Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...
Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ... Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...
the granting of licenses for any of the purposes of the ordinance. There was clearly greatinconsistency between the ordinance and the new National Forest Policy. Taking account of theweaknesses in the existing ordinance, a Forest Bill, which revised the outdated ForestsOrdinance CAP 389 of 1957, was developed to correspond with the National Forest Policy. Thebill sought to address the inadequacies of the Forests Ordinance and provided a legal frameworkto enable the new National Forest Policy to be effectively implemented. The revised Forest Actbestows management rights under respective instruments, including:• development of collaborative forest management arrangements and management plans forNational and Local Authority, Community, Village and Private Forests; and• development of by-laws and other local instruments to facilitate forest development at thelocal level.The Forest Act (approved by the Parliament in April 2002) recognizes such initiatives and theroles of different stakeholders are acknowledged and supported, including allocation ofmanagement responsibilities, rights and duties. The act also addresses compliance withinternational initiatives toward sustainable forest management, including support forbioprospecting that benefits indigenous communities. Development of the Forest Act alsorecognizes related legislation, which include the Land Act (United Republic of Tanzania 1999a),Village Land Act (United Republic of Tanzania 1999b).National Forest ProgrammeIn January 2000, the Forestry and Beekeeping Division began developing a National ForestProgramme (NFP). The objective of the NFP is to: (1) enhance the contribution of the forest andbeekeeping sector to sustainable development of Tanzania; and (2) to enhance the conservationof natural resources for the benefit of present and future generations. The NFP was formulated asan instrument for implementation of the National Forest Policy (United Republic of Tanzania1998). The NFP is also meant to improve the design and implementation of forest managementinterventions. This includes streamlining financing in the sector and fostering implementation ofinternational processes towards Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).The formulation of the NFP included identification of issues through reviews and consultationsat national and local levels, their prioritization based on scope, resources and capacityrequirements for their implementation. Strategies for implementation were identified anddevelopment programmes designed.In May 2001, the draft NFP was submitted to the government for endorsement. The NFP hasfour development programmes, namely:(a) Forest Resources Conservation and Management Programme that focuses on promotingstakeholders’ participation in the management of natural and plantation forests,ecosystems/biodiversity conservation and sustainable utilization of forest resources.(b) Institutions and Human Resources Development Programme that addresses strengtheninginstitutional set up, coordination of forest management, establishing sustainable forest sectorfunding, improvement in research, extension services and capacity building.(c) Legal and Regulatory Framework Programme that focuses on development of regulatoryframeworks that include Forest Act, rules, regulations and guidelines to facilitate, among otherthings, operations of the private sector and participatory management.33
(d) Forestry Based Industries and Products Programme that attempts to enhance forest industrydevelopment, through promoting private sector investment and improving productivity andefficiency.Program formulation was completed in June 2001. Implementation arrangements are now beingdeveloped through partnerships with the main stakeholders, including local communities, theprivate sector and local governments.Economic SituationNational StatisticsBoth Kenya and Tanzania are grouped among the poorest nations in the world. Three of themajor economic indicators from 2001 for these two countries deserve particular attention: the lowper capita incomes ($271 in Kenya, $260 in Tanzania); the percentages of the populations earningless than one dollar a day (43 percent in Kenya, 50 percent in Tanzania) and; the economicgrowth rates (1.2 percent in Kenya, 5.6 percent in Tanzania). The post-independence histories ofthe economies in these two countries have been quite different.After independence, Kenya built up a strong economic lead over its neighbours in Eastern Africathrough the encouragement of market-oriented policies, smallholder agricultural production,public investment, tourism and incentives for private industrial investment. Over a 10-year periodfrom 1963-1973, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by an average of 6.6 percent a year (USState Department Country Reports, 2002a). By 1997 it had dropped to 2.3 percent, then to 1.8percent in 1999 and became negative (0.4 percent) in 2000 (USAID 2000). A variety of factorswere responsible for the long decline. These included unfavourable terms of trade (increased oilprices, decreased tea and coffee prices), government invasion of the private sector, decliningtourism, political uncertainties, corruption and sheer bad governance (leading to the suspension ofbilateral and multilateral aid in 1991) (USAID 2000). Were it not for vigorous growth in the cutflower and horticultural export industries and the entrepreneurial skills of its people, Kenyawould have been in a much worse situation by 2000. A new government was democraticallyelected at the end of 2002 and there are considerable expectations that the economy will improve.Tanzania was a one-party state with a socialist mode of development from independence in 1961until the mid-1980s. Despite a substantial influx of foreign aid, the economy did not prosper.Beginning in 1986, the government began to liberalize its control of the economy and toencourage participation in the private sector. In 1996, a three-year Enhanced StructuralAdjustment Facility was agreed between the IMF and the Tanzanian Government. Over the nextfour years, economic growth averaged around 4 percent, rising to 4.9 percent in 2000 and to 5.6percent in 2001 (USAID 2002). Economic growth is most evident in Dar es Salaam. Althoughthe figures look good, Tanzania’s economy is overwhelmingly donor-dependent, with theexternal debt at more than $8 billion and debt servicing absorbing 40 percent of governmentexpenditure (USAID 2002b).34
- Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
- Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
- Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
- Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
- Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
- Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
- Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
- Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
- Page 17 and 18: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
- Page 19 and 20: percent) of the Kenyan coastal fore
- Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
- Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
- Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
- Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
- Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
- Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
- Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
- Page 35: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
- Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
- Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
- Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
- Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
- Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
- Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
- Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
- Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
- Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
- Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
- Page 59 and 60: concentrate on synergistic and dire
- Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
- Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
- Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
- Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
- Page 69 and 70: REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
- Page 71 and 72: Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
- Page 73 and 74: patterns, diversity and endemism. B
- Page 75 and 76: Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
- Page 77 and 78: Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
- Page 79 and 80: Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
- Page 81 and 82: Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
- Page 83 and 84: Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
- Page 85 and 86: Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
the granting <strong>of</strong> licenses for any <strong>of</strong> the purposes <strong>of</strong> the ordinance. There was clearly greatinconsistency between the ordinance <strong>and</strong> the new National Forest Policy. Taking account <strong>of</strong> theweaknesses in the existing ordinance, a Forest Bill, which revised the outdated <strong>Forests</strong>Ordinance CAP 389 <strong>of</strong> 1957, was developed to correspond with the National Forest Policy. Thebill sought to address the inadequacies <strong>of</strong> the <strong>Forests</strong> Ordinance <strong>and</strong> provided a legal frameworkto enable the new National Forest Policy to be effectively implemented. The revised Forest Actbestows management rights under respective instruments, including:• development <strong>of</strong> collaborative forest management arrangements <strong>and</strong> management plans forNational <strong>and</strong> Local Authority, Community, Village <strong>and</strong> Private <strong>Forests</strong>; <strong>and</strong>• development <strong>of</strong> by-laws <strong>and</strong> other local instruments to facilitate forest development at thelocal level.The Forest Act (approved by the Parliament in April 2002) recognizes such initiatives <strong>and</strong> theroles <strong>of</strong> different stakeholders are acknowledged <strong>and</strong> supported, including allocation <strong>of</strong>management responsibilities, rights <strong>and</strong> duties. The act also addresses compliance withinternational initiatives toward sustainable forest management, including support forbioprospecting that benefits indigenous communities. Development <strong>of</strong> the Forest Act alsorecognizes related legislation, which include the L<strong>and</strong> Act (United Republic <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 1999a),Village L<strong>and</strong> Act (United Republic <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong> 1999b).National Forest ProgrammeIn January 2000, the Forestry <strong>and</strong> Beekeeping Division began developing a National ForestProgramme (NFP). The objective <strong>of</strong> the NFP is to: (1) enhance the contribution <strong>of</strong> the forest <strong>and</strong>beekeeping sector to sustainable development <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>; <strong>and</strong> (2) to enhance the conservation<strong>of</strong> natural resources for the benefit <strong>of</strong> present <strong>and</strong> future generations. The NFP was formulated asan instrument for implementation <strong>of</strong> the National Forest Policy (United Republic <strong>of</strong> <strong>Tanzania</strong>1998). The NFP is also meant to improve the design <strong>and</strong> implementation <strong>of</strong> forest managementinterventions. This includes streamlining financing in the sector <strong>and</strong> fostering implementation <strong>of</strong>international processes towards Sustainable Forest Management (SFM).The formulation <strong>of</strong> the NFP included identification <strong>of</strong> issues through reviews <strong>and</strong> consultationsat national <strong>and</strong> local levels, their prioritization based on scope, resources <strong>and</strong> capacityrequirements for their implementation. Strategies for implementation were identified <strong>and</strong>development programmes designed.In May 2001, the draft NFP was submitted to the government for endorsement. The NFP hasfour development programmes, namely:(a) Forest Resources Conservation <strong>and</strong> Management Programme that focuses on promotingstakeholders’ participation in the management <strong>of</strong> natural <strong>and</strong> plantation forests,ecosystems/biodiversity conservation <strong>and</strong> sustainable utilization <strong>of</strong> forest resources.(b) Institutions <strong>and</strong> Human Resources Development Programme that addresses strengtheninginstitutional set up, coordination <strong>of</strong> forest management, establishing sustainable forest sectorfunding, improvement in research, extension services <strong>and</strong> capacity building.(c) Legal <strong>and</strong> Regulatory Framework Programme that focuses on development <strong>of</strong> regulatoryframeworks that include Forest Act, rules, regulations <strong>and</strong> guidelines to facilitate, among otherthings, operations <strong>of</strong> the private sector <strong>and</strong> participatory management.33
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