of the project overthe next five to six years, whichis the time it will take to developSkybolt to operationalstatus, is estimated at not muchless than 1.000 million dollars.An estimated BO million dollarsis to be spent on the project inthe next financial year, beginningJuly 1.The big advantage in Skyboltis its mobility, due to thetype of aircraft launching platformsused. The U.S. expectsto form the first Skybolt B-52Hsquadron in 1965. with another'22 B-52H squadrons beingformed thereafter.STRATEGIC AIRCOMMANDMany of these squadronswill be based in the U.S.. butsome of them may be basedwith the outlying posts of theStrategic Air C o m m andthrough the world — possiblyeven in the U.K.POLARIS MISSILESPolaris is the U.S. Navy'sfleet Ballistic Missile — againa solid-fuelled weapon — witha range of around 1.500 miles.BRITISH INTERESTU.S. GUIDED MISSILESA U.S. nuclear submarine blasts off a guided missile.which is intended primarily forfiring from submerged submarines.although smaller versionsof it could be developed forfiring from mobile land-basedplatforms, such as trucks andtrains, or from river-vessels oroff-shore barges.At present, seven nuclearpoweredsubmarines are underconstruction specifically for thePolaris, each capable of carrying16 missiles. The whole costof the Polaris programme isalso put at around 1.000 milliondollars, but this is expectedto be increased substantiallyas current plans for more Polaris-carryingsubmarines cometo fruition.Polaris is an earlier missilethan Skybolt, and it is alreadyundergoing test firings, priorto joining the fleet later thisyear or early in 1961. Recently,the U.S. Navy opened a new 27million dollar Polaris assemblydepot on the Cooper River nearCharleston, South Carolina.Further developments of Polaris.extending its range capabilityto 2,500 miles, could bein service by 1963, accordingto Rear-Admiral William F.Raborn, head of the Polarisprogramme.THENAVYJune.I960

Admiralty Floating Dock No. 59ADMIRALTY Floating DockNo. 59. which was laiddown at H.M. Dockyard. Portsmouth,011 1st January, 1959.was "launched" on March 31,I960, by Lady Carrington,wife of the First Lord of theAdmiralty.A.F.I). 59 has been constructedin a dry dock and was readyfor floating out after thelaunching ceremony, which entailedthe flooding of the drydock. The machinery for thisoperation was set in motion byLady Carrington.The dock will be capable oflifting all existing destroyersand frigates, as well as submarinesof the latest type, andwill be used initially in the fittingout of the nuclear submarineDREADNOUGHT.The Dock is 400 feet long.77 feet wide, and 65 feet high.and is an all-welded structurecontaining some 4,500 tons ofsteel. Extensive use has beenmade of pre-fabrication. andthe completion of the structurewithin fifteen months representsa considerable achievement.more particularly as tilework was carried out in a drydock which lacked many of thefacilities normally associatedwith a building slip. Assistancein fabrication of certain fittingswas given by Chathamand Rosyth dockyards.It will be fully equipped tocarry out routine maintenanceand repairs of ships docked init, and will provide accommodationand living facilities tothe latest habitability standards.including air conditioningand fluorescent lighting inall cabins and messes, for abouttwo hundred men.WATCHMANfor the Herald OfficeProm time to time positions asWatchman become available at TheHerald Si Weekly TimesLtd.These are worthwhile permanentpositions which would appeal to menof responsibility and integrity whomay be due for retirement in the nearfuture.The conditions of employment areexcellent and amenities include goodA push button control systemwill be installed for theoperation of the Dock, and themain pumps for controlling theraising and lowering of theDock will be capable of dealingwith over 200 tons of waterper minute. Instruments willbe fitted to record for the DockMaster's information thestrains coming on the structureduring the docking operation.Four main generators andtwo auxiliary generators supply1,320 kw. for the mainpumping machinery, lighting,etc. This power supply is sufficientfor the domestic load ofa vessel in the dock and powerand lighting for repairs in additionto the dock services.The Dock will be equippedwith special sliding keel blocksfor the docking of submarines.A 71 ton travelling crane issituated on. and runs the fulllength of. each dock wall.wages, superannuation after a qualifyingperiod, four weeks' annual leave,ten-shift fortnight, medical centre andcafeteria facilities.Applicants, who should be in perfectphysical condition and under 55 yearsof age, should telephone the StaffSuperintendent at MF0211to arrangean interview, or write to the StaffSuperintendent giving details of age.experience and personal history, togetherwith copies ofThe Herald and Weekly Time* Ltd.44-74 Flindera Stmt, Melbourne. MF0211.references.21 THE NAVYIDENTIFYING WRECKS BYTV CAMERAM.A. Ships. VAMPIREH• and QUICKMATCH, returningfrom exercises recently,located a strange "object" ontheir ASDIC.Located approximately 15miles off Sydney Heads in 500feet of water, the Navy tookno chances. For several daysVAMPIRE and QUICK-MATCH, assisted by H.M.Submarines, ANDREW andANCHORITE, and by GannetA/S aircraft from the FleetAir Arm base at Nowra, NewSouth Wales, kept the objectunder surveillance.Then, satisfied that the objectwas a wreck, the ships returnedto Sydney.Among the many suggestionsmade by the newspapers, wasthat TV cameras should be usedto identify the object.The use of TV for this purposeis not new—the most publicisedease was, of course,when a TV camera located andidentified the sunken Britishsubmarine. AFFRAY, in theEnglish Channel.The most recent case was inDecember last year when theR.N.Z.N. used this method toexamine the wreck of the merchantship, HOLMGLEN.Here is how a writer fromthis service described the operation.A year of unusual tasks forthe New Zealand Navy wasbrought to an appropriate conclusionby "Operation Holmglen,"an examination, at therequest of the Marine Department,of the wreck of thecoaster which foundered 20miles off Timaru on the nightof 24th November with all 15of her crew.Task Unit 329 was formedfor the purpose. It was a mixedforce which worked remarkablywell together. The FleetAuxiliary TUI, under her master,Captain R. W. Aylward, iscivilian manned, but for thisoperation a number of navalratings was added. She carriedthe portable decompressionchamber for the divers, a medicalofficer, an underwater televisioncamera, and the technicalofficers to operate it, and aphotographer. The second shipwas the diving tender MANA-WANUI, commanded by LieutenantT. H. Wick 111 a n,R.N.Z.N. She carried a teamof divers who had been speciallyconditioned to dives downto the 220-feet ui which thewreck was lying. The entireoperation was under CommanderJ. I'. S. Valiant, R.N.Z.N.,executive officer of the cruiser,H.M.N.Z.S. ROYALIST.After the divers had workedup at the Great Harrier, theunit sailed from Auckland andmade a brief visit to Lyttelton.Location of the wreck was expectedto be difficult; it provedto be dramatically swift. Theuuit steamed 108 miles southfrom Lyttelton with the landtotally obscured by cloud. Late011 21st December the shipsncared the rei orted site of thewreck. TUI slowed and begana search run. Within minutesthe echo sounder trace showedthat she had passed over theHOLMGLEN and that, of thousandsof square miles of ocean,she had found the exact smallpoint.The following day TUI laida web of moorings totallingsome 9.000 feet to hold herselfover the Wreck, and the underwatercamera was lowered.After a preliminary exploration,the screens in the shipshowed a litter of articles onthe sea-bed—a book, a saucepanand tools. Then, withstartling clarity—not to beequalled for the remainder ofthe operation—the wreck cameclearly into view.The "OBJECT" as shown on an Aidfc Trace.Juns, I960 2t

An electronic camera with amagazine holding 300 shotsphotographed the scene on thescreens as the underwater camera,with its coupled spotlights,began the slow work of examinationand identification. Thisexamination continued throughChristmas Day, broken at intervalsby the painful necessityof recovering and relaying themoorings. Finally, Petty OfficerF. Brady dived on themorning of Boxing Day. Hefound visibility limited to twofeet—he could not see his divingboots—but he made an examinationof areas of the hullby touch.Alter this dive, televisionexamination was continueduntil, by 27th December,sufficient information wasobtained.TV camerawith specialguard andlights whichfoundAFFRAY.How the nameshowed up onthe TVscreen.H.M.A.8. QUADRANT UNDERGOES TILTING TEST AT GARDEN I8LANDThe angle at which sh3 listed caused many people to ring Naval HeadquartersThis space is Australian-Oriental Line Ltd. ) Jointsponsored by: The China Navigation Co. Ltd. \ ServiceNew Guinea Australia Line Ltd.anxiouslySWIRE fr YUILL PTY. LTD., Ceneral Agents, 6 Bridge Street, SydneyHIGH PURITY ZINC IS THE ANSWERSacrificial anodes prevent corrosion in underwater andOKCKNT developments in theproduction of ultra highpurity zinc — 99.99% — havebeen the significant factor inthe increasing use of sacrificialzinc anodes for the preventionof corrosion in both underwaterand underground installationsin Australia.The Royal Australian Navyand the Melbourne HarbourTrust have found that the useof zinc anodes has increasedresistance to corrosion of theirvessels, and the (las and FuelCorporation of Victoria hasconducted successful experimentsinvolving their use asprotection against corrosion ofservice pipes.Other applications includethe cathodie protection of mooringchains and cables, and it isanticipated that their rangewill soon increase in line withdevelopments overseas.Recent years have broughtabout a steadily increasingawareness of the great lossescaused by corrosion and a realisationof its gigantic cost. Thecost, however, can be reducedgreatly by a proper extensionof those principles governingthe selection of materials andtheir protection which are nowknown and practised.The use of zinc anodes is notnew; only the modern compositionof the attodes is of a revolutionarycharacter.They were first used in 1824to protect copper sheathing onthe hulls of British naval vessels,but ill more recent yearsthey lost some of their popularitybecause of inconsistenciesundergroundinstallationsdue to lack of knowledge orattention to such factors as theneed for high purity zinc, theimportance of providing permanentlylow resistance connections.or the quantity ofzinc required.It is only comparatively recently.following intensive research.study iind experimentsthat they have returned to favourwith significant advantagesover other sources of cathodiecurrent in salt water and insome underground installations.These advantages have beenbrought about primarily by theimproved purity of present-dayzinc anodes, because it is afact that their effectiveness dependson the purity of thematerials used.The anodes being used bythe Navy, Melbourne HarbourTrust and the (ias and FuelCorporation of Victoria aremade from 99.99% zinc and99.99$- aluminium, up to 0.5%aluminium being used. Thezinc is provided by the KleetrolyticZinc Co. of AustralasiaLtd., the only producer in Australiaof 99.99% zinc.WATSON & CRANE PTY. LIMITED• MANUFACTURERS & DISTRIBUTORS ofAll Standard and Special Brassware Fittings, including the"WATCRANE" Spring Coclt, for the Plumber end Hot WaterEngineer.• SUPPLIERS ofFull range of Gunmetal, Cart Iron and Steel Valves forWater, Air, Oil and Steam; Baths, Basins, Lowdown Suites,Heaters and "IDEAL" Hot Water Boilers.• ELECTROPLATING SPECIALISTS inChrome, Silver, Nickel, Cadmium and Tin.• FOUNDERS ofNon-Ferrous Castings and Hot Pressings, etc., in Brass,Gunmetal, Phosphor Bronze, Aluminium Alloys.• DIEMAKERSWORKS AND FOUNDRY:Fairfield Street, Villawood, N.S.W.'Phone: YU 7171WAREHOUSE:1037-1047 Sourke Street, Waterloo, N.S.W.'Phone: MX 576130THE NAVYJuly, I960 II

