The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
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THE WATER FOOTPRINT AND VIRTUALWATER EXPORTS OF SPANISH TOMATOESD. Chico 1 , G. Salmoral 1 , M.R. Llamas 2 ,A. Garrido 1 <strong>and</strong> M.M. Aldaya 1,31CEIGRAM, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Spain2Departamento de Geodinámica, UniversidadComplutense de Madrid, Spain3Twente Water Centre, University <strong>of</strong> Twente,Enschede, <strong>The</strong> Netherl<strong>and</strong>sSUMMARY<strong>The</strong> <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> is an indicator <strong>of</strong> <strong>water</strong> use that looksat both direct <strong>and</strong> indirect <strong>water</strong> use <strong>of</strong> a consumer or aproducer. <strong>The</strong> present study analyses the green, blue <strong>and</strong>grey <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> <strong>of</strong> tomato production in Spain. It assessesthe <strong>water</strong> apparent productivity between differentproduction systems <strong>and</strong> seasons. It also compares the productivities<strong>of</strong> surface <strong>and</strong> ground<strong>water</strong> <strong>and</strong> evaluates the<strong>virtual</strong> <strong>water</strong> <strong>of</strong> tomato <strong>exports</strong>. <strong>The</strong> total <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong><strong>of</strong> 1 kilogram <strong>of</strong> <strong>tomatoes</strong> produced in Spain is about 236litres per kilogram as a national average, ranging from 216to 306 litres per kilogram. <strong>The</strong> <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> <strong>of</strong> fresh<strong>tomatoes</strong> varies in the different locations mainly dependingon the local agro-climatic character, total tomato productionvolumes <strong>and</strong> production systems. <strong>The</strong> <strong>Spanish</strong> averagegreen <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> component amounts to about 5%, theblue component 36% <strong>and</strong> the grey component 59%. <strong>The</strong> differencesin the <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> between production systems