The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning
The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning
374 Indexcollective memory 85, 217-18, 317commercialism 7, 22, 33, 42, 58-65, 97,102, 113, 156, 276-7, 286-7,298-301commodities 7, 22-3, 59, 61-5, 100-5,136, 156, 181, 229, 239, 244, 254,259, 263, 265, 277, 286-7, 298-301,343communication 46, 49, 52-3, 59, 67,112, 147, 165-6; see also transportand communicationscommunity 5, 14, 41, 47, 52, 67, 76-7,82, 89, 100, 108, 204, 218, 238,240-2, 273, 276-7, 292, 351competition 105-9, 126, 138, 140, 145,150, 158-60, 168, 170-1, 183-7,235, 244, 258-9, 265, 288-9, 293-7,351constructivism 9, 59consumption 22, 59-63, 105-8, 121,125-40, 147, 156-7, 164-5, 204,285, 291, 299-301, 339-41, 346contradictions 11, 15, 99-107, 142,180-1, 186-9, 205, 232, 257-8, 322,339, 341, 345corporate powers 35-8, 47, 61-3, 70-1,114, 122, 125-40, 158-60, 170, 184,186, 18 23 288, 31 313, 354counter-culture 38, 63, 80, 82, 88, 139creative destruction 16-1 8, 22, 83, 99,105-8, 110-1 1, 230, 274-5, 281,311, 343credit 87, 107-8, 141, 161, 182-3, 229,257, 262, 264; see also debt andfictitious capitalcrises 106-7, 110, 113, 116, 127, 128-9,145, 164, 167, 169, 180-9, 201-2,230, 232, 257, 260-2, 264, 266, 284,293, 327, 345, 356-7cubism 22, 29, 58, 271cultural imperialism 37, 276cultural mass 60, 290-1, 331, 347-8cultural production 11, 22-4, 29, 31,36-8, 49-53, 56-63, 219, 279,285-91, 298-9, 336-7, 346-8,354-5culture 7, 19, 24, 37-9, 42, 49, 52, 56-9,77-9, 82-3, 86, 109, 136-7, 156,170-3, 201, 207, 211-25, 239, 240,263-72, 277-85, 290-300, 336,344-9Dada 22, 42, 59, 206, 281debt 161-5, 184, 186, 194-5, 202, 223,292, 297, 357; see also credit andfictitious ca pi taldecentralization 76, 159, 189, 294-6,339, 341, 353deconstruction 49-5 1, 56, 97-8, 116-1 7,208, 291, 336, 339, 350, 355, 357deindustrialization 92, 185-6, 191, 232,294, 296, 31 314, 330desire 61, 63, 77, 80-2, 102, 123, 213,287, 218-20, 343, 352deskilling 105, 125, 134, 138, 150, 230,260, 264, 285, 294devaluation 181, 184-7, 192, 206, 230,232, 296discourse 9, 39, 45, 51, 53, 67, 82, 87, 96,218, 254, 316, 355division of labour 103-6, 110-1 1, 117,165, 196, 202, 215, 230, 232, 250,264, 358domination of nature 13, 16, 111, 249domination of space 222-3, 249, 252-9ecology 67, 122, 180, 202, 223, 240, 242,354, 358effective demand 126-8, 132-5, 141, 289Enlightenment 12, 13-1 5, 18, 27-31, 35,41-2, 51, 54, 99, 111, 213-14,240-59, 261, 270, 275, 277, 280,282, 359entrepreneurialism 3, 6, 17, 92, 103,105-7, 113, 122, 157, 162, 168, 173,192, 223, 295, 343-4ephemerality 10, 16, 18, 20-1,44, 59, 91,98, 108, 111, 11 15 171, 216-1263-4, 288-9, 291-3, 296, 302, 306,315, 339eternal truths 9-12, 16-1 8, 20-1, 31-2,34, 38, 44-5, 83, 116, 205-7, 292ethics 9, 14, 