Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal Forests of Tanzania and Kenya ...

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Figure 2. Location of the major protected areas in and around the Eastern Arc Mountains andCoastal Forests hotspotNational monument status has been given to 39 out of nearly 50 of the sacred Kaya forests(WWF-EARPO 2002), but the level of protection gained from this status is below that of theforest reserves. An additional national monument at Gede Ruins is not a Kaya, but it includes afenced 350 ha coral rag forest that is in good condition and very well protected. There arenumerous Local Government or County Council Forests. Unfortunately, protection of theseforests is virtually non-existent, to the point where local councillors have sold forest plots foragricultural settlement (e.g., at Madunguni and Mangea Hill). A large proportion (nearly 4015
percent) of the Kenyan coastal forests fall into this category or is totally unprotected (data fromWWF-EARPO 2002).In the Tanzanian portion of the Eastern Arc Mountains, there are two national parks (UdzungwaMountains National Park, gazetted in 1992, 1,960 km 2 ; and Mikumi National Park, 3,230 km 2 ),two game reserves (Selous and Mkomazi) and a nature reserve (Amani Nature Reserve, gazettedin 1997, 83.8 km 2 ) (GEF 2002; Roe et al. 2002). However, more than 90 percent of the totalforest area in the Tanzanian portion of the Eastern Arc Mountains and almost 75 percent of thetotal forests are gazetted as government catchment forest reserves (Burgess pers. com.). Theserange in area from more than 557,000 ha (Ngindo) to less than 10 ha and include all the largerforests in the Kilimanajaro (e.g., Chome), Tanga (e.g., Nguru North, Shume Magambe) andMorogoro (e.g., Uluguru, Nguru South) regions. Most of the remainder are local authorityforests, ranging in size from 57,300 ha (Mbalwe/Mfukulembe) to less than 10 ha, although thereare a few private forests, mainly on tea estates (e.g. Ambangulu Tea Estate) and some of whichhave been covenanted for conservation. In the national park, protection levels are high, butelsewhere they are highly variable. The important catchment forest reserves are, in general,better protected than the local authority forests (Burgess et al. 1998).In the Tanzanian coastal forests, management regimes are more complicated. Most are eitherforest reserves (80) or are on public land (20) with no protection status (WWF-EARPO 2002).Four are private forest reserves (Magotwe, Kichi Hills, Mlungui and Magoroto). Only three areentirely managed by the district government as local authority forest reserves, although somehave double status (two overlapping with forest reserves and two more with private forestreserves). There are two catchment forest reserves (Mselezi, Ziwani) (Burgess and Clarke 2000;WWF-EARPO 2002) managed by the Central Government Forest and Beekeeping Division.Two others, Zaraninge and the former Mkwaja ranch, are being incorporated into the newSadaani National Park (WWF-EARPO 2002). Some patches are also found in the Selous GameReserve and others in Mafia Island Marine Park. Offshore protected areas are also found inZanzibar (Jozani Forest Reserve) and Pemba (Ngezi Forest Reserve). There are also smallerareas in Zanzibar that are important for water catchment (e.g. Masingi) and for endemic species(e.g. Unguja Ukuu Forest Plantation). There is a proposal to upgrade the Jozani Reserve inZanzibar (now known as the Jozani-Chakwa Bay Conservation Area) to a national park.Management and protection of most of the forests throughout the hotspot have suffered frominadequate stakeholder involvement, conflicts of interest and corruption. Where forests aregazetted, the boundaries tend to be respected but the forests themselves suffer steadydegradation. The levels of protection achieved on the ground are strongly dependent on localfactors such as proximity to urban areas, pressure for land, ease of access, presence of valuabletimber and the capacity and morale of the local forestry officers (WWF-US 2003a). There is ageneral move toward various forms of participatory forest management (PFM), in the hope thatan exchange of forest user rights for community management responsibilities and ownership(where appropriate) will lead to better protection by the people who often know best what isgoing on in the forests. Although this hope is widely held, it has not yet been scientifically testedwithin the hotspot. The alternative strategies of direct payments and easements are beingexplored, but have not yet been implemented.CONSERVATION OUTCOMESThis ecosystem profile, together with profiles under development for other regions at this time,includes a new commitment and emphasis on using conservation outcomes—targets againstwhich the success of investments can be measured—as the scientific underpinning fordetermining CEPF’s geographic and thematic focus for investment.16
Page 1 and 2: Eastern Arc Mountainsand Coastal Fo
Page 3 and 4: CEPF FACT SHEETEastern Arc Mountain
Page 5 and 6: ECOSYSTEM PROFILEEASTERN ARC MOUNTA
Page 7 and 8: CONTENTSINTRODUCTION...............