T H O M A SROBINSON&SON PTY. LTD.•FLOUR MJLLANDBABCOCKBOILERS... are used in 900 POST-WARMERCHANT VESSELS and forover three-quarters of the Britishpost-war naval programme.•AICOCX a MICOXOF AUSTRALIA PH. 110.HEAD Ofllti i »OM! MCiHTI fA««, U.S.*.WOOD-WORKINGENGINEERS160 SUSSEX STREETSYDNEYN.S.W.JOINTHENAVYLEAGUEThe object of the Navy League in Australia likeih older counterpart, the Navy League in Britain,is to insist b/ all means at its disposal upon thevital importance of Sea Power to the BritishCommonwealth of Nations. The League sponsorsthe Australian Sea Cadet Corps by giving technicalThe League consists of Fellows (Annual or Life) andsea training to and instilling naval training in boyswho intend to serve in Naval or Merchant servicesand also to those sea-minded boys who do notintend to follow a sea career, but who, given thisknowledge, will form a valuable Reserve for theNaval Service.Associates.All British subjects who signify approval to the objects of the League are eligible.MAY WE ASK YOU TO IOIN and swell our members so that the Navy League in Australia may bewidely known and exercise an important influence in the life of the Australian Nation?For particulars, contact The Secretary, 66 Clarence Street, Sydney, N.S.W.or The Secretary, Room 8, 8th Floor, 528 Collins Street, Melbourne, C.I, Victoriaor one of the Hon. Secretaries at:• Box 376E, G.P.O.. Brisbane, Queensland • 30 Pirie Street, Adelaide, S.A.• 726 Sandy Bay Rd„ Lower Sandy Bay, Hobart • 62 Blencowe St., West Leederville, W.A.• P.O. Box 90, Darwin, N.T. • 60 Limestone Ave., Ainslie, Canberra, A.C.T.T h e N u c l e u s . . .Al Ihc core of our complex industrial structure is steel, the most useful melal in the world.Steel provides the basic raw material of our modern living, for it is well nigh impossible to think ofanyproduct or service which does not require steel in some way ... our buildings . . . machines . . ships... the thousands of everyday producis we lake for granted, evolve from the steel ingot.Australia is fortunate in having a highly efficient steel industry; by supplying steel to the nation atreasonable prices it is playing an important part in our national development, and through its vigorousexpansion programme, will continue to serve our surging, national progress.E B R O K E N H I L L P R O P R I E T A R Y C O . L T D . . A N D S U B S I D I A R I E S32THE NAVY

D o y o u r e q u i r e . . •CIRCLESSHEET*X ,COPPER BRASS ALUMINIUMOnly "Austral"ma«t» thehighest standardsof qualityand tolerance.Yes. we have comprehensiveslocks available to suit therequirements of fabricatorsol all types of non-ferrousproducts.• c o m * AND CO fPtK ALLOYSflUSTRHL# BRONZECOMPANY PTY LIMITEDOf particular interest to thebuilding trade is the fact that"Austral" copper sheet can bepurchased in coils of up to 250'in length and up to 3' wide.15-23 O'Riordu StreetAlaundru N S WBoi 7015. G.P.O., Sydney473-479 Swjn StraitBurnley, VictoriaBoi 13. P.O.. Rlchme;.J. IB 4324224 Montaf Ji ReadW«t End. Qld. Boi 1472«G P.O I 656?• 01 St. George's Tsrra:tPerth, I*.A.BA 7072128-130 Rothschild AvenueRoubtni. N S W Boi 31. P.O.noMbiry. MU 4443463 Torrent Road. WoodiilleS.A. Boi 5o8E. G P.O.II 5366Boi 42, P.O., GlanorchyHobirt, Tasmania76887Why not write or call us, outliningyour requirements —the services of our TechnicalAdvisory Service arc at yourdisposal, completely free of charge.•"01*Printed by Snipping Newspapers Ltd.. 14 Bond Street, Sydney

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wSERVICETO INDUSTRYCOPPER • BRASS • BRONZE • ALUMINIUMAuslral Alloys of Copper. Bronze and Aluminium possess allthe chemical, physical and mechanical properties demandedby modern industry. Fabricators know that Austral BronzeCompany supply the highest quality material to their mostexacting requirements and tolerances.NOTE: Sheet tint! Strip proitm Is tire availahlc in continuous U-nfilhcoils to i ill protlin lion ci>sl.flUSTRHL#• Extruded Rod, Bars, Wire andSpecial Sections• Strip • Circles• Sheet • PlateCOMPANY PTY. LTD.BRONZE128 130 Rothschild Av.. 473-479 Swan St., 224 Montague Rd„Rotebery. MU 4443 Burnley. JB 4324. West End. J 6562.463 Torrent Rd., 101 St. 6eor«e't Tor.. Box 42, P.O., Glenorchy.Weodville JI 5366 Perth BA 7072. Mobort 76BB7 HebortConsiderable stocks ore available in oil Austral Bronze warehouses to satisfy the requirementsof fabricators of all types of non-ferrous products.AB128/8.3Vol. 23"'HAVlfJULY, I960CONTENTSLMITC; • LL L;' f.ASY2 3 AUG 1960SVBWCYPageNaval Communications — WIN BATTLES 3H.M.A.S. "HARMAN" 6International Co-ordination of Time Signals 7H.M.A.S. "HARMAN"—Technical 8WRANS Part in Naval Communications 10First Naval Apprentices Pass Out . 10Visual Signalling is not a Modern Art 11New Ratings Block at H.M.A.S. "HARMAN" 13Submarine Versus Submarine 14Latest Developments in Soviet Naval Policy 19See Cadets in the News 21Queen's Birthday Honours 23New Type Sonar 24Russian Submarines 25Merchant Shipping — Nuclear Power 27Plus news items from all Compass Points.Published by The Navy League ofAustralia.N.S.W.: 66 Clarence St.. Sydney. VIC.: 443 Little Collins St.. Melbourne.ADVERTISING: Sydney—29 6531; Melbourne—MU 3123.SUBSCRIPTION RATE: 12 issues post free in the British Commonwealth, 20/-.Copies of' "Herald" photographs published may be obtained direct fromPhoto Sales, " Sydney Morning Herald/' Hunter Street, Sydney.To "The Navy"Box 4819, G.P.O.Sydney, N.S.W.SUBSCRIPTION FORMI enclose 20/- (postal note, money order or cheque) for12 issues of " The Navy/' post free, commencing fromNameStreetCityDateJuly. I960(Please add evehange whereStateapplicable)THE NAVY LEAGUEOF AUSTRALIAPATRON:is Excellency The Governor-General,be Rt. Hon. Viscount Dunrossil, P.C.,G.C.M.G., M.C., K.8U., Q.C.FEDERAL COUNCIL:President: Rear Admiral H. A.Showers. C.B.E. (Retd.).Deputy President: Cdr. R. A. Nettleford.DB.O.. V.R.D.. R.A.N.R.Secretary: Lieutenant Ifackay-Orulse.R.A.N.R.New South Wales Division:Patron: His Excellency The Oovernorof New South Wales.President: Rear Admiral H. AShowers. C.B.E.Secretary: Lieutenant Mac kay-Cruise,R.A.N.R.Hon. Treasurer: R. I. Rae. Esq.Victorian Division:Patron: His Excellency the Governorof Victoria.President: Lleut.-Comdr. A. N. Bouiton.R.A.N.R.Secretary: Miss E. C. Shorrocks. Room8. 8th Ploor. 528 Collins Street,Melbourne.South Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof South Australia.President: Surgeon-Comdr. R. F.Matters (Retd.).lion. Sec.: R 8utton. Esq.. 30 PlrleStreet, Adelaide.Tssmanian Division:Patron: Vice Admiral Sir Guy Wystt.K.B.E.. C.B., R.N. (Retd.).President: Comdr. A. H. Green, O.B.E..D.S.C.. R.A.N. (Retd.).Hun. Sec.: Comdr. O. E. W. W. Bayly.O.B.E.. V.R.D.. R.A.N.V.R. (Retd ).726 8andy Bay Road. Lower 8andyBay. Hobart.Western Australian Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof Western Australia.President: Roland Smith, Esq.Hon. Sec. - Hon. Treas.: K. Olson.Esq., 62 Blencowe Street. WestLeedervllle. W.A.Queensland Division:Patron: His Excellency The Governorof Queensland.President: Comdr. N. S Plxley.M BE.. V R.D.. R.A.N.R. (Retd).Rv«n House. En^le Street. Brisbane,lion. Sec.: G. B. O'Neill. Esq.. Box376E.. G P.O.. Brisbane.Australian Capital Territory Division:President: Lt.-Cdr. J. B. Howae.R.A.N.V.R.. M.P.. Parliament House.Canberra. A.C.T.Hon. Sec.. Lieut. D. M. Blake.R A.N.V.R.. 60 Limestone Avenue.Alns'le. A C T Phone: J 3237.Northern Territory Division:Patron: His Honour the Administrator.J. C. Archer. Esq., 0 3 IPresident: Captain 8. H. K. 8purgeon.DSO.. O.B.E.. R.A.N. (E/Ll.Hon. Sec.: C A. J. McRae. Esq.. c/-Welfare Branch. Darwin. N.T.AUSTRALIAN SEA C*DET COUNCIL:Representatives of the Naval Beard:Director of Naval Reserves. CaptainW. B M. Marks. C.B.E.. DS C..Comdr H. L. Gunn. O.BJt.. DB.C.Representatives of The Navy Leacue:Comdr R. A Nettlefold. DSC.V R D . R.A.N.V.R.L G. Pearson. Esq.: L. Pony the.Esq.Lleut.-Comdr. P. O. EvansR AJ* VHHon. See.: Lieutenant Mackay-Cruise.R.A.N.R.