16, 102, 316, 322, 327-8,329, 336-7, 350, 357, 359ethnicity 10, 76, 87, 89-90, 104, 117,138, 152, 223, 227, 277, 300,310-11, 331exchange 100-5, 216-1 7, 227-9, 242,247, 250, 285, 291exchange rates 109, 141, 164, 169, 297exchange value 100-5expressionism 22, 36-7, 59, 275-6fascism 33-6, 45, 85, 109, 129, 208-10,217, 277, 316, 330, 346-7, 351, 357fashion 6-7, 22-3, 26, 59-63, 156, 229,285, 291, 332, 348; see also tastefeminism 42, 46, 48fetishism 77, 100-1, 110, 117, 343-4feudalism 29, 41, 105, 228-30, 240-2,245, 260fiction 36, 41, 48, 56, 98, 113-1 5, 263-6,291, 302, 350fictitious capital 107-8, 182-5, 194-5,262,292, 306, 331-2, 339, 341, 357;see also credit and debtfilm 23, 37, 48, 59-61, 85, 87finance 92, 107-9, 117, 132, 141, 145,147, 150, 156, 160-6, 170-1, 192-6,235, 260, 282, 284-5, 287, 297, 307,331, 358-9flexibility 142, 150-1, 155-7, 186-7,189-96, 229, 288, 292, 295, 309-10,338-9, 341, 344, 353flexible accumulation 124, 147-97, 201,230, 284, 294-5, 297, 299, 302-3,305, 309, 313, 322Fordism 125-97, 201, 223, 230, 284,297-8, 305, 338, 341, 344fragmentation 9, 11, 18, 44, 49, 59, 75,82-3, 97-8, 103-7, 109, 111, 116,171,216-1 7, 264, 271, 296, 302-3,306, 315, 354freedom 5, 10, 15, 21, 37, 41, 76, 111,271, 344-5, 347futurism 33, 206gender 104, 113, 192, 223, 227, 354-5;;ee also womengeography 10, 61, 87-8, 106-7, 113, 121,132, 145, 147, 157, 161, 183-4,Index 375189-92, 202-3, 209, 232-4, 244-6,258, 260, 272, 294-6, 300, 328, 358geopolitics 121, 137, 139-40, 180, 186,208-10, 233, 237, 260, 273, 279,282, 304, 339, 358habitus 219, 345heritage culture 62-3, 85-7historical geographical materialism 328,355, 359historical materialism 47-8, 222-5, 307,328, 353-5, 359history 9, 11-12, 53-5, 61-2, 66, 76, 82,85-8, 97, 110-1 1, 204, 209-10, 212,217-1 8, 260, 303-4, 307, 312-13,317-1 8, 321, 344, 359identity 5-6, 53, 60, 82, 86-7, 123, 209,217, 228, 250, 271-2, 288-9, 292,302-4, 314, 316-1 8, 347-8ideology 5, 10, 37, 70-1, 78, 83, 170,190-2, 217-18, 226, 228, 272, 285,304, 339, 354images 3, 23, 31, 54-5, 59, 61, 85, 87,92-3, 97, 102, 278, 280, 286-93,308-9, 311, 314-15, 318, 321, 323,328, 330-2, 336, 339, 346, 351,354-5, 358-9imperialism 30, 47, 104, 209, 264, 344,355impressionism 22, 348individualism 3, 5, 19, 26, 29, 37, 103,108, 113, 123, 171, 247, 249, 258,316industrial organization 145, 152-5,186-8, 1 89-92, 229-32industry 126-34, 141, 145, 147, 155-8,165-7inflation 42, 61, 141, 142, 145, 167, 171,181, 194, 357information 49, 128, 137, 156, 158-60,232-3, 264, 294-5innovation 17, 27, 105-6, 156-7, 194-5,229, 264, 266, 285, 289-91internationalism 24, 33, 35-8, 75, 87-8,99, 141, 160-5, 236-7, 262, 265,271, 275-9, 304, 315, 358
