Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ... Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...
1.6 Research and promote eco-agricultural options forthe local populations of the hotspot2. Restore and increase connectivityamong fragmented forest patches inthe hotspot, especially in:1. Lower Tana River Forests2. Taita Hills3. East Usambaras/Tanga4. Udzungwas2.1 Assess potential sites in the hotspot forconnectivity interventions2.2 Support initiatives that maintain or restoreconnectivity in the hotspot2.3 Monitor and evaluate initiatives that maintain orrestore connectivity in the hotspot2.4 Support best practices for restoring connectivity inways that also benefit people3. Improve biological knowledge in thehotspot (all 160 sites eligible)4. Establish a small grants program inthe hotspot (all 160 sites eligible)that focuses on critically endangeredspecies and small-scale efforts toincrease connectivity of biologicallyimportant habitat patches5. Develop and support efforts forfurther fundraising for the hotspot3.1 Refine and implement a standardized monitoringprogram across the 160 eligible sites3.2 Support research in the less studied of the 160eligible sites in the hotspot3.3 Monitor populations of Critically Endangered andEndangered Species in the hotspot3.4 Support research in the hotspot to facilitate RedList assessments and re-assessments for plants,reptiles, invertebrates and other taxa.3.5 Compile and document indigenous knowledge onhotspot sites and species3.6 Support awareness programs that increase publicknowledge of biodiversity values of the hotspot4.2 Support targeted efforts to increase connectivity ofbiologically important habitat patches4.3.Support efforts to increase biological knowledge ofthe sites and to conserve critically endangeredspecies5.1 Establish a professional resource mobilization unit,within an appropriate local partner institution, forraising long-term funds and resources for thehotspot5.2 Utilize high-level corporate contacts to securefunding from the private sector for the hotspot5.3 Train local NGOs and community-basedorganizations in fundraising and proposal writing1. Increase the ability of local populations in the hotspot to benefit from and contribute tobiodiversity conservation, especially in and around Lower Tana River Forests, TaitaHills, East Usambaras/Tanga, Udzungwas and Jozani ForestThese sites were selected based on current lack of investment, assessment of opportunities forsuccess and biological prioritization. The paradigm, which links poverty to environmentaldegradation and biodiversity loss, has driven much of the conservation effort in this hotspot fortwo decades and it inevitably emerged as a dominant theme in the workshop. CEPF should55
concentrate on synergistic and direct linkages between people and biodiversity conservation.There is a rich field here for interventions and the piloting of new approaches, while building onprevious conservation efforts in the hotspot. There are opportunities to promote agriculturalpractices that improve production and enhance biodiversity. These practices include both old andnew techniques. They have been brought together under the umbrella term “ecoagriculture” byMcNeely and Scherr (2003). There are also opportunities to exploit synergies between differentinvestment priorities. The following investment priorities were identified under this strategicdirection.1.1 Evaluate community-based forest management initiatives in the hotspot to determine bestpractices. Community-based conservation initiatives include efforts to involve and capacitatelocal communities in the management of biodiversity sites (mainly forests) in the hotspot. Bothin Kenya and Tanzania, new policies are promoting various forms of community participation inforest management (joint forest management, community-based forest management andparticipatory forest management). There are at least 32 such initiatives in the hotspot. Underthese arrangements, community user rights are negotiated in return for responsibilities such asself-policing, with extraction rates based on estimates of sustainability. The effects oncommunity livelihoods, law enforcement and biodiversity protection are all routinely expected tobe positive, but a scientific consensus on this expectation is yet to be reached. Strong opinionsare much commoner than hard data. Scientific testing of participatory management strategies inthe hotspot is badly needed. CEPF will prioritize research and analysis rather than financingapplied projects under this investment priority.1.2 Promote nature-based businesses that benefit local populations. Experience within thehotspot has shown that nature-based businesses that benefit local populations can buildsignificant constituencies for conservation. Because of extreme poverty, even small incomesfrom such businesses can make real differences in local attitudes towards conservation, providedthat the linkage between revenue and the continued existence of the biodiversity resource isdirect and obvious. It follows that revenues must be reasonably reliable and that any resource usemust be sustainable. Examples include beekeeping, tourism, butterfly farming (Gordon &Ayiemba 2003), cultivation for essential oil extraction and domestication of medicinal plants.1.3 Explore possibilities for direct payments and easements (conservation concessions) forbiodiversity conservation in the hotspot and support where appropriate. Recent reviews (e.g.,Ferraro & Kiss 2002) argue that direct payments for conservation are more cost-effective andprovide more benefits to biodiversity than community-based interventions such as IntegratedConservation and Development Projects. Under direct payments and easements,communities/land owners are paid directly for the right to manage the site for conservationpurposes under leasehold or alternative arrangements. This eliminates the expenditures that sooften inflate project costs to no good end and the net benefits that reach the communities arecommensurably greater. Running costs become the responsibility of theorganization/corporation/individual that makes the payments. Direct payments and easements arerelatively untried in Africa, so any attempt at their implementation would need to be on a pilotbasis. CEPF could facilitate advice on the appropriateness of this approach in this hotspot andfund training and assistance for local organisations to act as honest brokers in the negotiation ofany such arrangement, but could not provide the resources for the direct payments. These56
- Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
- Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
- Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
- Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
- Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
- Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
- Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
- Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
- Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
- Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
- Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
- Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
- Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
- Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
- Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
- Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
- Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
- Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
- Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
- Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
- Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
- Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
- Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
- Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
- Page 57: During the group and plenary discus
- Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
- Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
- Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
- Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
- Page 69 and 70: REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
- Page 71 and 72: Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
- Page 73 and 74: patterns, diversity and endemism. B
- Page 75 and 76: Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
- Page 77 and 78: Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
- Page 79 and 80: Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
- Page 81 and 82: Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
- Page 83 and 84: Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
- Page 85 and 86: Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
- Page 87 and 88: Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
- Page 89 and 90: Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
- Page 91 and 92: Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
- Page 93 and 94: Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
- Page 95 and 96: Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
- Page 97 and 98: Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
- Page 99 and 100: Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
- Page 101 and 102: Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
- Page 103 and 104: Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
- Page 105 and 106: (Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
- Page 107 and 108: Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
1.6 Research <strong>and</strong> promote eco-agricultural options forthe local populations <strong>of</strong> the hotspot2. Restore <strong>and</strong> increase connectivityamong fragmented forest patches inthe hotspot, especially in:1. Lower Tana River <strong>Forests</strong>2. Taita Hills3. East Usambaras/Tanga4. Udzungwas2.1 Assess potential sites in the hotspot forconnectivity interventions2.2 Support initiatives that maintain or restoreconnectivity in the hotspot2.3 Monitor <strong>and</strong> evaluate initiatives that maintain orrestore connectivity in the hotspot2.4 Support best practices for restoring connectivity inways that also benefit people3. Improve biological knowledge in thehotspot (all 160 sites eligible)4. Establish a small grants program inthe hotspot (all 160 sites eligible)that focuses on critically endangeredspecies <strong>and</strong> small-scale efforts toincrease connectivity <strong>of</strong> biologicallyimportant habitat patches5. Develop <strong>and</strong> support efforts forfurther fundraising for the hotspot3.1 Refine <strong>and</strong> implement a st<strong>and</strong>ardized monitoringprogram across the 160 eligible sites3.2 Support research in the less studied <strong>of</strong> the 160eligible sites in the hotspot3.3 Monitor populations <strong>of</strong> Critically Endangered <strong>and</strong>Endangered Species in the hotspot3.4 Support research in the hotspot to facilitate RedList assessments <strong>and</strong> re-assessments for plants,reptiles, invertebrates <strong>and</strong> other taxa.3.5 Compile <strong>and</strong> document indigenous knowledge onhotspot sites <strong>and</strong> species3.6 Support awareness programs that increase publicknowledge <strong>of</strong> biodiversity values <strong>of</strong> the hotspot4.2 Support targeted efforts to increase connectivity <strong>of</strong>biologically important habitat patches4.3.Support efforts to increase biological knowledge <strong>of</strong>the sites <strong>and</strong> to conserve critically endangeredspecies5.1 Establish a pr<strong>of</strong>essional resource mobilization unit,within an appropriate local partner institution, forraising long-term funds <strong>and</strong> resources for thehotspot5.2 Utilize high-level corporate contacts to securefunding from the private sector for the hotspot5.3 Train local NGOs <strong>and</strong> community-basedorganizations in fundraising <strong>and</strong> proposal writing1. Increase the ability <strong>of</strong> local populations in the hotspot to benefit from <strong>and</strong> contribute tobiodiversity conservation, especially in <strong>and</strong> around Lower Tana River <strong>Forests</strong>, TaitaHills, East Usambaras/Tanga, Udzungwas <strong>and</strong> Jozani ForestThese sites were selected based on current lack <strong>of</strong> investment, assessment <strong>of</strong> opportunities forsuccess <strong>and</strong> biological prioritization. The paradigm, which links poverty to environmentaldegradation <strong>and</strong> biodiversity loss, has driven much <strong>of</strong> the conservation effort in this hotspot fortwo decades <strong>and</strong> it inevitably emerged as a dominant theme in the workshop. CEPF should55