BIGGERCAPSTANin anew,modernAlways ask for . . .sizeSHELLEY'SFAMOUS DRINKSObtainable from leading•hops and saloonsCORDIAL FACTORYSHELLEY & SONSMURRAYPTY. LTD.STREETMARRICKVILLENAW.•Phone: LA 5461DRIBAR IWMauri2-6COMPRESSED YEASTVACUUM PACKED'Dribarm' is a special form of compressed yeast,dried under scientific conditions and carefullycompounded with a suitable yeast food.Packed to the high specifications of the AusfalianNavy.Obtainable from: Merchants, Stores, Grocers ordirect fromBrothers & Thomson (N.S.W. Branch) Pty. Ltd.Barrack Street, Sydney — Telephone BX 2601Get your suppliesofVULCATEX RUBBATEX HORNEXfromFORBES KANKEN & SONS PTY.24 Bond Street, Sydney'Phone: BU 346!LTD.NICOL BROS. PTY. LTD.INCORPORATINGPENGUIN HEAVY LIFTING PTY. LTD.&PENGUIN PTY. LTD.ALL CLASSES OF STEAM, DIESELAND GENERAL ENGINEERINGBOILERMAKERS, OXY-ACETYLENEAND ELECTRIC WELDERSPLUMBING AND ELECTRICAL WORKFLOATING CRANE AVAILABLE AT ALL TIMES(20 TON CAPACITY)ALL CLASSES OF MARINE EQUIPMENT FOR SALE10-20 WESTON ST., BALMAIN EAST'Phones: WB3121 — 5 linesAfter Hours: UM 9485, WM 3225, FM 5708Naval CommunicationsWin BattlesATTLES have been lost, forB want of a horseshoe nail,but many more have been lostthrough lack of communicationsor because of faults orbreakdowns in this importantpart of our organisation.In 1942, for example, ourcommunications won a battlefor us. The outlook was grimenough for the worst of pessimists.France out of it, Italyand Japan agair.st us. the latterhaving proved to be a wellorganised,capable and ruthlessenemy. They had capturedhalf a world, including our impregnablefortress at Singapore.They had dealt theI'.S.A. a crippling blow andbad sunk our best ships —PRINCE OF WALES and RE-PULSE, PERTH and HOUS-TON. YARRA and VAMPIRE,and dozens more. The NewWorld in the U.S.A. was notyet strong enough to save theOld, but it was willing to try.So here they were, with seventyships and thousands of men,assisted by H.M.A. Ships AUS-TRALIA, CANBERRA andHOBART to re-capture thecapital of the British SolomonIslands and Guadalcanal. Thislatter was important becausethe Japanese had almost completedan airstrip there, fromwhich they could have successfullybombed the East Coast ofAustralia. With the ports ofNewcastle and Kembla out ofaction. Australia's war effortmight be practically finished.The invading armada had succeededin landing the Marines,together with their warlikestores and equipment. The pacewas a furious one. for we knewthat far away to the North, atRalmul. were many more Japanesein ships, submarines andaircraft, who would probablytake exception to our temerityand doubtless would attempt toput a spoke in our wheel, orperhaps try to knock a fewout.Our gallant little Force ofCoast Watchers, hiding onthese islands in close proximityto, and hunted by, the Japanese,never staying in one spotmore than a few hours, nowcomeinto the picture.They did not know of ouroperations, of course, but oneof them, Paul Mason, Esq.,heard what he considered to beabout forty heavy bomberspass close to him, headingsouth. He, therefore, called upa certain call sign and madethe following message :"FORTY HEAVY BOMBERSFLYING SOUTH 1030 MA-SON," which was safely receivedon the mainland of Australia.The message was thenpassed to Brisbane, from whereit was relayed to Sydney. Fromhere it was relayed to CanberraNaval Radio Station, whotransmitted it to Pearl Harbour,in mid-Pacific. PearlHarbour transmitted it on theship broadcast, and we receivedit in H.M.A.S. AUSTRALIA at1057. That message, whichtook twenty-seven minutes toreach us was a very valuableone. We knew how far NorthMason was. and we knewroughly the speed of heavybombers. We, therefore, knewthe Japanese would arriveoverhead at about midday.We set about making preparationsto greet them, andhoped they'd bring their ownlunch since we hadn't verymuch. We stopped the unloadingof the convoy, got itunder way ill a compact littlefleet, with the warships in atight circle about it, and hadthem going at full speed andzig-zagging.When the Japanese arrivedwe were ready for them, andno ship was hit by a bomb,though several were damagedby torpedoes and one by a suicidepilot.However, without that messagefrom Mr. Mason we.mighthave had such serious casualtiesas to cause our withdrawalfrom the venture. Hence, youmay see the importance of theefficient Communications Organisation.Now, the way theCommunication Organisationworks is as follows:—Admiralty, in London, haswhat are ca'lled "FIXED SER-VICES" with each of theNaval Commands. Each Commandhas Fixed Services withWHITEHALL, and with theneighbouring Commands: andso we in Australia are in touchwith:IX>NDONSINGAPOREWELLINGTON (N.Z.)PEARL HARBOUR.If we want to pass a messageto, say, MALTA, we pass itvia CANBERRA and LON-DON. One for WASHING-TON could go via PEARL,while a message for a ship atsea on the Far East Stationwould go via SINGAPORE.Each Naval Command has itsown internal organisation. Australia'snerve centre is at CAN-BERRA NAVAL RADIO STA-TION in H.M.A.S. HARMAN.This station is connected by aTeleprinter Network to Sydneyand Melbourne, as well asto the R.A.A.F. and Army Network.HARMAN is a MajorTHENAVYJuly, 1*60 3

NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS (Cont.)Tape Relay Station, as well asour Main Railio Station. Sydneyand Melbourne are MinorTape Relay Stations, and theyeach have many tributariesrunning off to outlying stations.For example. Sydneyserves The Flag < Ifficer-iiit'harge.East Australia, theR.A.N. Air Station and theAustralian Joint Anti-SubmarineSehool at NOW HA.H.M.A.S. PENGUIN, H M A S.WATSON, The DOCKYARD,and many other Naval Establishments.Each of these isconnected by teletype or someother means to Sydney SignalCentre, but if a ship has sailed,she must be reached by radio—close to the port she would bereached on the loeal coastalfrequency, but if proceedingfar from port she will have setwatch on the Area Broadcastand will receive her messagesvia CANBERRA N A V A I.RADIO. Each message is numberedanil the ship makes sureher numerical sequence is completeso that no messages arcmissed. She must ask for themissing ones.The messages passing betweenLONDON and CAN-BERRA are usually by RadioAutomatic Teletype (RATT).and many of the ships are fittedto receive RATT as well. Thisis automation entering into thegame, for it is not read by aman using a pencil or typewriter.A teletype operatortypes the message out by teletypeperforator, which makesa tape somewhat after the fashionof the old pianola roll. Theperforated tape, when put in atransmitter head, passes themessage out over the air bymeans of radio signals, wtuch.as they are nicked up in thereceiving ships, works the teletypethere to give a replica ofwhat was originally typed.Ships in harbour obtain theirmessages via Sydney SignalCentre. Urgent signals arepassed at once, either by visualsignalling, by telephone or byradio. Non-urgent messagesare usually collected twicedaily by the orderly or postman.On receipt, the messagesare copied and delivered to thenecessary officers or offices, andare filed ill the correct logs sothat they may easily be tracedor referred to.Confidential or secret messagesare. of course, never madein plain language. These mustbe dealt with by the cryptographicteam, who are skilledin the art of encrypting anddecrypting messages. So skilledare they that sometimes nobodyat all can unravel whatthey have done!The Communications Departmentis the eyes and ears ofHer Majesty's Fleet, and theyarc never closed. Fur twentyfourhours every day. and for:ttifi days in I960 they watchand listen, and they providethe means whereby the Admiralmay receive informationand pass his orders to the shipsand authorities under his command.Mercury was the Messengerof the finds, and the RoyalNavy's Signal Sehool is calledH.M.S. MERCURY because wecommunicators are the messengersof the admirals and wewill put a girdle round theearth (by radio) in about a fifteenthpart of a second.C. H. NICHOLIjS.H.M.A.S. Vampire —Radio Messages go byAutomatic TeletypeU.R.A.N. Margaret Lumaden chocking tape relay.SUUp. like H.M.A.S. VAMPIRE and QUIBERON, at pre^nt aervl» r with the StrategicRewrvr. are In conrtant wtrelew communication with AuMralhJi NavJ^uSJrtSS4 THE NAVYJuly, I960

H.M.A.S.T an Imperial ConferenceA held in London in 1926.discussions on Empire Defencetook in a long range plan ofEmpire Communications. Thethen relatively new techniqueof long range communicationsusing short wave was to heexploited fully and a chain ofwireless stations was to be estalishedthroughout the Empireto ensure satisfactory defencecommunications.The Australian CommonwealthNaval Board decided tohave its major Shore WirelessStation nearby and under itsdirect control. Even in the1930's it was planned to havethe Headquarters of the threeDefence Services in Canberra.Accordingly suitable transmittingand receiving sites wereselected in the districts of Belconnenand Woden in the AustralianCapital Territory.Work commenced in constructing"HARMAN" in 1938.The first message was receivedfrom Singapore Radio on 19thDecember, 1939. Before thatdate, however, telegraphistsspent many hours diggingholes for trees and shrubs atboth stations from which havegrown magnificent windbreaks. The present occupantsare grateful for this forethought.H.M.A.S. "HARMAN" wasnamed after the Director ofNaval Communications and assistantof the time, CommanderB. H. Harvey. R.N. and CommanderJ. B. Newman, R.A.N.There was a first "unofficial"message received "outof the blue" from a Walrusamphibian aircraft fromH.M.A.S. "ALBATROSS".The aircraft was flown fromJervis Bay to look at thestation from the air anddropped a good luck messageas it flew across. With "HAR-HARMANMAN" going on the air aconsiderable load dropped fromGarden Island and HindersNaval Depot Wireless Stationswhich up to this time hadtaken the brunt of Naval Communicationssince the outbreakof war.WRANS first appeared inthe form of 12 girls who werepart of a private (but publiclyminded)organisation calledthe Women's Emergency Corp.These girls had been trainedin morse code by a Mi's. Mc-Keuzie of Sydney who hadbeen far-sighted enough torealise the value of suchoperators. Her trained girls,when offered to the Navy, weresent to "HARMAN" "on approval''. where they provedthemselves rapidly. They subsequentlymerged into theWRANS. From the outbreakof the Japanese War there wasa steady build-up in personneland equipment to a peak of 600in 1943/44.The station represented quitea mixed bag of men and womenRAN, RN. and USN with theArmy providing guards forsecurity purpose:,.On 15th May, 1946, in additionto Naval Communications,"HARMAN" providedbroadcast facilities for MerchantShips in the AustralianArea. This was part of a worldwidescheme sponsored by theAdmiralty to provide safe andefficient communcations forBritish Commonwealth Ships.It is not generally knownthat all long-distance radiotelegrams to and from merchantships in and out of Australiapass through "HAR-MAN" in some form. Thiswork is carried out by theNavy, free of charge.Following the run down ofWRANS after the war. thegirls re-appeared in 1951 anilhave been growing in numbersever since. A modernisationprogramme has been progressingsteadily with the resultthat there has been a completechange-over in equipment.Of the original transmitters,only 4 remain. Three are duefor very early replacement.The fourth is still the mostpowerful transmitter in theSouthern Hemisphere and willcomplete a 20-month refit inOctober. Not only will navaland merchant ships be glad tohave it available again, but sowill organisations such as theUniversity of Sydney, theNational Observatory at MountStromlo and the Sydney WaterBoard.The modernisation programmehas resulted in "HAR-MAN" being one of the mostmodern Shore Wireless Stationsin the British Commonwealth,if it is not the mostmodern. There is little morseused now. Radio Teletype isthe normal method of communication.even the fleet receivesits messages on a teleprinter.The receiver andtransmitter b u i I d i u g s aremasterpieces of radio engineering.The comfort of the sailorsand WRANS has not beenforgotten. The WRANS arealready living -in modern, centrallyheated quarters whichwere officially opened by H.R.II.Princess Alexandra, on 23rdSept., 1959. Construction ofnew bachelor quarters for thesailors has commenced at"HARMAN" and "BELCON-NEN" and will be ready foroccupation earlv in 1961."HARMAN"' is the onlynon-stop operational "ship" inthe RAN, working -24 hoursper day, throughout the year.This has been the case sincethe first morse code in London,the ship's motto of NE CEDEcould be well twisted into"We never close."INTERNATIONALCO-ORDINATION OF TIMEAND FREQUENCYSERVICES.It has been agreed, by theauthorities concerned, that thetime and frequency transmissionsof the United States andthe United Kingdom shall heco-ordinated.The purpose of this synchronisationis to provide auniform system of time andfrequency transmissions, whichis needed in the solution ofmany scientific and technicalproblems in such fields as radiocommunications, geodesy andthe tracking of artificial satellites.Participating in the projectare the Royal Greenwich Observatory.the National PhysicalLaboratory, the Post OfficeEngineering Dept. of the UnitedKingdom, and, in the UnitedStates, the U.S. Naval Observatory,the Naval Research Laboratoryand the NationalBureau of Standards.It is anticipated that, withthe completion of modernisationof t'>e 200 Kilowatt poweroutput transmitter at H.M.A.S.HARMAN. Australia will alsojoin in this programme oftransmissions.The transmission stationswhich are at present includedin the co-ordination plan areGBR and MSF at Rugbv. England: NBA. Canal Zone; WWWBeltsville, Marvland: andWWVH, Hawaii.Co-ordination began in January.It is expected that by theend of 1960 the time signalsfrom all participating stationswill be emitted in synchronismto the thousandth of a second.Such accuracy has been neededfor some time in tracking artificialsatellites on a world-widebasis.Checking Equipment inTransmitter Control RoomTHE NAVYJuly,I9601

