The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning
The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning The Condition of Postmodernity 13 - autonomous learning
266 The experience of space and timeas class structure, diplomacy, and war tactics in terms of modes oftime and space makes possible the demonstration of their essentialsiilarity to e ::c plicit considerations of time and space in literature,phtlosọphy , sClen e, and art' (pp.1-5). Lacking any theory of technologicalmnovatIon, of capitalist dynamics across space, or of culturalproduction, Kern offers only 'generalizations about the essentialcult ,: ral d : velopment of the period.' But his descriptions highlightt?e mcred ble confuslOns and oppositions across a spectrum of possIblereactIons to the growing sense of crisis in the experience of timeand space, that had been gathering since 1848 and seemed to come toa head ju t before the First World War. I note in parenthesis that1910-14 IS roughly the period that many historians of modernism(begnni g with Virgnia Woolf and D. H. Lawrence) point to ascrucIal m the evolution of modernist thinking (see above p. 28;Bradbury and McFarlane, 1976, 31). Henri Lefebvre agrees:Around 1910 a certain space was shattered. It was the space ofcommon sense, of knowledge, of social practice, of politicalpower, a space hitherto enshrined in everyday discourse, just asm abstract thought, as the environment of and channel forcommunication ... Euclidean and perspectivist space have disappearedas systems of reference, along with other former'common places' such as town, history, paternity, the tonalsystem in music, traditional morality, and so forth. This was atruly crucial moment. (Lefebvre, 1974)Consider a few aspects of this crucial moment set, significantlyenough, between Einstein's special theory of relativity of 1905 andhe general theory of 1916. Ford, we recall, set up his assembly linem 1913. He fragmented tasks and distributed them in space so as tomaximize efficiency and minimize the friction of flow in production.In effect, he used a certain form of spatial organization to acceleratethe turnover time of capital in production. Time could then beaccele aṭed (speed-up) b virtue of the control established throughorgalllzmg and fragmentmg the spatial order of production. In thatvery same year, however, the first radio signal was beamed aroundthe world fro the Eifel tower, thus emphasizing the capacity tocollapse space mto the sImultaneity of an instant in universal publictime. Th power of ireess ?ad been clearly demonstrated the yearbefor lth the rapId dlffuslOn of news about the sinking of the!ztamc (Itself a symbol of speed and mass motion that came to griefm much the same way that the Herald of Free Enterprise was to keelover to speedy disaster some seventy-five years later). Public timeThe rise of modernism as a cultural force 267was ecoming ever more homogeneous and universal across space.And It was not only commerce and railways, for the organization oflargẹ-sc. ale commuting systems and all the other temporal coordm t1 ns that mad metropolitan life bearable also depended uponestabhshmg some ulllversal and commonly accepted sense of time.The more than 38 billion telephone calls made in the United States in 914 .emphasizd the .power of i I. tervention of public time and spacem dally an d pnvate hfe. Indeed, It was only in terms of such a public.sense of time that reference to private time could make sense. DeChi ico appropriately celebrated these qualities by conspicuouslyplacmg clocks (an unusual gesture in art history) in his paintings of1910-14 (see plate 3.9).The eactions pointed in many directions. James Joyce, for one,begn hIS quest to capture the sense of simultaneity in space and timedunng tis period, insisting upon the present as the only real locationof expenence. He had his action take place in a plurality of spaces,Kern (p. 149) notes, 'in a consciousness that leaps about the universeand mixes here and there in defiance of the ordered diagramming ofthe cartographers.' Proust, for his part, tried to recover past time andto create .a sense of individuality a d place that rested on a conceptionof expenence across a space of time. Personal conceptions of timebecame a matter of public commentary. 'The two most innovativenovelists ?f the period,' Kern continues, 'transformed the stage ofmodern hterature from a series of fixed settings in homogeneousspac ' (of the so t hat re list novelists typically deployed) 'into amultltude of quahtatvely dIfferent spaces that varied with the shiftingmoods and perspectlves of human consciousness.'Picasso and Braque, for their part, taking their cue from Cezannewho had be un to bre k up t?e space of painting in new ';'ays in the1880s, expnmented WIth cubIsm, thus abandoning 'the homogeneousspace of lmear perspective' that had dominated since the fifteenthcentury. Delaunay's celebrated work of 1910-11 depicting the EiffelTower (plate 3.10) was perhaps the most startling public symbol of amovement that tried to represent time through a fragmentation ofspace; the protagonists were probably unaware that this paralleledthe practices on Ford's assembly line, though the choice of the EiffelTower as symbol reflected the fact that the whole movementhad something to do with industrialism. It was in 1912, also, thatD rk?eim's .E:lementa? forms of the religious life was published:l lth ItS exphclt recogllltion that 'the foundation of the category timel th rhythm f social life,' and that the social origin of spacehkewlse necessanly entailed the existence of multiple spatial visions.Ortega y Gasset, following Nietzsche's injunction that 'there is only
