The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes

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D. CHICO et al. 17TABLE 2. Crop parameters used for the greenhouse productionInitialMiddle FinalDevelopmentStage stage stageTotalPeriod length (days) 30 35 40/155 1 20 125/240 1Kc 0.2 1.6 2 0.8 1Root depth (m) 0.1 0.5Critical depletion 0.4 3Crop height 3 m 3Source: FAO 1998; 1 Hoyos, (2005); 2 Fernandez et al, (2001); 3 Castilla (2009).In the tomato greenhouse production, there are four mainproduction periods (Hoyos, 2005):— Spring short period: the plant is transplanted in January-February.The harvest period ranges from lateApril to early June. For the calculations the plantingdate was assumed to be the 1 st of January. This cyclewas applied to the early greenhouse production inmost of the provinces.— Spring-Summer cycle: The crop growing period rangesfrom early March until late summer, being the harvestperiod from early June until late August. The plantingdate was assumed to be the 1 st of March. This cycle wasapplied to the production in the middle part of the year.— Short autumn cycle: The plant is transplanted in lateAugust early September and harvested from late Novemberto February. The planting date was 1 st of September.— Long cycle: this special cycle is the most common inAlmería province (Reche, 2009). The plant is trans-
18 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF TOMATO PRODUCTIONplanted in early September and harvested from Decemberuntil May or June. For the calculations theplanting date was assumed to be the 1 st of Septemberwith a growing period of 240 days (Table 2).The soils used in the case of greenhouse production whereassumed to be the same as in open-air production, exceptfor the cases of Almería, Granada and the two provinces inthe Canary Islands, since in these provinces, most of thegreenhouse production is done on artificial soils. These soilsare constructed by extending a layer of 2 cm deep of manure,clay and sand mulch above them. The parameters ofthese soils were obtained from the study of F.I.A.P.A. Foundation(Foundation for Agricultural Research in eh Provinceof Almería) on the soils of greenhouses in the Poniente regionof Almería province (Gil de Carrasco, 2001), and fromBertuglia (2008) for the province of Granada. In the CanaryIslands, the production is carried out also in a wide rangeof soils: natural, (local or transported) modified natural soilsor artificial (Nuez, 1995).The atmospheric demand inside the greenhouse was considered70-80% of that outside (Orgaz et al., 2005) and noprecipitation was taken into account. Many of the greenhouseshave rainwater collectors (Fernández, 2001). Mostly,rainwater harvesting refers to the collection of rain thatotherwise would become runoff. Since consumptive use ofharvested rainwater will subtract from runoff, we considersuch water use as a blue water footprint.2.3. Calculation of the water apparentproductivity and exported virtual waterThe water apparent productivity was calculated using themonthly tomato prices from the Agricultural and Statistics
Page 1 and 2: Papeles de Agua VirtualThe water fo
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The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes

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