Ingénierie et Gestion de l'Environnement Industriel ... - GD MAROC

Ingénierie et Gestion del’Environnement Industriel(IGEL)Course: Basics of waste managementhttp://earth911.com/news/2009/03/09/waste-hierarchy-whos-on-top-in-the-game-of-trash/

First Impressions of MoroccoFirst lectures in Marrakech09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl2

Unit 1: IntroductionContents1. Introduction2. Syllabus3. Basics4. Germany, history5. Glossary6. Glossary in use7. Summary09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 3

Unit 1: Introduction2. SyllabusWe have some overarching aims with the course.The most important is, to be open for new unconventional ideas.To be critical with respect to arguments that will be announced asimmovable.Be able to use the learned facts and figures without a teacher.Be open for topics in the waste sector, that adressing non-technicalmore political or social aspects.See technologies as methods for social and economical development.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl4

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, to bridge the gapSituation inMorroccoBAT from EU09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl5

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• And more concrete: Aim of this lecture is, to learn the basic know-howof a waste management system.• Objectif de ce cours est d'apprendre les base du savoir-faire d'un système de gestion des déchets• The theoretical informations are complemented by excursions to anindustrial company and to a selected landfill.• Les informations théoriques sont complétées par des excursions à une société industrielle et à une décharge sélectionné.• Apart from the excursions there are also some exercises to practice thetheoretical informations of the lectures.• Outre les excursions il ya aussi quelques exercices pour pratiquer les informations théoriques sur les conférences.• In addition we have prepared two tests to check the success of theselectures.• En outre, nous avons préparé deux tests pour vérifier le succès de ces conférences.• These tests will show us how good or even not so good, we were able toconvey the information in the lectures and exercises to you.• Ces tests vont nous montrer comment bien ou pas si bon, nous avons été en mesure de transmettre l'information dans les cours et lesexercices pour vous.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl7

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• The first task consists in an introduction to the basics of wastemanagement in order to obtain an overview of all additional necessaryconditions of waste management systems.• La première tâche consiste en une introduction aux bases de la gestion des déchets afin d'obtenir un aperçu de toutes les conditionssupplémentaires nécessaires pour les systèmes de gestion des déchets.• In the first lectures important terms of waste management are presented(with a glossary provided from the GIZ). This Glossary includes allnecessary terms of a waste management system.• Dans les premières conférences termes importants de la gestion des déchets sont présentées (avec un glossaire fourni par le GIZ).Ce glossaire comprend tous les termes nécessaires d'un système de gestion des déchets.• Students will learn which different kinds of waste still exist.• Les étudiants apprennent ce que différents types de déchets existent toujours.• They will learn which different types of waste treatment are in use and what arethe differences between them (composting, digestion, incineration).• Ils vont apprendre ce qui les différents types de traitement des déchets sont utilisés et quelles sont les différences entre eux(compostage, digestion, incinération).• The basic know-how and the Glossary are the bases of this lectures.• La base du savoir-faire et le glossaire sont les bases de ce cours.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl8

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabushttp://www.startupgreece.gov.gr09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl9http://www.pollutionissues.com

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• In the following lecture the students will get to know the frameworkconditions of different countries. You already know the frameworkconditions of Morocco. With Germany and the European Union, twoexamples of different approaches are given for waste management. Bothexamples stand for a very good quality of waste management.• Dans la prochaine conférence, les élèves verront connaître les conditions cadres de différents pays. Vous connaissez déjà lesconditions cadres du Maroc. Avec l'Allemagne et l'Union européenne, deux exemples d'approches différentes sont données pour lagestion des déchets. Les deux exemples reposer pendant une très bonne qualité de la gestion des déchets.• These examples are compared with the international level of wastemanagement. You will see the difference and the need of wastemanagement systems.• Ces exemples sont comparées avec le niveau international de gestion des déchets. Vous allez voir la différence et la nécessité desystèmes de gestion des déchets.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl10

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabushttp://www.typeer.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl11http://myzerowaste.com

