Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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296 J. Álvarez-Sánchez et al. Ecosystem Function assignation of biomass and leaf area as well as survival. All are important components in plant adaptation and, thus, determine their establishment success in deteriorated environments. Our proposal is based on the fact that to succeed in rain forest restoration two simultaneous activities are necessary. 1. Continue AMF ecology studies with greenhouse and field experiments. This has allowed us to understand their role in plant species growth, the variation in space and time, and other aspects such as mycorrhizae dependency in light-demanding species. Such is the case of Heliocarpus appendiculatus in a Mexican tropical rainforest (Guadarrama et al. 2004), and of Oyedaea verbesinoides in Venezuela (Flores and Cuenca 2004) (Fig. 18.1). 2. Carry out specific restoration projects considering anthropogenic effects and local social participation. This allows the acceleration of secondary succession by an integral ecosystem management process (Castillo et al. 2005) which includes human impact (Fig. 18.1). 18.3 Case Study 18.3.1 Study Site AMF inocula. Site conditions Ecosystem (Modified from Bradshaw 1997) Degraded Restoration Original Ecosystem Life history traits. Mycorrhizal dependence. AMF effects on growth and survivorship Ecosystem structure Fig. 18.1 Use of ecological theory and specific projects (ecological restoration) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for improving ecosystem restoration (modified from Bradshaw 1997) The study was carried out at a pastureland near ‘‘Los Tuxtlas’’ Tropical Biology Station that belongs to the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, located in
18 Analyses of Ecophysiological Traits of Tropical Rain Forest Seedlings 297 Veracruz State SE, Mexico. The climate is classified as a humid warm tropical type and has three slightly marked seasons, dry, rainy and nortes, with 4,725.2 mm of total annual precipitation and 24.3 C of mean annual temperature (García 1988). Soils of volcanic origin present few horizons, low concentrations of N, P and K, Al and Mn toxicity, and Ca and Mg deficiency. The soils have a clayish-crumbly texture with organic matter accumulations in the upper layers (from 1.64 to 11.11%); pH varies between 5.3 and 6.8. Cationic exchange capacity fluctuates from 5.2 to 46.9 (Sommers–Cervantes et al. 2003). Original vegetation is a tropical rainforest, with a mixture of patches in varying successional stages. On the other hand, pastures used for cattle grazing, remnant and fruit trees characterize deforested land. 18.3.2 Methods We collected seed from various individuals of each selected species. They were germinated in the greenhouse and inoculated when they reached a height of about 10 cm. 18.3.2.1 Transplant and Inoculation To determine the quantity of spores for plant inoculation, ten samples of 100 g of soil were obtained randomly from the rainforest. These samples were extracted using the wet sifting and decanting method proposed by Gerdemann and Nicolson (1963) and modified by Daniels and Skipper (1982). The samples were observed in a stereoscopic microscope (5 ); counting the quantity of spores present in the soil determined the use of 150 spores per 200 g of soil. The root-dying technique of Phillips and Hayman (1970) was used to determine the AMF percentage colonization, which is important for monitoring the inoculation state at the beginning and end of the experiment. Two factors were analyzed: (1) mycorrhization [three levels: tropical rain forest inoculum (TRF M+), pasture (P M+) and the control without inoculum (M )], and (2) type of soil [tropical rain forest (TRF) and pasture (P)]. For each factor we used five repetitions for each treatment and each species. It is convenient to inoculate at the beginning of the rainy season, which favors plant growth. After 3 months of inoculation, we transplanted in two parcels abandoned for 6 months using a random plot design. We registered stem height, leaf area, stem, root, leaf, and total dry weight in the initial harvest in December 2003. In the field, stem height and diameter (DS, 5 cm from the soil surface) was measured along with survivorship. After 7 months in the field, the final harvest was carried out. We measured leaf area (LA) (with a Digital Image Analysis System, version 1.06), dry stem (S), root (R), leaf (L) and total (TDW) weight (after placing them in an oven for a minimum of 72 h at
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Soil Biology Volume 18 Series Edito
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Ajit Varma l Amit C. Kharkwal Edito
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Foreword So old, so new... More tha
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Foreword vii Little AE, Robinson CJ
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x Preface work in this challenging
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xii Contents 9 Role of Root Exudate
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Contributors L.K. Abbott School of
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Contributors xvii Falko Feldmann Ju
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Contributors xix K. Nara Asian Natu
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Contributors xxi Marc St-Arnaud Ins
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2 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.1 Type
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4 A. Das and A. Varma the scientifi
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6 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.2 Symbiot
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8 A. Das and A. Varma all the root
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10 A. Das and A. Varma 1. Such poly
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12 A. Das and A. Varma 1.3.3.9 Nitr
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14 A. Das and A. Varma about 1-2 mm
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16 A. Das and A. Varma fixed nitrog
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18 A. Das and A. Varma Mycorrhizae
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20 A. Das and A. Varma Fig. 1.6 Dia
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22 A. Das and A. Varma a b Root hai
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24 A. Das and A. Varma intracellula
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26 A. Das and A. Varma Becker A, Ni
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28 A. Das and A. Varma Trappe JM, B
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30 A. Jumpponen were once active in
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32 A. Jumpponen GA, USA) to avoid d
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34 A. Jumpponen 2.2.3.6 Cloning, Se
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36 A. Jumpponen Table 2.1 Fungi det
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38 A. Jumpponen of the community st
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40 A. Jumpponen Girvan MS, Bullimor
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42 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 1991). Crop
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44 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. 3.2.2 Indir
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46 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Mycorrhiza
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48 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Boomsma CR,
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50 I.A.F. Djuuna et al. Saito M (19
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52 M. Giovannetti et al. evidenced
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54 M. Giovannetti et al. a c e Ster
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56 M. Giovannetti et al. 4.2.4 Rema
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58 M. Giovannetti et al. a b c Fig.