WRANSPart in NavalCommunicationsToday, many young women,from all over Australia, arctaking their stand alongsidemen of the Navy in maintainingvital communication!) withships and naval establishmentsof the British Commonwealth.Typical of these youngwomen is W.R.A.N P.O. BarbaraCobcroft. of Mega. NewSouth Wales, who has .servedat the Naval W/T Stations atCanberra and Darwin.During the five years she hasbeen in the W.R.A.N.S., Barbaraestimates that she wouldhave sent, or received, over theair, a million words.England. United States. Canada,South Africa. India, arebut a few of the countries shehas talked to, while ships inSingapore. Hong Kong. Honoluluand the Antarctic are buta few who have been glad torecord her words.Barbara makes no secret e'.the fact that she enjoys workingat H.M.A.S. HARMAN. thelargest self-containeed W/TStation in the British Commonwealth,which, although builtin 1939, was not commissioneduntil 19+3. It was here that,early in the last war. the firstW.RA.N. Telegraphists cameto serve. Hire for 365 daysa year, 24 hours a day,thev built up a tradition, whichthe*W.R.A.N.S. today, not onlythe Telegraphists, but theirsupport train nf Supply Assistants.Sick Berth Attendants,Writers. Cooks and Stewards,are very proud to continue.Vice Admiral Sir Henry BurrellInspecting the Apprentice Guard.10Vital NAVY APPRENTICESPASS OUTBefore a large gathering, which included the First, Secondand Third Naval Members, the 38 apprentices who have completedtheir training passed out officially at a ceremony inH.M.A.S. '' NIRIMBA'' on Wednesday, June 15.The original intake of 50 youths began their training on JulyI, 1956, and Commodore F. L. George, at that time Captain ofH.M.A.S. "NIBIMBA", was present at the graduation ceremony.HE 38 young men are theT first of a steady How ofhighly skilled tradesmen whowill do much to meet thetechnical needs of the Service.To date 39"> apprentices havebeen entered, anil from now onthere will be a six-monthly outputof apprentices.Three of the apprentices alreadyentered were selectedduring their course for trainingas Cadet Midshipmen atthe Roval Australian NavalCollege.The impressive ceremonywas attended by many of theparents of the apprentices andby representatives of theN.S.W. Dept. of TechnicalKducatiou, the ApprenticeshipCommissioner, the Departmentof Supply and various organisationsand firms, all of whomassisted materially in the developmentof the ApprenticeTraining Scheme.THE NAVYVisual Signalling is Not a Modern Art\7ISl'.VL Signalling is by uo* means a modern art. It maybe said that it is the developmentof a natural instinct.Long before coherent speechbegan, primitive man had feltthe want of some method ofcommunicating with his fellowsin those circumstances whichprecluded the use of the voice,such as the proximity of theenemy or game in the huntingfield, or great distance.The well-known beckoninggesture, meaning "come on,"the waving back motion, meaning"go back." and the placingof the fingers on the lips toenjoin silence, are all primitivesignals which persist even untothe present day.The nature of visual signallingvaries considerably and isas widely divergent as theraces of the earth.The smoke signal is almostuniversal, but this art was de-July,i960By Lieutenant Commander C. H. NICHOLLS,veloped to its highest degreeof efficiency by the NorthAmerica! Red Indian.Today, in Central Africa, thesignal drum is widely used,and passes intelligible messagesover vast distances with astonishingrapidity and accuracy.Julius Caesar, when crossingthe English Channel to the conquestof Britain, marshalled hisships by means of trumpetcalls;'and it is thought possiblethat these calls were identicalwith those used in manoeuvringhis army ashore.William of Normandy useddrums for the same purpose insimilar circumstances.THE EARLIEST FLAGSIGNALS.Turning to the Naval side ofsignalling, wc find that Blake,in his instructions to his captains.ordered: "If I hoist abucket at my mainyard arm,close and I will speak withyou."Krom such a simple beginningsprang the elaborate and efficientsystem of visual signallingas used in Her Majesty's Fleetat the present time.Naturally, this was not donein one stride, but is the resultof a gradual building upthrough the centuries.One of the earliest Hag signals.which was used to the endof World War II in a slightlyaltered form, wasthe "Enemv"Hag.In its original form it wasthe French ensign, and hoistedat the Main by any ship indicated"Enemy in sight."Hoisted at the foremast bythe Admiral it meant "chasethe enemy." If, however, theAdmiral wished the chase discontinued.he hoisted this flagat the mizzen mast. This isnow flag T (for Tango).THE CODE OF LORD HOWE.The oldest Signal Klag ill theworld is the British ChurchPennant, and it is still used forits original purpose, that is, todenote that the ship's companyis at Divine Service.It originated when the Britishand Dutch were enemies,and both sides being RomanCatholic, it was decided thata truce should be observedwhenever the Mass was beingcelebrated by either side.The ensigns of the two countrieswere sewn together, andthe Flag of Britain, a red St.(ieorge's Cross on a white field,occupies the part of the Pennantnext to the Mast, whilethe Dutch Colours, red andRAN.white and blue horizontal bars,is at the "Fly" or part farthestfrom the mast.Flag signalling developed butslowly, until the middle of the18th century, when severalcodes were designed, notablyby Kempenfeldt and LordHowe. It was the latter's systemof signalling which wasused so successfully by our belovedNelson.This code included a smallEnglish dictionary, where eachword was allotted a combinationof figures; a phrase section.where each of the variousorders in common use, such as"Makesail." "Tack together,"etc., were also indicated bygroups of figures, and a Geographicalsection wherebynames of phices could be signalledill the same manner.Lord Howe's code consistedof only 12 flags, which representedthe numbers one tonought and two substitutes, sonaturally enough it was notvery comprehensive.As an illustration of the evolutionof flag signalling, it mayhere be mentioned that theBritish Naval code in use to theand of the last World War consistedof no fewer than 80flags, each having its own severalmeanings in different circumstances,and yet again differentmeanings when used inconjunction with one another.In fact, it may be said thatlearning of flag signalling is ascomplex as the learning of aforeign language. This is themain system of visual signallingfrom a "war" point ofview, and the speed at whichorders can be issued by an Admiralby this means is reallyamazing.II

At the present time allN.A.T.O. nations use the sameCode of Hags which has lieenreduced to 70 all told.VALUE OF HELIOGRAPHFlag signals arc hoisted atthe masthead of a flagship, certainships repeating the signals,the renfhining ships merely answering.When the Admiral wishes hisorder to be executed, the signalis hauled down, although,in some cases, tlag signals areobeyed 011 sight.It must not be presumed,however, that tlag signalling isthe only method of conveyingorders. When the distance isgreat, or visibility poor, thesignalling projector (or searchlight)is brought into use. theJlorse Code being employed.t fther systems in use aresemaphore for short distances.Hag waving for longer distancesand siren or whistle forsignalling in a fog.At night, communication iseffected by means of flashinglanterns. The heliograph is aningenious arrangement of mirrorswhereby the light of thesun is utilised for flashing theMorse Code over immense distancesunder favourable conditions.The greatest distance towhich the heliograph has transmittedmessages is somethinglike 120 miles.This system is used only bysignalmen in a landing party,the reason being that the movementof a ship prevents the accuracyrequired in directingthe rays of the sun to a distantstation.EYES OF THE FLEET.The importance of efficientand precise signalling cannotbe too greatly stressed, as thefollowing story from GreekMythology amply proves:Theseus, a legendary hero ofAttica, was determined to slaythe Minotaur, a monster withthe head of a bull and the bodyof a man. who lived in the CretanLabyrinth, where he devouredthe Athenian youthsand maidens sent as a tributeevery nine years.Before sailing away in hisblack-sailed ship, Theseus toldhis father. Aegeus. that, shouldthe ship return bearing whitesails instead of black, it wouldindicate that the mission hadbeen successful.With the aid of Ariadne and areel of cotton, Theseus slew theMinotaur. Unfortunately, theship's company were so elatedthat they omitted to change thesails. Aegeus, standing on tilecliffs of Attica, sighted theblack sail returning, and forthwitheast himself into the seain despair.Thus was named the AegeanSea. and thus is proven thenecessity for attention to detailin signalling, as Aegeus neverfully recovered from the resultof this error.The Signalmen are the eyesof the Fleet, and they neverFood tastes better . . .FOSTER'SMELBOURNELACIRBITTERcease watching, although"Automation" in the form ofradar gives more timely warningof the approach of objectswhich may prove to belong tothe enemy.COCKATOO DOCKSfc ENGINEERINGCO. PTY. LTD.•ShipbuildersMarineandGeneralEngineersContractors to . . .H.M. AUSTRALIAN NAVYInquiriesCOCKATOOSYDNEYInvitedDOCK'Phone: 82 0661food(10 lines)betteriswithABBOTS LAGERVICTORIA BITTERNEW RATINGS' BLOCK AT HARMANThe Minister for Works, Mr. Freeth. has released details of the new accommodation blocks for ratinesto be built at H.M.A.S. "HARMAN". —Courtesy Daily Telegraph.Costing nearly £200.000. constructionhas just begun 011 thenew quarters which will consistof three interconnected blocksof modern design. A threestoreyblock will house ratings,catering for the new livingstale conditions . . . four menshare each large room, withprivate stowage for clothes andpersonal gear for each occupant.A two-storeyed block willhouse Chief and Petty Officersin single berth cabins. The centraltwo-storied block will containall communal facilities —galleys, dining halls, readingand recreation rooms, toilets,bathrooms and laundries.Heating will be providedthroughout the new quarters,which will be of brick, facedexternally with face-brick. Thewalls will carry the load, eliminatingsupporting internal pillars.For added fire protection,floors will be of concrete, andan automatic fire sprinkler systemwill he installed.The new accommodation willhouse 174 Chief and Petty Officersand ratings.The new quarters, togetherwith the new "Wrannery,"opened in September last, willmake HARMAN the most comfortableand up-to-date shoreestablishment in Australia.With the bright colourfulcottages nestling around thenew buildings and its naturalsetting in undulating plainswith the backdrop of the nearbyhills. HARMAN will, indeed,make an attractive sight by thespring of 1961.WINNSTHE BIG FRIENDLY STORES"Courtesy and service give a pleasant glow toBusiness, and WINNS like to Jo Business thatwry.In that spirit they are happy to serve you.THE NAVYJuly,I960