376IndexIndex 377jouissance 57-8, 91, 97, 116Keynesianism 124, 130, 135-40, 142,164-5, 167, 170, 173-4, 182, 184,223, 297-8knowledge 9, 12-14, 20, 28, 35, 45-7,49, 105, 123, 159-60, 204, 208, 226,244-5labour 51, 100-5, 109, 126-9, 141,180-93, 227, 229-33, 309, 358labour control 123, 125-7, 133, 138,145, 147, 153, 155-6, 170-1, 180-1,186-7, 189-96, 230-7, 293-5labour markets 103-5, 128, 138-9, 147,150, 153-6, 189-92, 286, 288, 298,341, 343labour organization 131-6, 138-9, 147,168, 189, 230-3, 235, 311labour process 106, 121, 123, 125-8,138-9, 174, 1 86-7, 229-33, 285,290, 293, 300, 343, 346land 245, 254-5, 271language 7, 23-4, 28, 30, 46-7, 49, 51-4,67, 82, 102-3, 113, 117, 206,216-17, 222-3, 225, 250, 263, 271,291, 299, 301,310, 314, 317, 350-1,358liberty 6, 12-16, 26, 31, 103, 249, 257-8,271, 347locality 45-7, 66, 87, 111, 113, 117, 139,217-18, 228-9, 265, 276-7, 295,306, 348, 351machine 23-6, 28, 31-2, 35-6, 39,104-5, 209, 217, 278, 280maps 5, 24, 203, 206, 222, 228-9, 233,242, 245-6, 249-52, 258, 264, 305market 14, 42, 59, 73, 77, 82, 100-1, 122,191-6, 217, 227-8, 285-8mass consumption 3, 23, 51, 134-7,138-40, 184, 264, 288mass production 3, 68, 76, 126-33,138-40, 142, 184, 338mathematics 9, 28, 206, 245-55media 59-63, 85, 124, 160, 232, 264,266-7, 287-90, 315, 329mergers 125, 158-60, 163, 170, 359meta-theory 9, 45, 52, 55, 113-18, 328,337, 339, 341, 350, 355militarism 47, 108, 129, 137, 139-40,233minorities 42, 76-7, 87, 138-9, 152, 203,300mobility of capital 106-9, 163-8,185-91, 234, 294modernization 99-1 12, 216, 225, 230,249modernism 44, 66-100, 104, 127, 136,139, 156, 172, 201, 206-7, 209, 216,222-3, 249, 252, 260-83, 286, 303,305, 317, 338-9, 341-2, 344modernity 9-38, 99-112, 127, 201, 205,214money 26, 99-105, 107, 117, 122, 142,161-5, 180, 216, 226-9, 235, 238-9,257, 261-3, 277, 283, 285, 287, 290,296-8, 315, 319, 341, 347-8, 355monopoly 122, 134, 138, 142, 152,158-9, 171, 184, 189monuments 67, 71, 83-4, 272morality 12, 14-16, 19-20, 244, 327multinationals 141, 153, 163, 189, 345museum 62, 85-8, 272, 292, 301, 303,321music 28, 207, 266, 280, 300-1myth 5, 16, 18, 30-5, 85, 109-10, 129,209, 214, 216-17, 241, 276-7, 282,317, 320, 348nation 10, 47, 138, 236-8, 258, 275, 306nationalism 24, 33-4, 37, 129, 139,207-9, 247, 262, 276-8, 283, 292,306, 358-9Nazism see fascismneeds 15,61,63, 66, 102-4, 106, 109-1 1,123, 126, 156, 159, 343, 346New Deal 127-9otherness 9, 42, 46-9, 101, 103-4,113-16, 239, 250, 273, 301, 318,332, 337, 351, 353, 355overaccumulation 106, 108, 180-97, 239257, 260, 264, 296, 327, 343part-time work 152-3patriarchy 152, 158, 192, 294perspectivism 30-1, 245-53, 258, 264,266-7philosophy 9, 14, 16-19, 41-4, 52, 56,98, 187, 197, 206-9, 284, 302photograph 7, 23, 55, 58-9, 206, 218,292, 303, 308, 313-14, 3 16-18,321-2, 356-8place 5, 9, 25, 47, 107, 112, 206, 212, 214,216-19, 227-8, 232, 234, 236-7, 239,240, 244, 246, 