New tools and technologies form managing potato insect pests

New Tools and Technologies for Managing PotatoInsect Pests – Wisconsin Perspective2011 Potato Conference and Agriculture ExpoJanuary 19, 2011Russell L. GrovesDepartment of EntomologyUniversity of Wisconsin1630 Linden DriveMadison, WI 53719groves@entomology.wisc.edu

Wisconsin Vegetable Production Statistics(Wis. Ag. Stats. 2010)Major cropsCrop Nat. Rank Acres % of U.S.$ Value(millions)Potatoes 3 or 4 63,500 8 $242Sweet corn (Proc) 1 88,900 21 $97Sweet corn (Fresh) -- 7,700 -- $21Snap beans 1 82,300 38 $73Peas 3 46,200 36 $32Minor cropsCucumbers (pickles) 4 7,100 11 $13Cabbage (fresh)Cabbage (kraut)CarrotsOnions (storage)Beets (table)Small-acreage fresh market production continues toexpand. Anecdotal statistics estimate ca. 1,900small-acreage producers that grow over 50 cropsin Wisconsin

Wisconsin Vegetable Pest ManagementOptions for Insect Pest Management – More than ever before!Cultural controlsHost plantresistanceTransgenic plantsIR traitsNaturalenemiesVegetableIPMReduced-RiskChemical InsecticidesBaits andbaiting systemsPopulationdisruptionEntomopathogens

Factors Influencing Insect Pest Management‘Food Safety’– Major food retailers are setting acceptable residue levelsbelow those set by government regulatory agencies.“No detectable residues” will be a competitiveadvantage for food retailers.– Older insecticides that do not meetthese requirements are not beingre-registered, resulting in increaseduse of novel insecticides(reduced-risk or bio-pesticides).

Factors Influencing Insect Pest Management‘Environmental Concerns’– With increasing affluence reaching the developingworld, there will be increasing concerns about pesticideusage and perceived environmental effects.– This will accelerate the shift to “softer” products andtechnologies.

Systemic Neonicotinyl InsecticidesBeneficial AttributesEffective on pyrethroid resistant CPB’sBroad spectrum‣ CPB, leafhoppers, aphidsFlexible‣ Row mark, furrow, seed, laybyLong residual‣ Rate dependantLow toxicity‣ “Healthy Grown”DisadvantagesSame chemical classResistance likely

Sustainable Potato IPM• Detection and management ofinsecticide resistance• Reduced – risk managementalternatives• New approaches to achievesustainable insect pest management

Michigan, 2005 Imidacloprid BioassaysByrne and Grafius (2006): 15 populations, LC 50 range (0.03 – 4.06)1*LD 50 (µg/beetle)0.80.60.40.2****20x susceptible LD 5010x susceptible LD 50* * *Reported field controlGoodFairPoor* **0MI MI MI MI MI MI WI WI WI WI WI WI MN MN MNNote: * = significantly greater than LD 50 for susceptible populationFarm / State

Wisconsin, 2007 - 10 Imidacloprid BioassaysSurvey Sites: Adams County (11) Dane County (2) Iowa County (1) Langlade County (8) Oconto County (1) Portage County (15) Waushara County (13)Total: (51)CPB Populations:Over-wintered adult2 nd generation adultAdult Topical Bioassays:

Topical BioassaysTopical applications withMicro-pipette• Collections of up to 300-600adult beetles per site wereobtained.1 µl droplet ofdiluted imidacloprid• Serial, 2X dilutions of imidacloprid were prepared in acetoneand used for all adult CPB screens• Topical applications of 1 µl insecticide solution/beetle.• Preliminary screens used to choose five doses.– targeting >0% and

ResultsAssessment• Beetle response assessed 7 dayspost treatment.– walking = able to walk forward normally– poisoned = legs extended and shaking,unable to walk forward in coordinatedmanner– dead = abdomen shrunken, elytra dark“Affected beetle”Replicate Dilutions6 35241UTC

LD 50 (µg/beetle)NJ591011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132333435Wisconsin, 2007Imidacloprid Bioassays1.51.2Preliminary Assays (2007): 35 populations,LC 50 range (0.021 – 1.355)Reported field controlGoodFair0.90.630X20XPoor0.3010X Susceptible LD 501234678Location

LD 50 (µg/beetle)ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZAAABACADAEWisconsin, 2008Imidacloprid BioassaysPreliminary Assays (2008): 31 populations,LC 50 range (0.018 – 1.33)1.51.2Reported field controlGoodFair0.90.630X20XPoor0.310X Susceptible LD 500Location