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• With the next lecture the risks of different wastes will be shown.• Avec la prochaine conférence des risques de différents déchets seront affichés.• Disposal of waste is a very important theme. Waste dumped on landfillscan have high influence on people who are living in the vicinity and on theenvironment, if the waste is not treated in an appropriate manner..• L'élimination des déchets est un thème très important. Les déchets sur les décharges peuvent avoir une grande influence sur lespersonnes vivant dans le voisinage et sur l'environnement, si les déchets ne sont pas bien traités.• You will see which kinds of landfills still exist and for which types ofwastes they are used for.• Vous allez voir quels types de décharges existent encore, et pour quels types de déchets qu'ils sont utilisés.• Each waste has different influences on the environment and theseinfluences are shown to the students. You will see how dangerous wastecan be and what is the right way for disposal.• Chaque déchet a différentes influences sur l'environnement et ces influences sont présentés aux élèves. Vous verrez comment lesdéchets peuvent être dangereux et ce qui est de la bonne façon pour l'élimination.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl12

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• Now you know, how to dump treated waste, but you still have to learn about thewaste treatment. Traitement des déchets• The treatment of waste starts with the generation of waste in private households.Even private households can have a influence on their waste generation. (Selfcomposting, reusing things,…)• In modern society the generation of waste cannot be totally prevented. Eachcitizen will produce waste and this waste has to be treated.• The aim of waste treatment is to protect mankind before waste-born risks(infections by pathogens, contamination of water, soil, air and food) as well asbefore risks generated by the treatment itself (e.g. emissions). Further aims areprotection of the environment and saving of resources with closed-loop recycling.• The first step of treatment is collection and transport of the generated waste. Bothhave to follow special rules. Special transport and collecting systems are used.Traitement, collecte et le transport des déchets générés.• You will learn about the different collection systems and which system is used forwhich type of waste. Différents systèmes de collecte et le système qui est utilisé pour les déchets.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl14

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabushttp://thumbs.dreamstime.com09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl15http://www.awv.steiermark.at

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• The collected waste still is not save for people or the environment and therefore ithas to be treated in different ways.• Les déchets collectés sont toujours pas épargner pour la nature et doit être traitée de différentes manières.• You will see the different types of waste treatment, starting with the mechanicaltreatment, biological treatment to thermal treatment of waste. You will experiencewhich waste has to be treated in which way. les différents types de traitement des déchets encommençant par le traitement mécanique, à l'épuration biologique et à le traitement thermique• Every treatment process is shown in a detailed way. All positive and negativeeffects of these treatments on the environment will be shown. Measures tominimize these effects will be also discussed.• While showing the treatment processes, the treatment aggregates are alsoexplained. The aim of explaining the operating mechanisms of these aggregatesis, that you comprehend what happens with the waste inside the plant. You willsee, which effects different aggregates have on the waste and which are theadvantages and disadvantages of these aggregates.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl16

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabushttp://www.wurzer-umwelt.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl17http://www.hauert-duenger.de

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus• With the information about logistic of waste management (collection system,transport, treatment and disposal), the next step will be to construct an owntreatment plant based on the past lectures. It is not the aim that the students areenabled to plan a treatment plant with the knowledge provided here. The aim isthat you know which steps are important for planning a treatment plant. This isthe base for future engineering tasks.• Avec l'information sur la logistique de gestion des déchets (système de collecte, transport, traitement et élimination), la prochaineétape sera de construire une usine de traitement propres sur la base des conférences passées. Ce n'est pas le but d'être en mesurede planifier une usine de traitement avec les connaissances fournies ici. C'est le but de savoir quelles mesures sont importantes pourla planification d'une usine de traitement. C'est la base pour des tâches de l'ingénierie d‟avenir.• The lectures start with the basics of waste management and ends with theknow-how of planning and constructing treatment plants.• Les conférences commencent avec les bases de la gestion des déchets et se termine avec le savoir-faire de la planification et laconstruction d'usines de traitement09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl18

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-scheduleSecond week lectures09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl20

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, detailsExample: Biological treatment plant in Germany Station de traitement biologique en Allemagnehttp://www.awsas.de/cm/images1/kompostwerk_luftbild09.jpg09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 24