SUBMARINEVERSUSSUBMARINEBy "DORMOUSE"N the Navy to-day the overwhelmingweight of man-Ipower, ships and aircraft isconcentrated, directly or indirectly.in the auti-suhiiiarinerole. Some tiO frigates havebeen converted or built expresslyto cope with this aspectof defence, and the whole faceof the sea-going Navy haschanged over the past twodecades. The most logical, andpotentially the most lethal adversaryto the modern submarineis only now coming to thefore. This weapon! Anothersubmarine—the anti-submarinesubmarine. A brief historicalsurvey of the development ofthis facet of submarine warfarewill help to underline the point.The Submarine Branch isonly just over 50 years old.Ihiring this time most peoplehave thought of the submarineas an exclusively "anti-surfaceship" device. There docs notappear to have been any attemptto use it in the A/8 roleuntil 1917.At this crucial stage ofWorld War 1. the Germans beganunrestricted L*-Boat warfare,anil our own submarineswere stationed at focal pointsand in patrol areas where theycould expect to encounterenemy submarines. They sank14 L-Boats in the next IKmonths, and a grand total of 17during the war. These werenot, however. A/S submarineengagements in the modernsense. Detection and attackswere carried out on surfacedtargets and certainly requiredthe target submarine to bevisible.The final stages of the war,however, saw the production ofthe "K" class—the first purelyA/S submarines. These wereunique little craft, and 10 hadbeen built by 1919. so greatwas the urgency. They displaceda mere 500 tons, wereIH3 ft. long, anil had a complementof 2*2. Their surfacespeed was only nine knots, butonce submerged, their "K"class main motor and large batteriesgave them an incredible14 knots on their single propeller.Here were the perfect vesselsto combat the l'-Boats on surfacetransit. Their low silhouettegave them the first sightingat night, and by day theycould rely on their superiorspeed to reach an attackingposition. Moreover, they hadsix 18-inch bow tubes—a largesalvo for such a small boat.They had conic too late to haveany effect on the war. however,and after a brief periodof peace-time training theyvanished altogether, the lastbeing sold in 1924.Meanwhile, developments illasdics and experiments in newtypes of submarines to fulfilnew. and sometimes fantasticroles, displaced the scarcelyfledged concept of an A/S submarinefrom strategical thoughtin the inter-war years. Thesubmarine in general was consideredan unmasked bogey; asingle submarine on patrol was"Like a tethered goat — youget a devil of a butt if you gettoo close, but otherwise theyare harmless." (This from alecture at the Imperial DefenceCollege in 1935.) Similar lecturesof this period make nomention of all A/S side to submarineoperations, other thanan occasional allusion to thisas "another possible role."During the Second WorldWar surface ships were stillregarded as the proper targetsfor our submarines, and 300out of 782 U-liuat sinkingswere, therefore, achieved byH.N. surface escorts and cooperatingaircraft. It is notwidely realised that 39 Axissubmarines were credited totheir Allied counterparts. Fortheir part the German and Italiansubmariners accounted forseven Allied boats discountingRussian ones. The 35 Britishsinkings were carried out by abranch which at no stage exceededthree per cent, of theuniformed Navy.The Axis submarines weresunk on the surface bytorpedo, gunfire, or even byramming in all hut one significantcase. This single attackmarks the beginning of the presentconcept of a submarineA/S attack, for on 4th February.1945. Lieutenant .1. S.Launders in VKNTI REK sankl'8K4—BOTH submarines beingdived throughout.VBNTVRBR. on patrol to thenorth of Bergen, had receivedintelligence reports of an approachingU-Boat the previousday. Her asdics detected the"hydrophone effect" of a vesselunlike the customary fishingboats, but though the bearingwas carefully watched,nothing could be seen. Thenthe Officer of the Watchcaught a brief glimpse of amast or periscope. It seemedlikely that this was the submarine,but course, speeds, evenrange, were unknown. Suddenlythe Captain sighted twoperiscopes too close to ensurethe arming of his own torpedoes.He gave chase and,after an exciting pursuit, gain-14 THE NAVYed an attacking position, turnedand fired four torpedoes,the last of which sent thehomecoming submarine to thebottom. Contact had beenmaintained, and course andspeed estimated, during anaction of two hours' durationwith only the "hydrophoneeffect" bearings as a guide, forno further sighting was obtained.This brilliant action translatedinto practice the vaguelyformed theory of fixing thetarget by "bearings only."Much depended on the skill ofthe asdic operator, whose cooljudgment of the volume andbearing of the target's "hydrophoneeffect" won him in thisinstance a D.S.M.Submarines now entered anew phase in their development,Over the intervening 15years the fascinating techniqueof attacking a totally invisibletarget from a submerged submarinehas been practised andperfected in countless N.A.T.O.exercises. This new role hascoincided with the adoption ofthe snort and with longer rangeasdics; so that the modern submarine,with a vast submergedrange and enhanced listeningcapabilities, is, indeed, a foriiii d a I) 1 e anti - submarineweapon.The history of submarineoperations, as of any other(Continued on page 25)Sydney Harbour Bridge (stop ger-nashing yer teeth. Meibournltes! > as Hera by the submariners in H.M.Submarine "ANCHORITE." This picture was taken through the main periscope of the submarine.—Courtesy S.M.H.July, I960 |5

WRANS1inthe NewsW.RJI.N.S. at Flinders Depot prepare to come alongside In a work boat. Front:Wran Sid. G. J. Spragg of Bundaberg iBowman!. Rear: Wran Sid. R. S. Brownof Tumbellup W.A. iSlern-sheetmanl, Cabin: Wran Cook O. E. McCann ofBayswater, W.A.Commodore F. L. Georgr, A.D.C.. R.A.N., and FirstOfficer E. Ekert. W.R.A.N.S.. cut the Birthday cakeat the party given by the W.R.A.N.S. at FlindersNaval Depot to mark the nineteenth anniversary ofthe formation >>f their Service. W.R.A.N. IM.T.D.) Wendy Thurley A/P.O. "Simon", and Naval Airman RalphTurner of HM.A.S. "ALBATROSS", captain of the Navy's Australian RuinFootball team In the Charity Carnival.Lien tenant B. Dunn points out features of a Gannet anti-submarine aircraftto W.R.A.N. officer* and ratings from the aircraft carrier Melbourne, InDarwin recently.—Courtesy S.M. Herald.Lieut. Commander Clark-Smith swears In 8 new members of the W.RAN.8.at H.M.A.S. "RUSHCUTTER" The girls are from various parts of N.S.W. andwill now begin their initial training at Flinders Naval Depot It is intendedthat In a future Issue we will publish a picture of the same girls In the sameline up but wearing their uniforms. Left to right: M. D. F el ton (Newcastle).M J. Haragan 'Newcastle! L. C. Dickson ICampsiel, D. H. Maclntyre(Hornsbyl. M. A. Magtll (East Hlllsl. E. A. MeFadden IManly). D. Honey(Stanwell Parkl. M. D. McTiernan lOrangel.THE NAVY ju|y, I960

