The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
The water footprint and virtual water exports of Spanish tomatoes
- No tags were found...
Create successful ePaper yourself
Turn your PDF publications into a flip-book with our unique Google optimized e-Paper software.
14 THE WATER FOOTPRINT OF TOMATO PRODUCTION<strong>The</strong> green <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> <strong>of</strong> the crop (m 3 /ton) has beenestimated as the ratio <strong>of</strong> the green <strong>water</strong> use (m 3 /ha) to thecrop yield (ton/ha). <strong>The</strong> blue <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> <strong>of</strong> the crop isassumed equal to the ratio <strong>of</strong> the volume <strong>of</strong> irrigation <strong>water</strong>consumed to the crop yield.WFWFgreenijklblue ijklET= ×10green ijklY10×ET=Y ijklijklblue ijklE [4]In which:i = year season (early, middle or late season).j = production system (rainfed, open-air irrigated or covered).k = province <strong>of</strong> the country.l = year <strong>of</strong> the study period (1997-2008).ET green ijkl= Green <strong>water</strong> evapotraspiration <strong>of</strong> the provincek, under the production system j in the yearseason i in the year l (mm).Y ijkl= Yield <strong>of</strong> the province k, under the production systemj in the year season i in the year l (t/ha).ET blue ijkl= Blue <strong>water</strong> evapotraspiration <strong>of</strong> the province k,under the production system j in the year seasoni in the year l (mm).Finally, the grey <strong>water</strong> <strong>footprint</strong> <strong>of</strong> a primary crop is anindicator <strong>of</strong> fresh<strong>water</strong> pollution associated with the production<strong>of</strong> the crop (Hoekstra et al., 2009). It is defined asthe volume <strong>of</strong> fresh<strong>water</strong> that is required to assimilate theload <strong>of</strong> pollutants based on existing ambient <strong>water</strong> quality