Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...

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Population growth, hunting, grazing and mining rank higher in the Eastern Arc Mountains.Agriculture and encroachment, timber extraction, polewood cutting and especially charcoal rankhigher in the Coastal Forests. Some of these differences in ranking may result from differentdegrees of legal protection in the two countries. In both, the most important threats arise from theimmediate needs of people, rather than from any large-scale developmental projects or corporateventures.Analysis of Root CausesRoot causes of threats in the hotspot were analyzed in workshops during proposal preparationboth by GEF and WWF-EARPO (GEF 2002; WWF-EARPO 2003). Table 5 is adapted from theGEF analysis, which broadly captures the root causes identified by WWF-EARPO and lists someof their manifestations. The order of presentation of these root causes is not a ranking of theirimportance.Table 5. Summary of root causes of threats to the Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal ForestshotspotRoot CauseManifestationPopulation growth • Drives increased demand for resources at alllevels.Poverty • Overexploitation of “free” forest resources(timber, polewood, etc).• Lack of opportunity to think beyond immediateneeds.• Vulnerability to corruption• Involvement in illegal activitiesInefficient land-use practices • Low agricultural yields• Declining soil fertility• Increased demand for land• Agricultural encroachment and clearing offorestsNegative value systems re conservation and lack ofenvironmental awareness• Absence of local constituencies forconservation.• Ignorance of consequences of damage toenvironment.• Low motivation to conserve biodiversityLack of experience and incentives to developalternative livelihoods• Little opportunity to change environmentallydamaging lifestylesLack of fora for communal exchange and networking • No transfer of lessons learned• No sharing of common problems• Opportunities for engaging in conservation notcommunicatedLack of local mechanisms for controlling forestexploitation• Absence or breakdown of traditionalconservation practices• Local communities overexploit forestresources• Exploitation of forest resources by outsiders isunchecked• Unprotected forests are lostLimited ecosystem-wide strategic focus • Piecemeal conservation efforts• Short-term projects• Lack of continuity in conservation activities• Lack of co-ordination among different projects• Landscape issues not tackledWeak forest governance • Inadequate stakeholder involvement45
• Decision-makers inadequately informed• Lack of monitoringInadequate and poorly targeted fiscal resources • Inadequate budgets for authorities managingforests• Most money spent on salaries with little foroperational costs• Poor morale among staff managing forestsLimited effectiveness of protection regimes • High levels of illegal activities in forests• Forest degradation and biodiversity loss• Corrupt practices facilitated• Low morale among forest guardsIn the likely absence of positive macro-economic changes and of large-scale industrialization inthe continent, the next generation of rural farmers in Africa will continue to depend heavily onthe free resources that that they can extract from their surroundings. The first three root causes inTable 5 (population growth, poverty and inefficient land use) will, therefore, continue to generatethreats to forests and forest lands for some time to come. What is less clear is how muchconservation organizations can do about these problems and what proportion of their limitedresources should be invested in the attempt. Development agencies have been active in Africawith far more resources for many decades, yet rural poverty persists. Another difficulty is thatthe path to development often involves the massive ecological transformation of landscapes andit is precisely this process that is destroying tropical forests. This is what makes conservationistsand development practitioners such awkward partners (Struhsaker 1997; Oates 1999; Terborgh1999).The fourth root cause in Table 5 is negative value systems re conservation and lack ofenvironmental awareness. A variety of innovative approaches to raising conservation awarenesshave been developed during the last 50 years and international conservation organizations havesucceeded in putting biodiversity issues firmly on global agendas. The hotspot focus of CEPFand the resources it commands, is a good example of this, but the need to reach the rural poor iswhat is implied in Table 5. This is as urgent as ever, but all too often it generates contradictorymessages. Unless awareness can be linked to incentive, only the contradictions are seen. In theabsence of material incentives for conservation, it is difficult to change value systems,particularly when poverty gives little opportunity to think beyond short-term needs. The mostpromising approach in parts of this hotspot may be through innovative awareness raising ofwater catchment values of the Eastern Arc Mountains.Many conservation projects have tackled the issues of alternative livelihoods and of communalexchange and networking. The creation of alternative livelihoods is a useful local approach forcivil society, especially when combined with good law enforcement by those institutionsresponsible for forest management. This combination is more rare than it ought to be. Theproblems of communal exchange and networking are now much less serious than they were,thanks to the growth of communications technology and to the increasing effectiveness ofworkshop and community outreach techniques. Nonetheless, it is worth noting that the CEPFworkshop organized as part of producing this profile was the first time that people working in theEastern Arc Mountains and the Coastal Forests of Kenya and Tanzania had met to discusscommon problems. It is also still true that exchange and networking is much more commonamong people working in NGOs and government institutions than at the community level.46
Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
Page 47: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
Page 59 and 60: concentrate on synergistic and dire
Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
Page 69 and 70: REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
Page 71 and 72: Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
Page 73 and 74: patterns, diversity and endemism. B
Page 75 and 76: Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
Page 77 and 78: Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
Page 79 and 80: Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
Page 81 and 82: Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
Page 83 and 84: Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
Page 85 and 86: Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
Page 87 and 88: Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
Page 89 and 90: Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
Page 91 and 92: Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
Page 93 and 94: Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
Page 95 and 96: Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
Page 97 and 98: Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
Page 99 and 100:
Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
Page 101 and 102:
Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
Page 103 and 104:
Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
Page 105 and 106:
(Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
Page 107 and 108:
Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
Page 109 and 110:
Shimoni Forests KE 4.65 39.38Paraxe
Page 111 and 112:
magnistipulataMacaranga conglomerat
Page 113 and 114:
Canthium siebenlistii VU PCephaloph
Page 115 and 116:
longipedunculatumDiospyros amaniens
Page 117 and 118:
(Uluguru North FR, UluguruSouth FR,
Page 119 and 120:
Scolecomorphus vittatus VU ASuregad
Page 121 and 122:
Neohemsleyausambarensis VU POcotea
Page 123 and 124:
An Overview of CEPF’s Portfolio i
Page 125 and 126:
them. Government, local community a
Page 127 and 128:
5. Develop and support efforts for
Page 129 and 130:
Reviewers look at:• the relevance
Page 131 and 132:
Box 1: Udzungwa Mountains National
Page 133 and 134:
established in the region and elsew
Page 136:
Eastern Arc Mountains Portfolio Pro
Page 139 and 140:
CEPF Investment Coordination and Su
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation Ecology of the Endange
Page 143 and 144:
Stakeholders Identify Priorities fo
Page 145 and 146:
Tanzania Seizes 157 Containers of T
Page 147 and 148:
CEPF Set for Expansionhttp://www.ce
Page 150 and 151:
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal F
Page 152 and 153:
T H E A R C J O U R N A L I S S U E
Page 154 and 155:
Kenya Times Newspaperfile://D:\East
Page 156 and 157:
La Tanzanie et le Kenya reçoivent
Page 158:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
Page 161 and 162:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
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