ISZinc provides effective and economicalprotection against Corrosion.Metallic Zinc Coatings — hot-dipgalvanizing, zinc spraying, sherardizing,and zinc-rich paints — to protect iron andsteel sheets, tubes, pipes, wire, bolts andnuts, holloware. nails, and structural steelfor television and electrical transmissiontowers.Zinc in Sacrificial Anodes — toprotect underwater steel structuresand ships' hulls.Hiffc fid* electrolytic line (pitrutMd ff.KT.)it produced byELECTROLYTIC ZINC CO. OF »'SIA LTD.,no Lonsdale Street. MELBOURNE, C.I.PtO-ORIENTWORLD-WIDE ROUTESvia Suez ... via the Far Cast... via America . . ,via Panama and Holiday Crwltet In the PacMc.LINESWith aPAO - Orient Lines'ship as your home... whetheron a refreshing short sea holidayor on your choice of thewonderful, world-wideroutesof discovery and delight withwhich these two great passengerLines girdle the earth(linking 5 continents) . . .you'll find every modernamenity at your disposal andthat your every taste and preferencehas been thoughtfullyanticipated throughout eachlong eventful day at sea. .THE NAVYLatest Developments inSoviet Naval PolicyOVIET Naval Policy hasS changed sharply once again,the fifth time in the history ofthe 42-year-old Soviet Navy,h'or some years Western observershave noted that workon the hulls of several of the"Svcrdlov" class cruisers hadstopped, and it was obviousfrom many Soviet statementsthat they did not know to whatuse to put these new cruisersexcept for training and forcarrying V.I.P.s abroad. Nobody.however, expected suchc o in plete condemnation asKhrushchev pronounced duringhis trip to the rnitedStates when he remarked casuallythat 90 per cent, of Russia's cruisers would be scrappedin the near future. This wouldleave her with about three orfour, probably one for eachof her main fleets ill the Baltic.Arctic. Black Sea and Pacific:and these survivors are to heemployed for training andprobably as peacetime flagshipsonly.Among vessels to be builtunder the "new look" programme.submarines are toreceive top priority, followedby minesweepers, motor torpedoboats, patrol craft andlarge destroyers. This trendwas confirmed in Khrushchev'sspeech to the Soviet Assemblyin January. 1960. As the Russianshad been building from50 to 80 submarines a year, besidesmany cruisers and numerousother warships, tankers andmiscellaneous merchant vessels,this concentration on submarinesand small craft will nodoubt enable them to launchJuly, i960By J. MEISTEReven more submarines andsome of them nuclear-powered.The Western navies have alsocollie to the conclusion thatbattleships, and perhaps evencruisers, have no raison d'etreiu the nuclear age: although itis hard to see why the aircraftcarrier, for instance, shouldhave a better chance of survivingan attack by missiles withnuclear warheads. At the sametime neither the British northe U.S. Navies would takesuch radical steps as the Russiansanil scrap cruisers onlya few years old. In peacetimeand in limited war, cruisersmay still play an importantrole, and it is surprising thatHie Russians do not seem tocontemplate converting some oftheir cruisers into missilelaunchingvessels or light aircraftcarriers. They intend torearm their modern destroyerswith missiles as soon as possible(most of these vesselscarry at present conventionalarmament which is weak andobsolescent); but a cruiser hullcan obviously carry more , andheavier missiles than a destroyerwhile offering at leastsome armoured protection, bettersea-going qualities, andwider cruising range. For theseand many other reasons theSoviet decision seems revolutionary— putting all its eggsinto one basket so far as theSoviet Navy is concerned. Ina few years the Russian Navywill resemble that of Oermanyin 1944-45—with many submarinesand some coastal forces,but no surface ships whichmight tie up superior N.A.T.O.forces.The disappearance of theSoviet cruisers will ease thetask of the N.A.T.O. Navieswhich may now concentrate almostexclusively on Sovietsubmarines and mines, and oncountering amphibious assaultsover somewhat short distances.For the time being, however,the said cruisers are still quiteactive and towards the end of1959 the ADMIRAL SBN.JA-VIN. belonging to the PacificFleet, paid a visit to Indonesia.This beautiful vessel and herescort of two heavy destroyerscertainly did more to impressthe Indonesians than a wholeflotilla of Soviet submarines. Itis tempting to conclude that ifthe Russians really scrap theircruisers and concentrate evenmore on submarines than theyhave done so far, they contemplateeither total war or totalpeace, but certainly not limitedwar. For the latter their Navy,composed exclusively of submarinesand coastal forces,would be quite unsuited,especially if the war were to hewaged far from the Russiancoasts. As for total peace, tobuild a submarine fleet of 720craft, nearly 500 of them alreadyin existence, hardlyseems to be the best solution.Unfortunately, there are otherindications, too. that the SovietNavy is trying to secure newbases abroad, both in the Mediterraneanand in the PersianGulf. and to develop its influencein the Pacific. Hand inhand with this goes a worldwideincrease in underwaterresearch work and spying incoastal areas.

"SCIENTIFIC"ACTIVITIESWhile it seems that Russia isconcentrating her ambitions atpresent on the Near East an

ROYAL CANADIANThe Royal Canadian Navy iscelebrating its 50th anniversary.Canada's Navy officiallycame into being when, on 4thMay, 1910. Royal assent wasgranted to the Naval ServiceAct. That same year two protectedcruisers, the NIOBEandRAINBOW, were acquiredfrom the Royal Navy.Ships of the Royal CanadianNavy have served in threewars. During the First WorldWar the Canadian naval contributionwas about 9.600 officersand men and 100 ships.During the Second WorldWar the Royal Canadian Navyexpanded to 392 armed shipsand 95,000 officers, men andNAVYWrens. Canada's major navaleffort being devoted to theBattle of the Atlantic.Canadian destroyers servedin the Far East throughout theKorean War.This 50th anniversary yearI960, finds the Royal CanadianNavy at its greatest peacetimestrength, with Ii2 warships incommission and with 20.604officers, men and Wrens onfull-time duty, and 3.550 in theactive Royal Canadian NavalReserve. Some 49 per cent, ofthe Royal Canadian Navy personnelare at present servingon board ship.R.C.N. JETS TESTED.Six Banshee jet-fighters ofthe Royal Canadian Navy,armed with Sidewinder missiles.convincingly demonstratedtheir destructive power byshooting down five target-aircraftin an exercise designedto test the effectiveness of theBanshee-Sidewinder combination.The firings took place overthe sea on the missile range ofthe Royal Aircraft Establishmentat Aberporth, Wales. Thetargets were Firefly VIM aircraft.flown by remote control.Six missiles were fired at asmany targets and five of thedrone aircraft were splashed.The operation was carriedout by aircraft of FighterSquadron K70.The Governor-General, Lord Donroaall. and Lady Dunronall, with Aetinf/Leadlni Seaman Brian Boad ofH.M.A.8 VAMPIRF. liid Chief F..R.A Chartea Cunningham of HM.AS MELBOURNE and Mm. Cunninghamat an Investiture for R.A.N, men at Government House, Canberra.22THE NAVYQUEEN'S BIRTHDAY HONOURSHer Majesty the Queen ha* beenfollowing awards:—Knight Commander ofThe Order of the British EmpireVice-Admiral HenryC.B.E.Commander ofMackay Burrell, C.B.,The Order of the BritishEmpireRear-Admiral Kenneth McKenzie Urquhart.Officer ofThe Order of the British EmpireCaptain Stanley Darling, D.S.C. and two bars,V.R.D., R.A.N.R.Member ofThe Order of the British EmpireLieut. Ronald Mervyn Titcombe, R.A.N.BritishVice-Admiral Sir Henry Bvrreil, K.B.E., C.B. Chief E.R.A. Thomas William James Cunningham.The circumstances surroundingthe award to Lieut. Titcombewere:On April 21, 1959, a chopperoperating from Portland (England)ditched about 9 milessouth-east of the ShamblesLight Vessel, in a depth of 170feet.To determine the cause ofthe crash it was essential torecover the helicopter, but thestrong tides prevented the recoveryby wire sweeps andstandard divers.Lieutenant Titcombe, then incharge of the Clearance Divingteam at H.M. Underwater DetectionEstablishment, was consultedoil the use of clearancedivers. In such depths, withfurther complications causedby the swift tides, operatingtime for the divers belowwould be very short.Still further, the ascent mustbe a matter of no more than5 minutes, making decompressionin a special chamber amatter of urgent necessity.The necessary equipment includingspecial inflatable dinghiescapable of operating inrough weather were available,and so Clearance Diving historywas made.It was tin 1 first operationaloccasion that Clearance Divershad performed at such greatdepths and that surface decompressionhad been used, andthe team effort was the mainfactor in the successful recoveryof the chopper.The success of the operationwas largely due to the intelligentappreciation of thesituation, the leadership andthe fine personal efforts ofLieutenant Titcombe.NEW RATE FOR R.N.Among the points that Mr.Orr-Ewing, Civil Lord of theAdmiralty, recently discussedill tile House of Commons wasthe suggestion that a Masterrate, above that of Chief PettyOfficer, be introduced in theRoyal Navy.This rate would bring theNavy in line with the statusand pay of Warrant Officers inthe other services.Mr. Orr-Ewing said that theproblem is now under consideration.July, I960 23

NEW TYPE SONARSignificant Advance in Submarine DetectionA new type of Sonar, known asis being manufactured in CanadaHE new system will enableT warships to lower sonargear through the ocean's thermallayers, thereby overcomingthe ability of submarinesto escape detection in or belowthese temperature strata.Variable depth sonar is theresult of more than 1(1 years'research anil development byDefence Research Hoard scientistsof the Naval ResearchEstablishment at Halifax. NovaScotia.The need for a layer-probingsonar first became apparentwhen German submarines, bothby accident and design, madetactical use of thermal layersduring the Second World War.The upper levels of oceansusually contain layers of. varyingtemperature which form ahorizontally uniform patternmany miles in extent. Theselayers may refract or completelyresist penetration bvsonar transmissions from hullmountedsets.The problem was of particularconcern to the RoyalCanadian Navv because of thepresence of such layers off thecoasts of Canada.Defence Research Hoardscientists and anti-submarinespecialists of the Royal CanadianNavy, Working on theproject together, discoveredthat the problem could be substantiallyovercome by placingtransducers in or below thelayers of varying temperatures.Applied research and developmentfollowed, and theresult was an equipment consistingessentially of a trans-V.D.S. (variable depth sonar)for the Royal Canadian Navy.ducer enclosed in a streamlinedbody which can be towed atvarying depths. The towingcable houses a core of electricalconductors. These transmitsignals to tin* towing ship'ssonar displays and alsn earnelectrical power from the shipto tin- transducer.The concept which led to thedevelopment of variable depthsonar was initiated almostsimultaneously in Canada andthe United States. Close liaisonwas maintained with theRoyal Navy and the I'nitedStates Navy, who also soughtimproved detection methodsalong similar lines. Informationwas shared throughout bythe associated countries, withCanada concentrating 011 specifiedpossible methods as theother countries explored differentbut allied techniques.II. M.C.S. "NEW LIS-K E A R D ". originally an"Algerine" class ocean minesweepersubsequently reclassifiedas a coastal escort,and now again re-rated asa survey ship for bathythermeographicduties, was thefirst ship to be used for experimentaltrials. Repeated testingand modification resulted inimprovement in the performanceof the equipment, and amore sophisticated version ofvariable depth sonar, built byCanadian firms, was installedin II.M.C.S. "CRUSADER," aformer British destroyer nowrated as a destroyer escort.Intensive evaluation producedeffective results and the equipmentwas accepted for servicein the Royal Canadian Navy.MELBOURNESTEAMSHIPCO. LTD.Head Office.It KING ST., MELBOURNEBrana.es or Agenciesat all portsManaging A,genu forHOBSONS BAY DOCK ANDENGINEERING CO. PTY.LTD.Wort* Williamstown, VictoriaHODGE ENGINEERING CO.PTY. LTD.Works: Susses St., SydneyandCOCKBURN ENGINEERINGPTY. LTD.Works: Hincs Rd., FremantleShip Repairers, etc.PORT LINELIMITEDRegular sailings for:UNITED KINGDOMand CONTINENTTAKING WOOL,REFRIGERATEDandGENERAL CARGOALSO LIMITEDNUMBER SALOONPASSENGERS.For further particulars, apply:PORT LINE LTD.50 Young Street, Sydney(Inc. in England)OrAgents:GIBBS BRIGHT & CO.37 Pitt Street, SydneyAlio atBRISBANE, MELBOURNE,ADELAIDE, PERTH,FREMANTLE, NEWCASTLEand HOBARTTHE NAVSUB. VERSUS SUB.(Continued from page 15)form of warfare, has been asuccession of temporary advanceson each side of thebattle. Now. however, thenuclear submarine has temporarilyoutstripped all conventionalforms of surface and airA/S methods, leaving only allothersubmarine (preferablynuclear) as its logical opponent.What advantages does asubmarine hold over its surfaceand air colleagues? By itschoice of depth it can penetratethe density layers whichare the under-water equivalentof the smoke screen or rainstorm to shelter a hunted submarine.It can chase its quarryunder the polar icefloes. Itsinvisibility, even in these days,gives it a good chance of operatingin enemy held waters,and particularly in the approachesto submarine bases—the most fruitful huntingground of all. Such areas, withtheir inevitable enemy air sujieriority,are unsuitable, to saythe least, for patrol by frigategroups or slow A/S aircraft.As well as having the abilityto remain unseen, the submarinecan stay 011 patrol forweeks or even mouths, maintainingcomplete silence, andmaking the best use of intelligencereports covering a largearea. Finally, rough weathereffectively "quenches" theasdics of surface ships and reducestheir speed superiorityover a conventional submarine.The chances of detection andchase against a '20-knot nuclearvessel are still decidedly slender,even using a combinationof air and surface forces. Anothernuclear submarine, equippedwith homing torpedoes andmodern asdics, has both thespeed and the detection equipmentto deal with its transittingopponent.July. I960RussianThe l.S.S.R. is quietly butsurely distributing her newmedium-sized seagoing patrolsubmarines of the "W" classall over the world, either basedin fellow travellers' countriesor actually incorporated in.leased or loaned to foreignnavies with communist sympathies.No fewer than HO "W" classsubmarines of the Soviet Navyhave been deployed ill this way.A whole squadron of eightunits are now based in Albania.Eight of the nine fonnerRussian seagoing types of submarinesnow incorporated intothe Egyptian Navy are reportedto be of the "W" class.It is not generally knownthat two Russian submarines ofthe "W" class have been allocatedto the new IndonesianNavy.Of the 24 ex-Russian submarinesnow incorporated intothe Chinese Communist NavySubmarinestwelve are new vessels of the"W" class. These are alloperational, and another nineare under construction. Also."W" type submarines are beingor are schedulued to bebuilt at Shanghai and Wuchangdockyards at the rate ofabout six to eight each year.The modern Russian "W"class submarines in Indonesiaand China alone more than offsetthe two meagre British submarinesquadrons based 011Singapore and Sydney, andrival the number of Americansubmarines based on Pearl Harbour,and in emergency or allout war would require hundredsof anti - submarinefrigates in the China and JavaSeas to counter them.There are also 35 ex-Russiansubmarines of other classes nowin the navies of Bulgaria.China, East Germany. NorthKorea, Poland. RoumaniaSyria.WE ARE SUPPLIERS OF SEA FRESH LOCAL FISHandDirect Importers of United Kingdom and ContinentalQUICK-FROZEN FISHWholesale Suppliers to Hotels and RestaurantsWE SPECIALISE IN SHIPS PROVIDORINGBULK COLD STORE AND WHOLESALE DEPT.:Corner of Gibbons ond Marian Streets, Redfern—MX 5688A. A. MURRELLS FISH SUPPLYHead Office:195 George Street, Sydney-*U 5945. After Hours-TV 5470.and