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, details• UE 7: Thermal treatment traitement thermique• In this lecture the combination of different types of treatment concepts will be discussed, especially the MBTtechnologyis presented. The pros and cons of this technologies will be explained.• Dans cette conférence de la combinaison de différents types de concepts de traitement seront discutés, notamment le MBT-technology est présenté. Lesavantages et les inconvénients de cette technologie seront expliquée• The concepts for production of refuse derived fuels (rdf) will be explained. Practical examples of modern plants arepresented.• The students will see how the efficiency of treatment plant depends on the different concepts.• UE 8: Planning of waste treatment plants la planification d'installations de traitement des déchets• This lecture should give an overview of the necessary aspects for the construction of a waste treatment plant.(Dimension the storage of a treatment plant, the fermenter unit or burning unit).• Cette conférence devrait donner un aperçu des aspects nécessaires à la construction d'une usine de traitement des déchets. (Dimension du stockage d'uneusine de traitement, l'unité de fermentation ou d'une unité de brûlure).• The structure of planning processes is presented. The structure of authorizations for building plants in Europe isexplained• Le processus de planification et la structure des autorisations pour la construction des stations en Europe seront présenté et expliqué.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl25

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, detailsExample: Solid waste incineration plant of Kassel (Germany)09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahlhttp://www.mhkw-kassel.de/mhkw/Das_MHKW/Schematische_Darstellung/Schematische_Darstellung_k_neu.gif26

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, details• UE 9 and 10: Basics of waste management in economic termsBases de la gestion des déchets en termes économiques• Lectures 9 and 10 deal with economic aspects of waste management like planning, organizing andfinancing.• Conférences 9 et 10 sont traitant des aspects économiques de la gestion des déchets, comme la planification, l'organisation et lefinancement.• UE 9: Basics of waste management in economic terms (1)This lecture gives an introduction of the topic and deals with the economics of environmentalpolicy and the preparing of waste management plans (structure and elements, planning process, sources,streams and facilities, responsibilities and last but not least economy and financing).Chapter 1: Introduction to the subjectChapter 2: The economics of environmental policy L'économie de la politique environnementaleChapter 3: Waste management plans Plans de gestion des déchets09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl27

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, details• UE 10: Basics of waste management in economic terms (2)This lecture deals with the organization and the financing of waste management systems (municipal wastemanagement, private sector participation, financing and cost recovery and last but not least with thecharacteristics, financial and organizational requirements and investments in low-and middle incomecountries).Cette conférence traite de l'organisation et le financement des systèmes de gestion des déchets (gestion des déchets municipaux, la participation du secteur privé, lefinancement et le recouvrement des coûts et enfin et surtout pas avec les caractéristiques, les exigences financières et organisationnelles et des investissementsdans les pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire)Chapter 1: Financing and organization of municipal waste management systems and private sectorparticipation in the EUFinancement et organisation des systèmes municipaux de gestion des déchets et la participation du secteur privé dans l'UEChapter 2: Waste treatment costs for land filling, sorting, BT, MBT, RDF and incineration in the EUcoûts de traitement des déchets, de tri, BT, MBT, RDF et l'incinération dans l'UEChapter 3: Characteristics and financial and organizational requirements in low and middle incomecountries Caractéristiques et exigences financières et organisationnelles des pays à revenu faible et intermédiaire09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl28

Unit 1: Introduction2. Syllabus, course-schedule, detailshttp://www.savoy-truffle.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl29http://www.comedix.de

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsInfluences on a waste management system –area related aspects• For effective waste management systems, you need to know what are theconditions of the implementation area• The following structure shows the influence aspects on the wastemanagement systemPour des systèmes efficaces de gestion des déchets, vous devez savoir quelles sont les conditions de la zone de mise en œuvreLa structure ci-dessous montre les aspects d'influence sur le système de gestion des déchets09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl30

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsFor implementation of an effective wastemanagement system, you have to know:Pour la mise en œuvre d'un système efficace de gestion des déchets,vous devez connaître:• Natural conditions• Demographic conditions• Structural conditions• Technical conditions• Economical conditions• And legal requirementsWith the view on these conditions, you have to getto know the strengths and weaknesses of thedifferent conditions. Out of these know-how, youhave to calculate and plan your waste managementsystem with chosen measures and technologies.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe LahlUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management31