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60 M. Giovannetti et al. to 4.1 mm
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62 M. Giovannetti et al. The detect
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64 M. Giovannetti et al. Jones MD,
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66 A. Gobert and C. Plassard NO3 fl
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68 A. Gobert and C. Plassard After
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70 A. Gobert and C. Plassard with k
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72 A. Gobert and C. Plassard 10 9 2
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74 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Fig. 5
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76 A. Gobert and C. Plassard connec
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78 A. Gobert and C. Plassard any ti
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80 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Net fl
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82 A. Gobert and C. Plassard a Rati
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84 A. Gobert and C. Plassard - upta
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86 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Table
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88 A. Gobert and C. Plassard Newman
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90 I.M. van Aarle as mycorrhizal hy
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92 I.M. van Aarle a wash buffer. Th
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94 I.M. van Aarle l Usually 20-50 m
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96 I.M. van Aarle Fig. 6.1 Extramat
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98 I.M. van Aarle A disadvantage of
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Chapter 7 In Vitro Compartmented Sy
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7 In Vitro Compartmented Systems to
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Chapter 8 Use of the Autofluorescen
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8 Use of the Autofluorescence Prope
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Chapter 9 Role of Root Exudates and
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9 Role of Root Exudates and Rhizosp
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Chapter 10 Assessing the Mycorrhiza
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10 Assessing the Mycorrhizal Divers
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178 D. Krüger et al. 8. Wash the p
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180 D. Krüger et al. Table 10.1 Ty
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182 D. Krüger et al. appear are in
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184 D. Krüger et al. tool such as
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186 D. Krüger et al. Ishikawa J, T
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188 D. Krüger et al. Sammeth M, Ro
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190 Z.M. Solaiman hyphae have been
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192 Z.M. Solaiman 11.2.2 Isolation
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194 Z.M. Solaiman 11.3 Conclusions
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Chapter 12 Interaction with Soil Mi
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12 Interaction with Soil Microorgan
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Chapter 13 Isolation, Cultivation a
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13 Isolation, Cultivation and In Pl
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228 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. only be
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230 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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232 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. such sp
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234 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. STIM de
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236 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. transfe
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Table 14.1 Element concentrations w
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240 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Fig. 14
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242 K. Vogel-Mikusˇ et al. Frey B,
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348 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells M
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350 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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352 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells 2
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354 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells C
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356 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells G
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358 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells P
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360 M. Vestberg and A.C. Cassells V
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362 A. Baldi et al. the capabilitie
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364 A. Baldi et al. 22.2.3 Initiati
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366 A. Baldi et al. 2. Place inocul
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368 A. Baldi et al. 22.5 Analysis 2
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370 A. Baldi et al. 22.5.4 Phenylal
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372 A. Baldi et al. Nicholas JB, Jo
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374 A. Baldi et al. Among these, fu
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378 A. Baldi et al. 23.4 Analysis F
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380 A. Baldi et al. Chattopadhyay S
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382 A. Sirrenberg et al. physical c
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384 A. Sirrenberg et al. Fig. 24.1
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390 A. Sirrenberg et al. in Fig. 24
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392 A. Sirrenberg et al. 24.5.2 Tru
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394 K. Haselwandter and G. Winkelma
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404 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Fi
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408 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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410 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. co
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412 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Tw
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414 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Co
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416 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. qu
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418 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. 26
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420 E. Mohammadi Goltapeh et al. Ch
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Index A A. bisporus var. burnettii,
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Index 425 Dark septate root endophy
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Index 427 Leghemoglobin, 11 Lentinu
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Index 429 Proteomics, 244 Protoplas
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Symbiotic Fungi: Principles and Practice (Soil Biology)

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