250, 252, 257, 261-3,267, 270, 275, 284, 286, 295-6,302-4, 306, 314, 339, 351, 358planning 5, 27, 35, 40, 44, 66-98, 115,127, 204-5, 218, 247, 253, 286politics 9, 18-19, 29-30, 33-5, 42,68-70, 88-90, 114-18, 124, 126-30,133, 136, 142-3, 166-8, 170-3, 181,226-7, 239, 254, 257, 302, 304-7,328-30, 336-7, 341, 358-9popular culture 22, 53-65, 76, 87, 94, 97,299-303postmodernism 39-102, 111-18, 156,172, 187, 201, 210, 222-3, 239, 252,273, 285-359poststructuralism 41, 49power 12, 14, 24, 35-6, 41, 45-7, 71, 77,101-3, 114, 1 17, 122, 133-6, 142,153, 170, 173, 213, 225-39, 233,244-5, 255-9, 262, 273-4, 281,287-9, 292, 297-8, 304, 310,339-40, 355pragmatism 9, 41, 52private property 103, 238, 245, 249,254-5, 273production 23, 61, 76, 98, 100-1 1,121-9, 141, 157, 163-4, 171-7, 186,188,204, 232, 264, 286-7, 297, 301,303, 316, 339, 341, 346production of space 136-7, 182-6, 222,233, 254-5, 257-8, 270profit 99, 103-5, 122, 134, 150, 158, 173,180-5, 192, 229, 231-2, 244, 252,283, 336, 343progress 9, 12, 13, 14, 17, 29, 35, 141,202, 278-9race 89, 104, 113, 117, 129, 138, 152,223, 303, 330-1, 354, 358rationality 3, 9, 12-15, 18-19, 26, 31-2,35-6, 44-5, 52, 66-9, 128, 134, 214,244-7, 253-8, 270-1 ,275, 278, 280,339realism 20, 31, 34, 36-7, 265, 267, 359reason 13-16, 29, 41, 54regime of accumulation 121-4, 145-7,172-4, 189-96regulation 121-3, 128, 172-6, 181, 184,295relative surplus value 186-7religion 10, 12, 16, 41-2, 171, 238,244-5, 247, 277, 292, 348Renaissance 242-9representation 5, 20-1, 27-30, 36, 51-4,204-7, 214-16, 218-19, 228, 233-4,239-40, 244-58, 260-83, 298-9,327, 336revolutionary movement 25, 29, 33, 42,44, 88-9, 108-9, 138, 181, 235-6,257, 260-4, 279, 352romanticism 19, 24, 43, 320-1, 359schizophrenia 7, 53, 58, 83, 97, 203, 240,287, 291, 305, 309, 312, 351-2science 9, 12-14, 18-20, 28, 41, 105-6,110, 159, 201-5, 244-7, 261, 266service sector 147, 156-9, 285, 346-8signs 3, 6, 34, 76, 83, 102, 218, 287, 299,311simulacrum 63, 300-3, 309, 311, 313 ,social control 45-7, 88, 213-14, 253-4,311-12social movements 116, 138-9, 171,238-9social relations 176, 204, 214-25, 239,247, 339social theory 102, 205-10, 265,273, 302socialism 21-2, 29, 33-4, 36-7, 110, 138,170, 237, 279-80, 302-3, 305space 10-12, 16, 21, 26, 28, 35-6, 48, 61,66, 68, 75, 82, 88, 97-98, 107, 145,147, 164, 182-6, 196, 201-323,327-8, 343, 346, 348-52, 355spectacle 39, 54, 56, 59, 88-92, 97, 156,