LD 50 (µg/beetle)NJ123456789101112131415161718192021222324Wisconsin, 2009Imidacloprid Bioassays1.5Preliminary Assays (2009): 24 populations,LC 50 range (0.029 – 0.832)Reported field control1.2GoodFair0 .930XPoor0 .620X0 .310X Susceptible LD 500Location

(2010)CountySite(P

Imidacloprid [ppm]Neonicotinoid Insensitivity:CPB Survivorship54Seasonal, in-plant [imidacloprid]RR32102004-Present2001-20041995-20000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Days (post-application)RSSS

Percent mortalityMeasuring Resistance‣ LD 50 (or LC 50 ) = dose (or concentration) that is lethal to 50% of the test populationunder defined conditions‣ LD 90 = dose that is lethal to 90% of the test population9050LD 50DoseLD 90

Probit mortalityLog dose vs. probit mortality plot90SusceptibleIntermediateResistant50LD 50 LD 90Log doseLD 50 LD 90LD 50 LD 90

% Mortality (probit scale)Δ Susceptibility continues in 2010959080706050403020105SSRSRRSensitive Developing Insensitivity Resistant-2 -1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 11.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5Dose (log ppm)

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM):Nicotinyl InsecticidesThe Challenge!Maintaining the effectiveness of nicotinyl insecticides:Admire, Provado, Gaucho, Genesis, Leverage, Platinum,Actara, Cruiser, Belay All are in same MoA class = 4Represent the backbone of CPB managementResistance already reported in several Midwest andEastern U.S. production areas

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM):PrinciplesI. Problem Identification: If you suspect resistance, first eliminate otherpossible causes.Lack of control can be attributed to application error, equipment failure,or less-than-optimal environmental conditions.II.Product Rotation: Avoid the consecutive use of a single product, or multipleproducts with similar modes of action. Insecticide Resistance Action Committee(IRAC) has developed and updates a Mode of Action (MoA) classification system.http://www.irac-online.org/http://www.nationalpotatocouncil.org/NPC/p_documents/insecticidestable.pdf- rotate different modes of action across generations- successive foliar applications

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM):PrinciplesIII.Rates and Spray Intervals: Use insecticides at labeled rates and followprescribed spray intervals. Do not reduce or increase rates fromlabeled recommendations as this can hasten resistance development.Use products at their full, recommended doses. Reduced (sub-lethal)doses quickly select populations with average levels of tolerance,whereas high doses impose excessive selection pressures.IV. Cultural Control(s): Where possible, consider adopting all non-chemicaltechniques suppress pest populations, including crop rotationRotations > 400 m (¼ mile) away from previous potato crop.V. Pest Surveillance and Scouting: Monitor the pest population and trackstages of development. Reduced-risk foliar insecticides generally requireaccurate timing of applications against susceptible life stages.

Insecticide Resistance Management (IRM):PrinciplesVIII. Tank Mixes: Mixtures may offer a short-term solution to resistanceproblems, but it is essential to ensure that each component of amixture belongs to a different insecticide mode of action class, and thateach component is used at its full rate.- Compounds should persist on the crop or surface forsimilar periods in order to avoid sub-lethal expose- Acute toxicity of each compound should be equal at full labeled ratesbifenthrin / imidaclopridlambda-cyhalothrin / thiamethoxamchlorantraniliprole / thiamethoxam

Sustainable Potato IPM• Detection and management ofinsecticide resistance• Reduced – risk managementalternatives• New approaches to achievesustainable insect pest management

Reduced Risk Foliar Options (CPB)Radiant TM (spinetoram) MoA group 5- Use rate 4.5 – 8 fl oz / a (CPB)- Control of CPB, early & late larvae and LepsRimon 0.83 EC (novaluron):‣ Chitin biosynthesis inhibitors (MoA Group 15)- Use rate 9 – 12 fl oz / ac (foliar)- Control of CPB larvae only, and Leps- Timing critical (80% egg deposition - 20% egg hatch)Agri-Mek 0.15EC (abamectin):‣ Chloride channel activator (MoA Group 6)- Use rate 8 – 16 fl oz / ac (foliar)- Control of CPB larvae only- Temprano & Abba

Reduced Risk Foliar Options (CPB)New RegistrationsVoliam Flexi ® (chlorantraniliprole + thiamethoxam) MoA groups 28 + 4A- Use rate 4 oz / ac (CPB)- Control of CPB adults and larvae, PLH, aphids, and LepsVoliam Xpress ® (lambda-cyhalothrin + chlorantraniliprole) MoA groups 3 + 28- Use rate 6 – 9 fl oz / ac (CPB)- Control of CPB adults and larvae, PLH, aphids, and LepsEndigo ® ZC (lambda-cyhalothrin + thiamethoxam) MoA groups 3 + 4A- Use rate 2.5 – 4.5 fl oz / ac (CPB)- Control of CPB, adults and larvae, PLH, and aphids

