JP 3-55.1 JTTP for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - BITS

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c. Communications. To the greatest extent possible, existingcommunications nets should be used between the UAV unit, supportedunits, and fire support or airspace control agencies. When thetactical situation permits, the UAV unit should maintain radiocommunications with the supported command centers and airspacecoordination element throughout flight operations. However, covert orsemicovert operations in emission controlled (EMCON) conditions maypreclude use of voice communications for operations security (OPSEC)reasons. Additional working nets can be maintained with supportedunits as appropriate. Units requesting support should coordinatefrequency management of UAV uplinks and downlinks and UAV unitfrequencies if the UAV is operating in areas other than its normaloperating areas. If downlinking information via the remote videoterminal (RVT) to the supported unit, the UAV unit will provide theRVT while the supported unit will normally provide the RVT operator.4. Airspace Control. Airspace control is provided to prevent mutualinterference from all users of the airspace, facilitate air defenseidentification, and accommodate and expedite the flow of all air trafficsafely. The JFC, normally through his ACA, establishes joint forceairspace control procedures in the ACP in accordance with the guidancecontained in Joint Pub 3-52, "Doctrine for Joint Airspace Control in theCombat Zone." UAV operations must be coordinated with the ACA toprovide safe separation of UAVs and manned aircraft and to preventengagement by friendly air defense systems. The established principlesof airspace management used in manned flight operations normally applyto UAV operations but may be waived by the JFC. UAV airspacerequirements do not differ from other low performance aircraft. The UAVis difficult to acquire visually and does not provide a clear radarsignature presenting a potential hazard to high performance aircraft.To limit the hazard to fixed-winged aircraft, separation between mannedaircraft and UAVs is required. UAV missions are both preplanned andimmediate in nature. Preplanned UAV flights in support of the JFC oranother service component should be included in the joint force ATO,SPINS, or ACO. Immediate UAV missions will be coordinated withappropriate airspace control agencies (i.e. ASOC, DASC, AOC, TACC) toprovide safe separation between manned and unmanned aircraft and preventinadvertent engagement by friendly air defense artillery (ADA) orfighters. UAVs are launched from UAV launch and recovery sites (LRSs),which may be either airfields, unimproved field locations, or largeflight decks afloat depending on the type or size of UAV. After launch,the UAV can climb to flight route or transit altitude (normally aboveII-6
the coordination altitude) over the LRS, or climb enroute to the UAV'smission area. Once at the mission area, the UAV climbs or descends, asrequired to conduct its mission. During the UAV mission, route andaltitude changes may be required. Any changes must be coordinated withthe ACA. Upon mission completion, UAVs return to their LRS again usinga UAV flight or transit altitude. The following procedures should beused to deconflict UAVs and other airspace users:a. Restricted Operations Zones (ROZs). A ROZ should be establishedfor a LRS and for each UAV mission area. Launch and recovery of UAVsfrom an LRS that is not located at an airfield can be facilitated byestablishing a ROZ around the LRS. The ROZ around the LRS is normallycircular, centered on the launch site, is 2 to 3 kilometers indiameter, and allows the UAV to climb and/or descend from transitaltitude over the LRS. A ROZ established for shipboard UAV operationswill conform to the ship's normal airspace control zone. A ROZ may beestablished around the UAV's mission area to facilitate missionaccomplishment. The size and altitudes for the UAV mission area ROZis dependent on UAV capabilities and mission requirements.b. Airport Traffic Areas (ATAs) and Terminal Control Areas (TCAs).ATAs and TCAs can be used to facilitate launch and recovery of UAVs ifthe LRS is located at an airfield.c. UAV Flight Routes and Transit Altitudes. JFCs can establishspecific UAV flight routes and altitudes within their respective AORsthrough their ACA. Coordination with subordinate component commandersshould be accomplished prior to the establishment of joint force UAVflight routes and altitudes. Multiple UAV flight routes and altitudesmay be established for such purposes as outbound and return UAVflights. Specific UAV flight routes, established by connectingappropriate air control points, can be designated in the ACP.Specific UAV operating altitudes can also be established and publishedin the ACP. UAV flight routes can consist of a designated mean sealevel (MSL) altitude, the airspace 500 feet above and below thataltitude and approximately 1,000 feet wide. UAV flight routes aresimilar to an air corridor; however, they are normally located abovethe coordinating altitude. The LRS, air control points used, andspecific UAV mission area will normally determine the length and widthof the flight route. Although manned aircraft flight through or inUAV flight routes and altitudes is not restricted, all precautionsassociatedII-7
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Page 8 and 9: LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGESThe followin
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Page 18 and 19: g. Special and psychological operat
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Page 24 and 25: with visual flight rules (VFR) appl
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Page 32 and 33: systems are fairly interoperable be
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Page 36 and 37: Figure II-7. SR-UAV System Descript
Page 38 and 39: APPENDIX AREFERENCES1. DOD Publicat
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Page 56 and 57: GLOSSARYPART IABBREVIATIONS AND ACR
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JP 3-55.1 JTTP for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles - BITS

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