Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...

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Table 4. Main categories, components and examples of threats in the Eastern Arc Mountains andCoastal Forests hotspotCategories Components ExamplesAgriculture Cultivation Mainly maize, vegetables and cooking bananas: Ruvu South,Nyumburuni (Tz. Coast); cardamom under forest cover in theNguru South Mountains; Kaya Kinondo (Ke. Coast).EncroachmentFireGrazingMang’alisa FR in Rubeho Mountains, Kazimzumbi FR (Tz.Coast); Mangea Hill (Ke. Coast).Usually set deliberately to clear bush or encourage freshgrass for grazing: Amani Nature Reserve and Bombo East inE. Usambaras, Pande GR & Rondo FR (Tz. Coast); TaitaHills.Mgambo and Mlinga FRs in E. Usambaras, Pangani Falls,Tongwe FR (Tz. Coast).Pressure onForest ResourcesDevelopmentTimberPolewoodFuelwoodCharcoalCarving woodHuntingTourismSaltMiningSettlementUrbanizationRoadsLutali in S. Udzungwas, Mogoroto Forest in E. Usambaras,Kimbozo FR (Tz. Coast); Dakatcha woodlands & ShimbaHills NR (Ke. Coast).Sagara FR in W.Usambaras, Nyangamara & KoleKole FR(Tz. Coast); Arabuko-Sokoke FR (Ke coast).Uluguru Mountain Forests, Litopo & Ndimba FRs, (Tz.Coast); Jozani Forest (Zanzibar); Taita Hills (Ke. EasternArc)Near urban centres: Uzigua & Kazizumbi FRs (Tz. Coast);Jozani Forest (Zanzibar); Madunguni (Ke. Coast).Forests in Tanga District (Tz. coast) e.g.Kilulu Hills, &Tongwe FR, believed to be exported to Kenya’s woodcarving trade; Arabuko Sokoke FR (Ke. Coast).New Dabaga/ Ulangambi & W. Kilombero FR in UdzungwaMountains, Pagale Hill (Tz. Coast); Arabuko-Sokoke FR (Ke.Coast).Coast only: Kiwenga (Zanzibar) & Ngezi FR (Pemba); KayaDiani & Kaya Kinondo (Ke. Coast).Coast only: Coastal forests, especially mangroves, in TangaDistrict, Pangani Falls, Tongwe (Tz coast); Ngomeni,Gongoni, Kurawa (Ke. Coast)Pugu, ruby mining in Ruvu FR (Tz. Coast); titanium mining inKwale District (Ke. Coast).In unprotected forests, e. g. Maforonya Forest, Pangani Falls& Tongwe FR (Tz. Coast); also in Local Council Forests, e.g.Madunguni Forest (Ke. Coast).Ras Kiuyu (Pemba); Kaya Kinondo (Ke. coast).New road to Dar opening access to Kitope, Rondo, &Ngarama FRs, road through Katundu FR (Tz coast).41
Commercial Timber ExtractionThere have been national moratoriums on commercial logging in high forests in Tanzania sincethe early 1990s and in indigenous forests in Kenya since the late 1990s, but enforcement andmonitoring have been erratic in both countries. In Tanzania, where the local district forestofficers (DFOs) report to the local district authorities rather than to FBD headquarters, thecommand structure is compromised and local pressure on DFOs to ignore illegal logging can bestrong. In Kenya, high-level political connections enabled certain large timber companies tocontinue to extract indigenous trees despite the moratorium, although their activities have mainlyfocused on other areas of the country (e. g. Mount Elgon). Throughout both Kenya and Tanzania,the threats are greatest to forests where high value timber like camphor (Ocotea usambarensis)or mvule (Milicia excelsa) is present.In practice, the government system of obtaining licenses to log trees from forest reserves is oftenignored and the majority of logging being undertaken in the reserves is illegal. There is a greatdeal of commercial timber extraction by small-scale poachers, responding to the demands ofurbanization and tourism development. Very little of the value of this timber goes back to thepoachers, who are usually at the bottom end of an exploitative network of foresters, middlemenand contractors. Forests close to tourist areas, such as Arabuko-Sokoke Forest near Malindi andWatamu in Kenya, suffer from the high demand for carving wood (Brachylaena huillensis) andtimber for the construction of hotels, private residences and tourist attractions. The carving woodindustry is much bigger in Kenya than in Tanzania and poaching of carving wood trees is mostcommon in Tanzania near the Kenya/Tanzania border.Other Forest Resource ExtractionCommercial fuelwood extraction and charcoal production are a problem near urban centres, withDar es Salaam and Mombasa and the Stone City in Zanzibar as majormarkets. Fuelwood is also commercially harvested from Udzungwa Mountain National Park forlocal brewing. As roads are improved, more forests become