Reduced Risk Foliar and In-FurrowOptions (CPB)New RegistrationsCoragen TM (rynaxypyr)* Anthranillic diamide (MoA group 28)- Use rate 3.5 - 5 oz / ac (CPB)- Control of CPB adults and larvae and LepsHGW86 (cyazypyr)** Anthranillic diamide (MoA group 28)- Use rate 3.5 - 5 oz / ac (CPB)- Control of CPB adults and larvae, leafhoppers, aphids, and Leps* Water soluble, systemically mobile insecticides** Not currently registered

Full Season Insect ControlHancock, WI (2009)5 – Systemic Based, Full-SeasonManagement Programs1) Cruiser 5FS (0.16 fl oz/ cwt)Voliam Xpress (8.0 fl oz)**Voliam Xpress (6.0 fl oz)2) AdmirePro (8.7 fl oz/A)Regent 4SC (3.2 fl oz/A)Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)**Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)4) Belay 16 WSG (12.0 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)5) Belay (0.6 fl oz/cwt)Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)**Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)3) Platinum 2SC (8.0 fl oz/A)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)

Full Season Insect ControlHancock, WI (2009)3 – Foliar Based, Full-Season ManagementPrograms (without neonicotinoids)6) Radiant SC (8.0 fl oz//A)Radiant SC (6.0 fl oz/A)Coragen 1.67SC (5.0 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)7) Rimon 0.83EC (12.0 fl oz/A)Rimon 0.83EC (8.0 fl oz/A)Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)**Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)13) Novodor FC (2.75 L/A)**Novodor FC (2.0 L/A)Novodor FC (2.0 L/A)Entrust 80WP (2.0 oz/A)Entrust 80WP (2.0 oz/A)Note: To date, no PLH sprays required with systemic-based programs

Full Season Insect ControlHancock, WI (2009)7 – Foliar Based, Full-Season ManagementPrograms (with neonicotinoids)8) Agri-Mek 0.15EC (12.0 fl oz/A)Agri-Mek 0.15EC (8.0 fl oz/A)Endigo ZC (4.5 fl oz/A)Endigo ZC (3.0 fl oz/A)9) Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)Alverde (4.5 fl oz/A)Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)10) Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)Coragen 1.67SC (5.0 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)11) Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)Bifenture 2EC (2.5 fl oz/A)Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)Bifenture 2EC (2.5 fl oz/A)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)12) Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)KFD 47-01ME (3.5 fl oz/A)**Assail 30SG (4.0 oz/A)KFD 47-01ME (3.5 fl oz/A)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)Coragen 1.67SC (3.5 fl oz)**Note: Not currently registered on potato

Full Season Insect ControlHancock, WI (2009)7 – Foliar Based, Full-Season ManagementPrograms (with neonicotinoids) – cont.14) Actara 25WDG (3.0 oz/A)Actara 25WDG (1.5 oz/A)Voliam Xpress (8.0 fl oz/A)Voliam Xpress (6.0 fl oz/A)15) Agri-Mek 0.15EC (12.0 fl oz/A)Agri-Mek 0.15EC (8.0 fl oz/A)Voliam Flexi (4.0 fl oz/A)Voliam Flexi (3.0 fl oz/A)

Mean cwt US#1 / acre2009, Reduced Risk Full-Season ControlPrograms: Mean US #1’s700600500400300At-plantneonicotinoidabab ab ab ababFoliar neonicotinoidaabababFoliar Reduced-RiskababababbP = 0.00492001000CruiserMaxx / V. XpressAdmirePro / AlverdePlatinum / CoragenBelay / CoragenEndigo / AlverdeCoragen / AssailActara / V. XpressAgri-Mek / Voliam FlexiActara / Agri-MekBrigadier / CoragenRadiant / AlverdeRimon / CoragenBlackhawk / CoragenRadiant / CoragenNovodor / EntrustTreatmentCombinations

Factors Influencing Insect Pest Management‘Water Quantity and Quality’• Decreasing availability of water for agriculture- Agriculture is the overwhelming user of fresh water.- Increasing urban demand will drive irrigationefficiency.