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsInfluences on a waste management system –area related aspects• Next to these different conditions, it is necessary to have an eye on thegeographical area (terms of population, accessibility, structure oftransport networks, commercial and industrial diversity,…)• A côté de ces différentes conditions, il est nécessaire d'avoir un œil sur la zone géographique (termes de population, l'accessibilité, lastructure des réseaux de transport, de la diversité commerciale et industrielle, ...)• You have to know local particularities and constrains of the area• You have to know all territorial features• Identify the differences of this special area09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe LahlUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management32

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsInfluences on a waste management system –area related aspects• For describing a special area you have to deal with certain criteria• Pour décrire une zone spéciale vous devez traiter certains critères• To the group of stratification criteria are included:1. Structure of dwelling Structure d'habitation2. Structure of heating Structure de chauffage3. Commercial structure Structure commerciale4. Transport network Réseaux de transport5. Industrial structure Structure industrielle6. Regional particularities Particularités régionales09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe LahlUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management33

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsInfluences on a waste management system –area related aspects1. Structure of dwelling• Population and building aspects are important forthis criteria• Depending on the population and size of the area,the building structure can be different• Selon la population et la taille de la zone, la structure du bâtiment peut être différent• Four different building structure types can bedistinguished:• Building structure type I: Estates of high-rise multiunit residential buildings high population09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe LahlUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management34

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics• Building structure type II: Attached multi unit residential buildingssmaller number of living units, than building structure I lower populationLa structure du bâtiment de type II:Attaché bâtiments résidentiels àlogements multiples petit nombre d'unitésde vie, que la structure du bâtiment I la population faible• Building structure type III: Detached multi unit residential buildings smaller numbers of living units than in building structure I and II good infrastructure, many gardens around the buildings09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe LahlUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management35

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics• Building structure type IV: Detached and semidetached one or two familybuildings poor infrastructure greater distance between the buildings• Détaché et mitoyenne d'un ou deux bâtiments familiy l'insuffisance des infrastructures plus grande distance entre les bâtimentsUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl36

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsIf you have to compare these building structure types, you have to knowthat from Type I to Type IV:Si vous avez de comparer ces types de structure du bâtiment, vous devez savoir que de type I au type IV• The population decreases La population diminue• The infrastructure gets worse L'infrastructure se détériore• The traffic net gets worse• The amount of wastes decreases• The unemployment of the people increases (more poor people)• …Umweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl37

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsEffects on the waste management system:Effets sur le système de gestion des déchets• Composition and volume of the waste composition et volume de déchets• Possibilities for source separation and home composting of wasteLes possibilités de tri à la source et le compostage à domicile des déchets• Suitable waste container types and sizes• Appropriate waste charging schemes and fee modelsDéchets approprié des systèmes de tarification et de modèles de taxesUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl38

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics2. Structure of heating• The manner of heating has an influence on the composition of the waste Le modede chauffage a une influence sur la composition des déchets• Private households are free in the way of using their waste (long as legislationdoesn´t ban)Les ménages privés ont choisi d'utiliser leurs déchets, comment ils aiment• E.g. the waste can be burned in heater (oven) (or the waste can be used forcombustion)Par exemple les déchets peuvent être brûlés dans des chauffe-eau (au four) (ou les déchets peuvent être utilisés pour lacombustion)Umweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl39

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsEffects on the waste management system:Effets sur le système de gestion des déchets• Composition and volume of the waste Composition et le volume des déchets• Suitable waste container types Convient types de conteneurs de déchets• Applicable options for waste treatment Options applicables au traitement des déchetsUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl40

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics3. Commercial structure• The intensity of industrial and commercial activities has a big influence on thecomposition and volume of the generated wasteL'intensité des activités industrielles et commerciales a une grande influence sur la composition et le volume des déchets générésEffects:• Composition and volume of waste Composition et le volume de déchets• Possibilities for waste collection and separationLes possibilités de collecte de déchets et de la séparation• Suitable collection arrangements (pick-up or bring system)Modalités de collecte appropriés• Appropriate waste charging schemes and fee modelsUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl41