268 The experience of space and timePlate 3.9 De Chirico's The Philosopher's Conquest (1914) exploresmodernist themes of time and space explicitly. (The Art Institute of Chicago,Joseph Winterbotham Collection)a perspective seeing, only a proper perspective knowing,' formulateda new version of the theory of perspectivism in 1910 which insistedthat 'there were as many spaces in reality as there were perspectiveson it,' and that 'there are as many realities as points of view.' ThisPlate 3.10 Delaunay's Eiffel Tower (transfer lithograph, 1926), firstexhibited in 1911, uses a familiar image of construction to examine thefragmentation and break up of space typical of cubism. (Collection, TheMuseum 0 f Modern Art, New York, Purchase Fund)
- Page 87 and 88: 164 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 89 and 90: 168 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 91 and 92: 172 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 93 and 94: 176 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 95 and 96: 180 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 97 and 98: 184 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 99 and 100: 188 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 101 and 102: 192 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 103 and 104: 196 Political-economic capitalist t
- Page 105 and 106: 12IntroductionMarshall Berman (1982
- Page 107 and 108: 204 The experience of space and tim
- Page 109 and 110: 208 The experience of space and tim
- Page 111 and 112: 212tThe experience of space and tim
- Page 113 and 114: 216 The experience of space and tim
- Page 115 and 116: Table 3.1 A 'grid' of spatial pract
- Page 117 and 118: TypeEnduringtimeDeceptivetimeErrati
- Page 119 and 120: I228 The experience of space and ti
- Page 121 and 122: 232 The experience of space and tim
- Page 123 and 124: 236 The experience of space and tim
- Page 125 and 126: 15The time and space of theEnlighte
- Page 127 and 128: 244 The experience of space and tim
- Page 129 and 130: Plate 3 5 Dynasty versus the map: t
- Page 131 and 132: 252 The experience of space and tim
- Page 133 and 134: Time and space of the Enlightenment
- Page 135 and 136: The rise of modernism as a cultural
- Page 137: 264 The experience of space and tim
- Page 141 and 142: 272 The experience of space and tim
- Page 143 and 144: 276 The experience of space and tim
- Page 145 and 146: 280 The experience of space and tim
- Page 147 and 148: 17Time-space compresson and thepost
- Page 149 and 150: 288 The experience of space and tim
- Page 151 and 152: 292 The experience of space and tim
- Page 153 and 154: 296 The experience of space and tim
- Page 155 and 156: 300 The experience of space and tim
- Page 157 and 158: 304 The experience of space and tim
- Page 159 and 160: 18Time and space In the postmodernC
- Page 161 and 162: 312 The experience of space and tim
- Page 163 and 164: 316 The experience of space and tim
- Page 165 and 166: 320 The experience of space and tim
- Page 167 and 168: Part IVThe condition of postmoderni
- Page 169 and 170: 328 The condition of postmodernityw
- Page 171 and 172: 332 The condition of postmodernityC
- Page 173 and 174: 21Postmodernism as the mIrror ofmIr
- Page 175 and 176: Table 4.1 Fordist modernity versus
- Page 177 and 178: 344 The condition of postmodernityN
- Page 179 and 180: 348 The condition of postmodernityc
- Page 181 and 182: 352 The condition 0/ postmodernityf
- Page 183 and 184: 27Cracks in the mIrrors, fusions at
- Page 185 and 186: ReferencesAglietta, M. (1979): A th
- Page 187 and 188: 364 ReferencesJacobs, J. (1961): Th
268 <strong>The</strong> experience <strong>of</strong> space and timePlate 3.9 De Chirico's <strong>The</strong> Philosopher's Conquest (1914) exploresmodernist themes <strong>of</strong> time and space explicitly. (<strong>The</strong> Art Institute <strong>of</strong> Chicago,Joseph Winterbotham Collection)a perspective seeing, only a proper perspective knowing,' formulateda new version <strong>of</strong> the theory <strong>of</strong> perspectivism in 1910 which insistedthat 'there were as many spaces in reality as there were perspectiveson it,' and that 'there are as many realities as points <strong>of</strong> view.' ThisPlate 3.10 Delaunay's Eiffel Tower (transfer lithograph, 1926), firstexhibited in 1911, uses a familiar image <strong>of</strong> construction to examine thefragmentation and break up <strong>of</strong> space typical <strong>of</strong> cubism. (Collection, <strong>The</strong>Museum 0 f Modern Art, New York, Purchase Fund)