Wisconsin groundwater quantity & quality• Wisconsin Department ofAgriculture, Trade andConsumer Protection (DATCP)• Proposed amendments to NR-151 (July 2011), groundwatermanagement and groundwateradvisory areas• Proposed amendments to NR-140 (Dec 2011), groundwaterquality standards (carbaryl,chlorpyrifos, aldicarb, etc…)

Wisconsin groundwater quality:Thiamethoxam detections 2008-09WellDate(s)ThiamethoxamConcentrationRange(parts per billion)Private well near Lone Rock 6/23/09 & 6/9/09 0.693-1.26Private Well near Arena 6/23/08 0.656Private well near Edgerton 11/2/09 1.61Monitoring well Adams County 2008 and 2009* 0.82-8.93Monitoring well Grant County 4/7/08 1.25Monitoring well Iowa County 2008 and 2009* 0.784-2.04Monitoring well Iowa County 2008 and 2009* 0.671-2.85Monitoring well Sauk County 2008 and 2009* 1.47-3.66Monitoring well Waushara County 8/19/08 & 12/1/08 0.638-0.704• All monitoring wells in the results table are in areas with sandy soil and shallow depth to groundwater• The monitoring well sites in Grant, Iowa, and Sauk Counties are located in the Lower Wisconsin River Valley• The monitoring wells listed in the table are screened at or near the water table and adjacent to agric. fields• The level of detection for thiamethoxam at the DATCP lab is 0.50 ug/l (parts per billion)• There is no groundwater enforcement standard for thiamethoxam in Wisconsin

Research Goals: Insect Pest Managementin Potato• Extend the interval of control of current, water-solubleinsecticide registrations• Reduce (eliminate) the need for subsequent foliarapplications ($$)• Reduce (optimize) the amount of active ingredient requiredfor adequate control• Limit the potential for leaching and ground-watercontamination• Promote resistance management “high dose strategy”

Sustainable Potato IPM• Detection and management ofinsecticide resistance• Reduced – risk managementalternatives• New approaches to achievesustainable insect pest management

Imidacloprid [ppm]Increasing the Interval of Control -Minimizing Sub-lethal Effects864Current, in-plant[imidacloprid]Hypothetical, in-plant[imidacloprid]RR2Field Strain LD 50 = 1.691RS0Laboratory susceptible LD 50 = 0.0310 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90Days (post-application)SS

Modified Use Patterns:Extending the Interval of Control Insecticide Injections: (anhydrous knives) Side Dress, Hill-SprayApplications: (2 nd hilling) Split Applications: (in-furrow and starter)5432Injection tool100 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Side Dress Treatments: HillingTreatmentfl oz/A7/170 dapLarge Larvae/10 plants7/87/1677 dap 85 dap% Defoliation7/1685 dapBelay (side)12.07.1 a4.3 a3.8 a6.6 a(in-furrow)12.05.2 a6.8 a4.1 a3.7 aPlatinum (side)2.678.9 a7.3 a9.4 a6.5 a(in-furrow)2.675.8 a6.1 a11.6 ab9.3 aAdmirePro (side)8.75.2 a11.7 a4.9 a10.3 a(in-furrow)8.76.6 a9.2 a12.3 ab9.3 aControl --- 68.8 b 77.3 b 21.3 b 68.4 bNote: At-plant systemic treatments applied 21 April 2009

CPB, Side-Dress Treatments:HillingUntreated ControlBelay ® 12.0 fl oz / AAdmirePro ® , 8.7 fl oz / APlatinum ® 75 SG, 2.67 oz / A

Split Application Treatments:2 nd HillingTreatment(Seed)Fl oz/ATrtLarge Larvae/10 plants7/17/8 7/1670 dap 77 dap 85 dap% Defoliation7/1685 dapBelay4.8 / 4.8Split6.8 a5.1 a5.2 a2.2 c0.5% NIS9.6In-furrow5.2 a6.8 a4.1 a3.7 bcPlatinum4.0 / 4.0Split7.1 a16.3 ab15.3 b9.8 b0.5% NIS8.0In-furrow8.9 a7.3 a9.4 a6.5 bcAdmirePro4.0 / 4.7Split18.2 b22.7 b5.0 a6.4 bc0.5% NIS8.7In-furrow5.2 a11.7 a4.9 a10.3 bControl --- --- 68.8 c 77.3 c 21.3 b 68.4 aNote: At-plant systemic treatments applied 21 April 2009

Split Application Treatments:2 nd HillingBelay ® 12.0 fl oz / ABelay ®Split Appl.6.0 fl oz / A6.0 fl oz / A