at risk because of increased accessfor fuelwood and charcoal merchants. For example, Rondo and Kitope Forest Reserve arethreatened by the development of a new road to Dar es Salaam.Most timber for local construction in the villages close to the forests comes from the foreststhemselves, mainly in the form of poles of young trees. For larger buildings, doors and windowframes planked timber is obtained from pitsawing groups working in the forests. As most ofthese teams are either operating in areas where logging is not permitted or they lack the licensesfor the trees that they are cutting, the majority of timber being used in local construction isillegal. Most of this timber is sold and hence is, in reality, a commercial use of the forests, onlyto supply the local market.A range of other products is extracted for various household uses, like medicinal plants, ediblefruits, wild honey, grass and fodder for livestock and bamboo collection for tomato basketweaving. These activities can cause local problems, especially where extraction methods aredestructive such as careless debarking of medicinal trees. Targeted species are already scarce.Hunting is historically responsible for the absence of several large mammals (buffalo, rhino,elephant, leopard, bushbuck) from large areas in the hotspot where they used to roam. The local42
Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
Page 43: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
Page 59 and 60: concentrate on synergistic and dire
Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
Page 69 and 70: REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
Page 71 and 72: Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
Page 73 and 74: patterns, diversity and endemism. B
Page 75 and 76: Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
Page 77 and 78: Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
Page 79 and 80: Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
Page 81 and 82: Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
Page 83 and 84: Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
Page 85 and 86: Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
Page 87 and 88: Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
Page 89 and 90: Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
Page 91 and 92: Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
Page 93 and 94: Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
Page 95 and 96:
Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
Page 97 and 98:
Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
Page 99 and 100:
Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
Page 101 and 102:
Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
Page 103 and 104:
Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
Page 105 and 106:
(Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
Page 107 and 108:
Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
Page 109 and 110:
Shimoni Forests KE 4.65 39.38Paraxe
Page 111 and 112:
magnistipulataMacaranga conglomerat
Page 113 and 114:
Canthium siebenlistii VU PCephaloph
Page 115 and 116:
longipedunculatumDiospyros amaniens
Page 117 and 118:
(Uluguru North FR, UluguruSouth FR,
Page 119 and 120:
Scolecomorphus vittatus VU ASuregad
Page 121 and 122:
Neohemsleyausambarensis VU POcotea
Page 123 and 124:
An Overview of CEPF’s Portfolio i
Page 125 and 126:
them. Government, local community a
Page 127 and 128:
5. Develop and support efforts for
Page 129 and 130:
Reviewers look at:• the relevance
Page 131 and 132:
Box 1: Udzungwa Mountains National
Page 133 and 134:
established in the region and elsew
Page 136:
Eastern Arc Mountains Portfolio Pro
Page 139 and 140:
CEPF Investment Coordination and Su
Page 141 and 142:
Conservation Ecology of the Endange
Page 143 and 144:
Stakeholders Identify Priorities fo
Page 145 and 146:
Tanzania Seizes 157 Containers of T
Page 147 and 148:
CEPF Set for Expansionhttp://www.ce
Page 150 and 151:
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal F
Page 152 and 153:
T H E A R C J O U R N A L I S S U E
Page 154 and 155:
Kenya Times Newspaperfile://D:\East
Page 156 and 157:
La Tanzanie et le Kenya reçoivent
Page 158:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
Page 161 and 162:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
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