Page 9 and 10: BACKGROUNDInternational interest in
Page 11 and 12: In terms of plant biogeography, the
Page 13 and 14: Mountains are all taken from Newmar
Page 15 and 16: The degree of faunal endemism in th
Page 17: The largest of the Kenyan forest re
Page 21 and 22: corridor outcomes are being defined
Page 23 and 24: nine globally threatened species an
Page 25 and 26: Table 3. Numbers of sites with Crit
Page 27 and 28: Figure 1 (continued)*Site # Site Na
Page 29 and 30: Government Institutional Framework
Page 31 and 32: Nongovernmental OrganizationsEast A
Page 33 and 34: 4. Support the government policy of
Page 35 and 36: Box 1 National Forest Policy goal a
Page 37 and 38: (d) Forestry Based Industries and P
Page 39 and 40: Other coastal mineral resources of
Page 41 and 42: The major social trend in both coun
Page 43 and 44: Table 3. Major threats in the Easte
Page 45 and 46: Commercial Timber ExtractionThere h
Page 47 and 48: Ranking of Threats in TanzaniaBecau
Page 49 and 50: • Decision-makers inadequately in
Page 51 and 52: long-term funding and institutional
Page 53 and 54: years due to a lack of funding. Oth
Page 55 and 56: GEF-UNDP or GTZ support, as did the
Page 57 and 58: During the group and plenary discus
Page 59 and 60: concentrate on synergistic and dire
Page 61 and 62: 2. Restore and increase connectivit
Page 63 and 64: compiling lists of species and asse
Page 65 and 66: CEPF will support efforts to raise
Page 67 and 68: ABBREVIATIONS USED IN THE TEXTACCAW
Page 69 and 70:
REFERENCESAxelrod, D.I. & P.H. Rave
Page 71 and 72:
Kesley, M. G. & T. E. S. Langton. 1
Page 73 and 74:
patterns, diversity and endemism. B
Page 75 and 76:
Taphozous hildegardeae + x xBirds 3
Page 77 and 78:
Baphia macrocalyx +Baphia pauloi +B
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Kotschya platyphylla +Kraussia spec
Page 81 and 82:
Sibangea pleioneura +Sorindeia cala
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Kaya Jibana KE 1 7 8 8Kaya Rabai KE
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Pangani (Hale-Makinjumbe) TZ 1 1 1P
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Buxus obtusifolia VU PCroton jatrop
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Kraussia speciosa VU PMkilua fragra
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Mesogyne insignis VU PMildbraedia c
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Synsepalumsubverticillatum VU PTare
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Kaya Muhaka KE 4.33 39.53Vitellario
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Anthus sokokensis EN BAoranthe pend
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Gigasiphon macrosiphon EN PGuibourt
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Coffeapseudozanguebariae VU PRhynch
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Nguru Mountains TZ 6.09 37.51 32908
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(Pande game reserve, DondweFR)Coffe
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Tarenna drummondii VU PTessmannia d
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Shimoni Forests KE 4.65 39.38Paraxe
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magnistipulataMacaranga conglomerat
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Canthium siebenlistii VU PCephaloph
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longipedunculatumDiospyros amaniens
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(Uluguru North FR, UluguruSouth FR,
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Scolecomorphus vittatus VU ASuregad
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Neohemsleyausambarensis VU POcotea
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An Overview of CEPF’s Portfolio i
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them. Government, local community a
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5. Develop and support efforts for
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Reviewers look at:• the relevance
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Box 1: Udzungwa Mountains National
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established in the region and elsew
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Eastern Arc Mountains Portfolio Pro
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CEPF Investment Coordination and Su
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Conservation Ecology of the Endange
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Stakeholders Identify Priorities fo
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Tanzania Seizes 157 Containers of T
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CEPF Set for Expansionhttp://www.ce
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Eastern Arc Mountains and Coastal F
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T H E A R C J O U R N A L I S S U E
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Kenya Times Newspaperfile://D:\East
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La Tanzanie et le Kenya reçoivent
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The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
Page 161 and 162:
The Dominion: Tiomin Given Final Ap
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