Knife Injection Treatments:2 nd HillingTreatmentfl oz/Large Larvae/10 plants% Defoliation(Seed)A7/17/87/167/1670 dap77 dap85 dap85 dapBelay 2.13 SC 12.0 7.1 a 6.8 a 4.1 a 2.5 a(knife) 12.0 3.4 a 5.9 a 2.5 a 3.7 aPlatinum 75SG2.678.9 a7.3 a9.4 a6.5 a(knife)2.676.2 a4.5 a3.3 a2.2 aAdmirePro8.75.2 a11.7 b4.9 a10.3 b(knife)8.72.7 a3.9 a1.7 a3.9 aControl --- 68.8 b 77.3 c 21.3 b 68.4 cNote: At-plant systemic treatments applied 21 April 2008

Pesticide - PolyacrylateImpregnationPolymers Inc.Sand Suppression PolymersHydro-seeding polymersHorticultural Polyacrylate

Neonicotinoid - PolyacrylateImpregnation Trials: HAES, 2008 - 2010AdmirePro ® Belay 16 WSG ®Coragen 1.67 SC ® Platinum 2 SC ® Vacuum OvenInsecticide ImpregnatedPolyacrylate (vacuum-dried)

Neonicotinoid - PolyacrylateImpregnation TrialsHAES, 2008 - 2010In-furrow ApplicationVacuum DriedImpregnated Polyacrylamide (in-furrow)

Reduced Risk Pesticide Options:HAES 2008-2010TreatmentNumberProductActiveIngredientRateApplicationMethod1 Belay 2.13 SC clothianadin 9.6 fl oz / A In-furrow239.6 fl oz / A4.8 fl oz / AImpregnated4 AdmirePro imidacloprid 8.7 fl oz / A In-furrow568.7 fl oz / A4.4 fl oz / AImpregnated7 Platinum 2SC thiamethoxam 8.0 fl oz / A In-furrow898.0 fl oz / A4.0 fl oz / AImpregnated10 Coragen rynaxypyr 5.0 fl oz / A In-furrow11125.0 fl oz / A2.5 fl oz / AImpregnated

CPB, In-Furrow and ImpregnationsHAES (2010)Large Larvae/10 plants% DefoliationTreatment Appl. Rate7/37/10 7/177/17(No) Type fl oz/A73 dap 80 dap 87 dap87 dap1. Belay IF 9.6 3.8 a 9.8 a 16.3 a 17.9 a2. IMP 9.6 0.4 b 0.1 b 2.1 b 0.8 b3. 4.8 0.5 b 2.5 b 7.5 b 3.5 b4. Admire IF 8.7 10 a 23.3 a 29.5 a 16.5 aPro5. IMP 8.7 1.1 c 0.6 c 1.8 c 0.4 b6. 4.4 4.9 b 3.2 b 6.9 b 4.9 bNote: At-plant treatments applied 29 April 2010Application Type: IF = In-furrow; IMP = polyacrylate impregnated

CPB, In-Furrow and ImpregnationsHAES (2010)Large Larvae/10 plants% DefoliationTreatment Appl. Rate7/37/10 7/177/17(No) Type fl oz/A73 dap 80 dap 87 dap87 dap7. Platinum IF 8.0 2.2 a 6.9 a 6.8 a 13.0 a8. IMP 8.0 0.2 b 0.0 b 1.7 b 0.8 b9. 4.0 1.9 ab 4.2 a 5.2 a 3.7 b10. Coragen IF 5.0 a 0.7 a 2.3 a 5.3 a 6.6 a11. IMP 5.0 a 0.0 a 0.4 b 0.1 b 0.4 b12. 2.5 a 0.5 a 1.3 ab 1.5 b 3.8 abNote: At-plant treatments applied 29 April 2010Application Type: IF = In-furrow; IMP = polyacrylate impregnated

Mean cwt US#1 / acreCPB, In-Furrow and ImpregnationsHAES (2010): Mean US #1’s700600Belay 2.13SC(P < 0.0001)AdmirePro(P = 0.0042)Platinum 75SG(P < 0.0001)Coragen 2SC(P = 0.0231)5004003002001000IF (9.6 oz)IMP (9.6 oz)IMP (4.8 oz)IF (8.7 oz)IMP (8.7 oz)IMP (4.4 oz)IF (8.0 oz)IMP (8.0 oz)IMP (4.0 oz)IF (5.0 oz)IMP (5.0 oz)IMP (2.5 oz)Treatments

Future Plans• Investigate additional alternatives to extendthe interval of control of water-solubleinsecticides.• Map in-plant concentrations ofwater soluble insecticides543Seasonal, in-plant [imidacloprid]21CPB LD 5000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

AcknowledgementsTechnical SupportScott ChapmanAnders HusethJolyn RasmussenFundingWisconsin Potato and Vegetable Growers AssocDuPont Crop ProtectionBayer Crop ScienceSyngenta Crop ProtectionGowan CompanyQUESTIONS ??