THE W.R.N.S. COMES OF AGEThe Women's Royal NavalService is 21 years old. It wasin the uneasy summer of 1939that the organization, whichwas to attain a distinctive nichein naval history, was foimed.Although pioneered in theFirst World War it is from thedate that the Service was reformedby the late Dame VeraLaugbtou Matthews that it isofficially recognized.11th April was the date, andfunctions to mark the occasionwill take place at home andabroad throughout this year,lu London. ILK.II. the Duchessof Kent, the Chief Commandantof the W.R.N.S., waspresent at a reception in St.James's Palace on 16th Maywith several hundred servingami retired officers.A comparative handful ofyoung — or not so young —women of 21 years ago, wearingsoft brimmed hats with noncommittal"ll.M.S." bands,grew by 1944 to a peakstrength of 7.">,000.To-day, members of theW.R.N.S. serve in 25 categoriesin Britain, (iibraltar, Maltaand Oslo. With uniforms ofthe latest materials and attractivequarters to live in, thexarcworlds apart from thevolunteers of World War 1 inheavy serge skirts, nine inchesfrom the ground, and stoutboots. They accepted bullybeef and plum duff but werelinked by loyalty as closely tothe Royal Navy as all whohave served since.After 21 years the W.R.N.S.has become an integral part ofthe Ro) al Navy, as essential asany of its branches.U.S. ATOM CARRIER.The year 1960 will be notablefor the U.S. Navy as wellas the Royal Navy. Across theAtlantic, I am told, preparationsare now being speeded upfor the launching of the firstnuclear-powered aircraft carrier.ENTERPRISE;This ship will be of 85,000tons displacement and willprobably cost upwards of€50.000.000. She will be ableto operate aircraft with speedsin the 1,300 to 1,500 m.p.h.range.Although the ENTERPRISEwill be similar in many respectsI«> the big carriers of the FOR-REST A L class her eight pressurisedwater-cooled reactorswill give her far greater endurance.She will be able to circlethe globe several times withoutre-fuelling. As she will nothave to carry heavy oil whichconventional carriers need fortheir main boilers.Instruments for every industryPRESSURE GAUGESBourdon and Capsule.Beryllium Copper and Steel.Hanger from 0 20" HjO lo0-40,000 p.s.1.VAPOUR-PRESSUREDIAL THERMOMETERSPRESSURE GAUGESTOP COCKS| The body and plug .r. precisionmachined from solid-drawn br.l»bar end l.pp.d together lo giveIh. bell possible le.l, finallybeing pr.ssure-l.sted lo 200 lbs.p.s.i.I Actuated by direct-acting | Filled with Beryllium | Th. handles .re of plastic in, doubl. - helical Bourdon . Copper Bourdon Tubes. | either r.d or black, and are setI Various ranges within ' at 15* from Ih. bodyBng.r clearance.MERCHANT SHIPPINCLiverpool Steamship Owners'Association discuss Nuclear PowerHE Liverpool Steamship dealing with the liability ofT Owners' annua! report owners of nuclear shi|>s whichcontained some very interestingfacts and figures oil British Maritime International at itswas prepared by the ComiteMerchant Shipping.meeting in September. 1959. InThe following condensation this draft it is proposed to settleall liability for nuclear dam-is from the "Navy":The Annual Report of the age on the operator of theLiverpool Steam Ship Owners' nuclear ship, regardless ofAssociation covers, as usual, where responsibility may lie formuch the same ground as does the fault which has resulted inthe Report of the Chamber of such damage, unless the faultShipping, though it is taken can be proved to have beenfrom the liner operators' angle. committed with intent This,Flag discrimination, the problemsof taxation and replace-is a novel legal doctrine, butas the Association points out,ment, and the world surplus of one which is essential if theretonnage (which is allied to the is to be any future for thequestion of flags of convenience)are difficulties common considerations of blame wouldnuclear ship, since ordinaryto all ship owners and are discussedat length. Peculiar to owner of a non-nuclear shipentail a risk falling on thethe Association is the useful which would be quite beyondtable which shows the tonnage the bounds of normal thirdemployed in the export and party insurance. The operatorimport trade of the I'nited of a nuclear ship will be underKingdom, and the percentage compulsion to carry insuranceof this which wears the red ensign.The percentage of Brit-claims. The draft conventionsufficient to cover probableish tonnage is falling steadily, will now go to the Diplomaticand the figures for 1959. 5l"l ('onference for considerationper cent, in the import trade, by Governments.and 61 per cent, outward bound,are appreciably lower thanThe Committee on Safety inthose for 1958. This trend goesNuclear - Powered Merchanthand in hand with the equallyShips set up by Her Majesty'smarked drop in the share of

R.A.N. SEARCHforAIRCRAFT WRECKAGETin* Royal Australian Navyrecently played a vital but unenviablepart in the search forthe wreckage of a KokkerFriendship aircraft whiehcrashed into the sea off Mackayon the Queensland coast 011 the10th June.H.M.A.S.44 \V A RBBOO"which had just arrived atTownsville was immediatelyordered to the scene ofthe crash and having locatedand buoyed the wreckageused her divers, who werejoined by the Clearance divingteam from H.M.A.S. "Rl/Sll-(TTTER," in Sydney, to obtainmost of the vital wreckagewhich would assist the investigationcommittee to aseertainthe cnuse of the accident.Because it was feared thatsome of tin* wreckage might betoo heavy for the gear in44 \Y A RR E (i 0*\ H.M.A.S."KIMBLA." who was refittingin Sydney, with most of hercrew on leave, was also orderedto assist.Salvage was delayed formany days because of badweather and the operation wasnot completed until the 26th.June.Officers and men from theWARREUO" played theirlast part in this sad accidentin whieh 29 persons werekilled when 011 Sunday .lune26th they took part in the(tuard of Honour at the unveilingof a memorial on themainland near where the planecrashedSEACAT MISSILES FORR.N. SHIPSA substantial order for theSeaeat surfaee-to-air guidedmissiles, whieh will replaceshort range anti-aircraft guns,is. it is reported from London,shortly to be placed withMessrs. Short Bros. of Belfast.At first the Seaeat will becomepart of the armamentof the four County Class Ci.M.destroyers now building andof some of the more advancedfrigates.The test vehicle of the Seaeatwas first shown at the KarnboroughAir Show in 1957.Since then there have beenmany predictions as to thelethal qualities of the missileeven at wave top height.The primary purpose of theSeaeat will be to strike attackingaircraft which may evade„ „ ..... . the outer defences of the fleet—Heavy lifting tackle being fitted In H.M.A.S. 'KIMBLA for lifting the , . . . . .large portion, of the crashed Fokker Friendship. L/E. M. Clayton (centre!. hghters and long range guidedL/Sem A. True (left) and L/Sea P. Rowe.missiles.28 THE NAVYREAR-ADMIRALHARRIES RETIRESHear Admiral I). 11. Harries.('.U.K.. Flag Officer in Charge,East Australian Navy who retiredon 17th June, had over43 years service in the RoyalAustralian Navy. The Admiralentered the College in 1917. becominga midshipman inJanuary, 1921, Sub-Lieutenantill 192:1. Lieutenant in 1924.Lieut. - Commander in 1932,Commander in 19:18. Captainin June, I945, and Rear-Admiral in July. 1954.Ilis first ship was H.M.S.•CONQUEROR", from whichhe went to H.M.S. "WAR-SPITE." At the outbreak ofWorld War II lie was incommand of 11.M.S. "SKA-(IL'LL" and for a brief periodiu 1940 he was Senior Officer,4th Mini-sweeping Flotilla, inH.M.S. "NIGER."Late in 1941. he was NavalAttache to Washington andthen became Executive Officerof H.M.A.S. "SHROPSHIRE."Then he became, iii 1944, theDeputy Chief"of Naval Staffand in April, 194, lie tookcommand of H.M.A.S. "HO.BART."In later years he had commandof H.M.A.S. "SYDNEY"and subsequently was head ofthe Australian Joint ServicesStuff in Washington.Admiral Harries on his returnto Australia became FlagOfficer Commanding the Australian Fleet in 1956 and in1958 Flag Officer in ChargeEast Australia Area.lie lias been succeeded byRear-Admiral (>. C. Oldham.D.S.O., whose last appointmentwas Captain. H.M.A.S. "WAT-SON", the Navigational Directionand T.A.S. Training Establishmentin Sydney.July. I960ADMIRAL ROWED ASHORE-Courtesy S.M.H.For all your civilian clothes we recommendthat you consult —HARRY POLLARDTHE ACE TAILOR226 KING STREET, NEWTOWN — LA 3117Fashion Tailors and Costumiers

