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Pathogen survival in the GI tract• Domestic livestock are primary habitats forEscherichia, Salmonella, Shigella & Campylobacter• These organisms survive passage through theentire GI tract• In the rumen pathogens are exposed to a mild acidstress (pH 4.0-5.0) in the presence of VFA’s• In the abomasum cells are exposed to severe acidstress (pH 2.0-3.0) in the presence of HCL