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374 Indexcollective memory 85, 217-18, 317commercialism 7, 22, 33, 42, 58-65, 97,102, 1<strong>13</strong>, 156, 276-7, 286-7,298-301commodities 7, 22-3, 59, 61-5, 100-5,<strong>13</strong>6, 156, 181, 229, 239, 244, 254,259, 263, 265, 277, 286-7, 298-301,343communication 46, 49, 52-3, 59, 67,112, 147, 165-6; see also transportand communicationscommunity 5, 14, 41, 47, 52, 67, 76-7,82, 89, 100, 108, 204, 218, 238,240-2, 273, 276-7, 292, 351competition 105-9, 126, <strong>13</strong>8, 140, 145,150, 158-60, 168, 170-1, 183-7,235, 244, 258-9, 265, 288-9, 293-7,351constructivism 9, 59consumption 22, 59-63, 105-8, 121,125-40, 147, 156-7, 164-5, 204,285, 291, 299-301, 339-41, 346contradictions 11, 15, 99-107, 142,180-1, 186-9, 205, 232, 257-8, 322,339, 341, 345corporate powers 35-8, 47, 61-3, 70-1,114, 122, 125-40, 158-60, 170, 184,186, 18 23 288, 31 3<strong>13</strong>, 354counter-culture 38, 63, 80, 82, 88, <strong>13</strong>9creative destruction 16-1 8, 22, 83, 99,105-8, 110-1 1, 230, 274-5, 281,311, 343credit 87, 107-8, 141, 161, 182-3, 229,257, 262, 264; see also debt andfictitious capitalcrises 106-7, 110, 1<strong>13</strong>, 116, 127, 128-9,145, 164, 167, 169, 180-9, 201-2,230, 232, 257, 260-2, 264, 266, 284,293, 327, 345, 356-7cubism 22, 29, 58, 271cultural imperialism 37, 276cultural mass 60, 290-1, 331, 347-8cultural production 11, 22-4, 29, 31,36-8, 49-53, 56-63, 219, 279,285-91, 298-9, 336-7, 346-8,354-5culture 7, 19, 24, 37-9, 42, 49, 52, 56-9,77-9, 82-3, 86, 109, <strong>13</strong>6-7, 156,170-3, 201, 207, 211-25, 239, 240,263-72, 277-85, 290-300, 336,344-9Dada 22, 42, 59, 206, 281debt 161-5, 184, 186, 194-5, 202, 223,292, 297, 357; see also credit andfictitious ca pi taldecentralization 76, 159, 189, 294-6,339, 341, 353deconstruction 49-5 1, 56, 97-8, 116-1 7,208, 291, 336, 339, 350, 355, 357deindustrialization 92, 185-6, 191, 232,294, 296, 31 314, 330desire 61, 63, 77, 80-2, 102, 123, 2<strong>13</strong>,287, 218-20, 343, 352deskilling 105, 125, <strong>13</strong>4, <strong>13</strong>8, 150, 230,260, 264, 285, 294devaluation 181, 184-7, 192, 206, 230,232, 296discourse 9, 39, 45, 51, 53, 67, 82, 87, 96,218, 254, 316, 355division <strong>of</strong> labour 103-6, 110-1 1, 117,165, 196, 202, 215, 230, 232, 250,264, 358domination <strong>of</strong> nature <strong>13</strong>, 16, 111, 249domination <strong>of</strong> space 222-3, 249, 252-9ecology 67, 122, 180, 202, 223, 240, 242,354, 358effective demand 126-8, <strong>13</strong>2-5, 141, 289Enlightenment 12, <strong>13</strong>-1 5, 18, 27-31, 35,41-2, 51, 54, 99, 111, 2<strong>13</strong>-14,240-59, 261, 270, 275, 277, 280,282, 359entrepreneurialism 3, 6, 17, 92, 103,105-7, 1<strong>13</strong>, 122, 157, 162, 168, 173,192, 223, 295, 343-4ephemerality 10, 16, 18, 20-1,44, 59, 91,98, 108, 111, 11 15 171, 216-1263-4, 288-9, 291-3, 296, 302, 306,315, 339eternal truths 9-12, 16-1 8, 20-1, 31-2,34, 38, 44-5, 83, 116, 205-7, 292ethics 9, 14, 16, 102, 316, 322, 327-8,329, 336-7, 350, 357, 359ethnicity 10, 76, 87, 89-90, 104, 117,<strong>13</strong>8, 152, 223, 227, 277, 300,310-11, 331exchange 