New "Super-Tanker" to beBuilt at WhyallaHE keel for Ampol'x newT "super tanker" was laidat the B.H.P. shipyards atWhyalla, South Australia, onWednesday. April 27."This marked the birth ofthe biggest ship and the firstoil tanker ever to he constructedin Australia," saiil the ManagingDirector of Ampol PetroleumLtd., Mr. W. (!. Walkley."Of 32,250 tons deadweight,the tanker will cost an estimated£4 million, and is due to beready for sea trials in July-AugUBt, 1962."The new tanker will be 670ft. long and 87 ft. across thebeam."She will be Australia's first'super' tanker. We call them'super' tankers wheu they areover 30,000 tons."The Broken Hill ProprietaryCo. Ltd. will build the newtanker for Ampol."Mr. Walkley emphasised thatwherever possible. Australianmaterials and equipment wouldbe used.Construction of the tankerwill provide employment forhundreds of skilled craftsmen,shipyard workmen and others.The tanker will exceed bymore than 13,000 tons the biggestship so far built in Australia.Much preparatory work hasbeen required to adapt theWhyalla shipyard to the constructionof this monster ship,and more than 1,000 tons ofplate-work have already beenprepared for the laying of thekeel.The tanker will be driven bya Parson's Steam Turbine, suppliedwith super-heated steamfrom two oil-fired, selectablesuperheat boilers made by Babcockand Wilcox of AustraliaPty. Ltd., at Regents Park,Sydney.The first piece of ship'sequipment delivered to theshipyard was the huge propeller.Of 21 ft. diameter, it weighs21 tons, and is made from spec-A new £250.000 copper cablemanufacturing factory establishedat St rath pine (Queensland)by Cable Makers (Australia)Pty. Ltd., is now inproduction. In its initial stagesthe plant will employ a staffof about 50.The new factory represents acombined venture, as CableMakers' electric cable manufacturingplant and a wiredrawing and stranding factoryof Metal Manufactures(Queensland) Pty. Ltd. havebeen established in conjunction.At a function to celebratecommencement of production.Mr. M. Dillon, general managerof Cable Makers (Australia)Pty. Ltd.,- said that thenew factory would be staffedand operated by Queenslanders;would use copper fromQueensland mines; and, as faras possible, would draw all itsmaterials and services fromQueensland sources.Mr. Dillon further statedthat the buildings and equipmentat Strathpine are morethan adequate to produce sufficientelectric cable and wire tomeet the full requirements ofthe Queensland market.ial cunial bronze to give it addedstrength and efficiency andfreedom from corrosion.When completed, the tankerwill join Ampol's existing fleetof four tankers, carrying crudeoil to the Australian Oil Refineryat Kurnell, Botany Bay.She will carry approximately30,000 tons of crude oil cargo.Ampol already owns Australia'sbiggest ship—the "LES-LIE J. THOMPSON," a 25,000ton tanker, named after thecompany's Chairman of Directors.C.M.A. QUEENSLAND FACTORYCOMMENCESPRODUCTION"The venture," he stated,"has been undertaken ill conjunctionwith our associatedcompany. Metal Manufactures(Q'land) Pty. Ltd., and alsowith Cable Makers' distributorsthroughout the State.There will, therefore, be a veryeffective liaison between coppersupplies, electric cablemanufacture, selling and distribution,which will provevery beneficial to the user ofour product and enable us togive the ultimate in service toour customers."Mr. Dillon said that the newbuildings at Strathpine, wherethe two companies had acquired25 acres of land, had beenspecially designed and erectedto give the most effective andefficient layout of plant andequipment.The plant, which had beeninstalled, was composed of themost modern automatic machinesavailable in the world.Although the new plant is notlarge compared with our Liverpool,N.S.W., factory, it isthe most modern plant operatingin Australia today for theproduction of electric wiresand cables.(Continued from page 27)in fact proceeded to build. Herecalled that knowledge derivedfrom actual constructionhad by now enabled Bahcock& Wilcox to offer a marine reactorwith 2.5 times the outputof the reactor in SAVANNAH,but which would require only20 per cent, more space in aship. He also spoke of the needfor service experience withsuch matters as fuelling andde-fuelling, disposal of waste(potentially one of the greatestsafety problems), and the effectsof rolling and pitchingon the reactor.The ball is now at tile(iovernment's feet. Perhapsit may. be of some little encouragementthat the Ministerof Transport said recently atthe annual dinner of the Instituteof Marine Engineers thathe was certain our first nuclearpowered ship would not beeconomic, but we must go ontrying until we got all economicunit.SHIPBUILDING.With the concurrence of bothsides of the industry, a specialsub-committee is to be set upby the Minister of Transportto consider the future of theshipbuilding industry. Shipbuildinghas been under firerecently from Lord Hailshamfor not spending enough, in hisopinion, on research and developmentof new techniques:and in the House of Commonsfor its demarcation troubles.It is pleasant, therefore, to finda Norwegian shipowner, Mr.Nerdrum. now settled in ixindon.on record that Britishyards can compete on price anddelivery with any in the world.Mr. Nerdrum suggests that oneof their great difficulties is thatthey cannot offer the same extendedcredit terms as some oftheir competitors. Fifty percent, down and five years topay off the balance is much lessattractive than 20 per cent,down and eight to 10 years topay. These figures, quoted byMr. Nerdrum. depend, ofcourse, on government subsidiesin the countries concerned.The last month has seen thelaunch of the CANBERRA,which with her running mate,ORIANA. is designed for theP. & O./Orient combined serviceto Australia, with its newextension across the Pacific.Both vessels show a considerableincrease in size anil speedover anything which has beenemployed in this service in thepast, being of 45.000 and 40.000tons respectively, with a servicespeed of 27J knots. TheirThe French ship. LA CAP-RICIEl'SE. visited Sydneyfrom the 13th to the 27th June,for the purpose of docking andoverhaul.She has a length of 258 feet,a breadth of 28 feet, and adraft of 11 feet, with a complementof 8 officers and 85men.She is propelled by 2 DieselSulzer engines, 2,000 h.p. each,giving 18 knots as a maximumspeed.She was built in France in1939. and belongs to the prewarclass "Aviso de 800 tonnes,"which revealed itself,during the war as a useful classof escort and patrol vessel.LA CAPRICIEUSE, not entirelycompleted in 1940, layuu-armed in fJreat Britain untilthe end of the war. Rearmedby the French Navy in1945, she made a very gooddraught, fnlly loaded, will bewell within the limits for useof the Suez Canal and theirspeed will cut the voyage fromthis country to Sydney bynearly a week.In both ships extensive useis being made of aluminium,about 1.000 tons going intothe superstructures of each.Plastics are also being usedvery largely for facing surfaces,so eliminating the needfor interior painting and reducingmaintenance costs. Theywill also be the first two majorliners to be fitted with a bowpropeller for manoeuvringwhen berthing, though themachinery has been fitted in anumber of ferries built duringthe past few years.FRENCH SHIP VISITS SYDNEYjob as a patrol vessel throughoutthe ludo-China war. Shejoined the French "ForcesMaritimes du Pacifique" in October,1959, coming from Dakarthrough Panama and Tahiti.Still armed as a small antisubmarineescort vessel, shereplaced, in the Pacific, theFrench frigate, LA CONFI-ANCE, which is going back toFrance.Main duty of LA CAPRI-CIEUSE. is to visit all FrenchTerritories of the South Pacific,and give assistance to thepopulations of these islands.Oil these tours, she is basedcither on Noumea or Papeete.She has already sailed morethan 19,000 miles around theSouth Pacific islands.In addition, LA CAPRI-CIEUSE takes part in hydrographicwork in the SouthPacific.30 THE NAVYJuly, I960II

CRITICISM OF DARING DESTROYERSHK Minister fur the Navy,T Senator J. (i. Gorton, recentlyreplied to criticism ofAustralia's Daring Class destroyers.H.M.A.S. VOYAGBK, he said,had recently blown a boiler,and had to be repaired in aHong Kong dockyard.This was the fourth timethat either one or the otherboilers had given trouble.Mr. Gorton said that the costof repairing the boilers in HongKong was significantly lessthan in Australia, even thoughtub"s had had to be air freightedTo Singapore.Two of the Daring Class destroyershad also had troublewith their turbo generators,which were complicated machinery.Senator Gorton said thebringing together of thesetroubles, which occurred in aperiod of almost three years,into one set of allegations wasdesigned to make things lookbad.The reports said that thethree Darings had been builtin Australia at a cost of £9million each, when they couldhave been built in the t'.K. forabout £1 million each.Senator Gorton said this wasuntrue. The average cost ofthe three destroyers had been£6.75 million each, and at thetime that they were built theycould not have been bought inKngland.It was also true, said SenatorGorton, that the RoyalNavy had put its Daring Classdestroyers into reserve.Of the Royal Navy's eightDaring Class destroyers, fourwere in service with the fleetand four were undergoingmodifications, some of whichhad been incorporated into theAustralian Darings when theywere built.r^'" • - ' •• •— 5 :—:" KEMBLA"COPPER, BRASS ANDOTHtR NON-FERROUSWIRE CABLES & TUBES*METAL MANUFACTURES LTD.PORT KEMBLA; N.S.W.Tl T BES AND BRASS WIREKNOX SCHL APP PTY.SELLINC AGENTS(with DiMributors in ail State*)LTI).Adelaide, Brisbane, Melbourne,Sydney,Launceston.WIRE AND CABLESBRITISH INSULATEDCALLENDER'S CABLES LTD.Melbourne. Albury, Sydney,Newcastle, Wollongong,Brisbane. Hobart. LauncestonAdelaide.:THE UNITED SHIP SERVICES PTY.LTD.GEELONG MELBOURNE PORTLANDVICTORIAAUSTRALIAThe largest organisation in Victorian ports for the supply and erection of fittingsfor the carriage of every description of cargo. Bulk grain fittings a speciality.Dunnage supplied, holds cleaned. Decks caulked. Carpenters, joiners andshipwrights supplied.HM-A-S "KIMBLA." a Boom Uepot ship who aaatrted H.M.A S "WARREGO" In salvaging the wreckageof the Fokker Friendship aircraft whleh crashed Into the ocean off the Queensland coast.88-102 NORMANBY RD., SOUTH MELBOURNETelephone: MX 5231Telegrams and Cables: " FLEETWAYS," Melbourne26 THE NAVYPrinted by Snipping Newspapers Ltd.. 16 Bond Street, Sydney