100-5, 216-1 7, 227-9, 242,247, 250, 285, 291exchange rates 109, 141, 164, 169, 297exchange value 100-5expressionism 22, 36-7, 59, 275-6fascism 33-6, 45, 85, 109, 129, 208-10,217, 277, 316, 330, 346-7, 351, 357fashion 6-7, 22-3, 26, 59-63, 156, 229,285, 291, 332, 348; see also tastefeminism 42, 46, 48fetishism 77, 100-1, 110, 117, 343-4feudalism 29, 41, 105, 228-30, 240-2,245, 260fiction 36, 41, 48, 56, 98, 1<strong>13</strong>-1 5, 263-6,291, 302, 350fictitious capital 107-8, 182-5, 194-5,262,292, 306, 331-2, 339, 341, 357;see also credit and debtfilm 23, 37, 48, 59-61, 85, 87finance 92, 107-9, 117, <strong>13</strong>2, 141, 145,147, 150, 156, 160-6, 170-1, 192-6,235, 260, 282, 284-5, 287, 297, 307,331, 358-9flexibility 142, 150-1, 155-7, 186-7,189-96, 229, 288, 292, 295, 309-10,338-9, 341, 344, 353flexible accumulation 124, 147-97, 201,230, 284, 294-5, 297, 299, 302-3,305, 309, 3<strong>13</strong>, 322Fordism 125-97, 201, 223, 230, 284,297-8, 305, 338, 341, 344fragmentation 9, 11, 18, 44, 49, 59, 75,82-3, 97-8, 103-7, 109, 111, 116,171,216-1 7, 264, 271, 296, 302-3,306, 315, 354freedom 5, 10, 15, 21, 37, 41, 76, 111,271, 344-5, 347futurism 33, 206gender 104, 1<strong>13</strong>, 192, 223, 227, 354-5;;ee also womengeography 10, 61, 87-8, 106-7, 1<strong>13</strong>, 121,<strong>13</strong>2, 145, 147, 157, 161, 183-4,Index 375189-92, 202-3, 209, 232-4, 244-6,258, 260, 272, 294-6, 300, 328, 358geopolitics 121, <strong>13</strong>7, <strong>13</strong>9-40, 180, 186,208-10, 233, 237, 260, 273, 279,282, 304, 339, 358habitus 219, 345heritage culture 62-3, 85-7historical geographical materialism 328,355, 359historical materialism 47-8, 222-5, 307,328, 353-5, 359history 9, 11-12, 53-5, 61-2, 66, 76, 82,85-8, 97, 110-1 1, 204, 209-10, 212,217-1 8, 260, 303-4, 307, 312-<strong>13</strong>,317-1 8, 321, 344, 359identity 5-6, 53, 60, 82, 86-7, 123, 209,217, 228, 250, 271-2, 288-9, 292,302-4, 314, 316-1 8, 347-8ideology 5, 10, 37, 70-1, 78, 83, 170,190-2, 217-18, 226, 228, 272, 285,304, 339, 354images 3, 23, 31, 54-5, 59, 61, 85, 87,92-3, 97, 102, 278, 280, 286-93,308-9, 311, 314-15, 318, 321, 323,328, 330-2, 336, 339, 346, 351,354-5, 358-9imperialism 30, 47, 104, 209, 264, 344,355impressionism 22, 348individualism 3, 5, 19, 26, 29, 37, 103,108, 1<strong>13</strong>, 123, 171, 247, 249, 258,316industrial organization 145, 152-5,186-8, 1 89-92, 229-32industry 126-34, 141, 145, 147, 155-8,165-7inflation 42, 61, 141, 142, 145, 167, 171,181, 194, 357information 49, 128, <strong>13</strong>7, 156, 158-60,232-3, 264, 294-5innovation 17, 27, 105-6, 156-7, 194-5,229, 264, 266, 285, 289-91internationalism 24, 33, 35-8, 75, 87-8,99, 141, 160-5, 236-7, 262, 265,271, 275-9, 304, 315, 358
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