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics4. Transport network réseau de transport• The available traffic system is very important forthe planning of a waste management system• Le système de trafic disponibles est très important pour la planification d'unsystème de gestion des déchets• You have to know:• The transport ways (street, water, railways)• The structure of these ways (Are they suitable forthe planned waste collection?)• Is the traffic network full utilized or not?Umweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl42

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsTraffic in MoscowTraffic in Pakistanhttp://icp.ge.ch/dip/langues/allemand/bilder/mobilitat/VerkehrMoskauhttp://www.mormo.de/050208-Lahore_Punjab_Pakistan/Pferdekarren_im_Verkehr.jpg09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl43

Unit 1: Introduction3. BasicsEffects on the waste management system:• Suitable collection arrangements• Modalités de collecte approprié• Type of suitable vehicles and transportation chains• Need for local disposal solutions, temporary storage and transfer stations• Besoin de solutions d'élimination locales, le stockage temporaire et de stations de transfertUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl44

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics5. Industrial structure• Existing industries determine the possibilities for recycling of certaincomponents, influences the opportunities for other forms of disposal andstructure developments• Les industries existantes détermine les possibilités pour le recyclage de certains composants• Transportation aspect• Generation of special waste types• Génération des types de déchets spéciauxUmweltbundesamt: Best practice municipal waste management09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl45

Unit 1: Introduction3. Basics6. Regional particularities:• Tourism areas• zone touristique• Protected zones (nature conservation areas)• Topographic particularities (mountains, wetland)• Special zones (country borders)Yellow stonenational parkhttp://www.nordbayerischer-kurier.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahlwww.destination360.com/north-america/us/wyoming46

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historySince when has Germany compiled middle/long term planning on municipalwaste management?Programme de gestion des déchets ‟75 du gouvernement fédéral09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl47

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyThe period from a disordered to the current waste management situation inGermany was not overcome in one single planning step.La période à partir d'un désordre à la situation actuelle de gestion des déchets en Allemagne n'a pas été surmonté en uneseule étape de planification uniqueThis period includes more than 30 years and was characterized by differentmajor planning steps, with varying success.Cette période comprend plus de 30 ans et a été caractérisée par différentes étapes de planification majeur, avec un succèsvariable.From this experience recommendations are derived to give advice to theGovernment of emerging countries.De cette expérience sont issus des recommandations pour donner des conseils Gouvernement des pays émergents.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 48

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyAt the beginning of last century, waste management in Germany was not wellorganized. This situation lasted to the 1960s. The relevant unit which wasresponsible for waste disposal was the lowest administration level: themunicipalities down to the small villages. As a consequence, a few thousand opendumps were in operation. These so-called „mayor„s dumps“ were without any kindof environmental protection measure.The first important step towards a proper waste management was to define theresponsibilities and to raise the general responsibility to better performing levels ofadministration.At the beginning of the 1970s, the counties and the cities were made responsible toestablish central landfills. As part of this assignment minimum technicalrequirements for these landfills were defined.Au début du siècle dernier en Allemagne gestion des déchets n'a pas été bien organisé. Cette situation s'est poursuivie jusqu'aux années 1960.L'unité qui a pris l'élimination des déchets a été le plus bas niveau administratif, les municipalités jusqu'aux petits villages. Par conséquent, il y avaiten Allemagne quelques milliers de décharges à ciel ouvert sans aucune sorte de conscience environnementale.La première étape importante vers une gestion appropriée des déchets a été de définir les responsabilités et de relever de la responsabilité généralepour les niveaux plus performants de l'administration.Au début des années 1970, les comtés et les villes ont été chargés d'établir des sites d'enfouissement central. Dans le cadre de cette cessionexigences techniques minimales pour ces décharges ont été définis.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl49

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyIt took many years to take and to implement thisdecisions. One reason for this was the fact that thelocal governments, who made the final decisionse.g. concerning the locations, were running every5 years to be re-elected. And they were afraid tomake themselves unpopular with the localpopulation at the concerned site. Therefore, notalways the most appropriate locations wereselected, mostly the decisions were made byhttp://www.echo-online.demixed by political and technical criteria.Since the decision to build a central waste landfill have not been linked to benefitsor penalties to the decision-makers in some counties, it took very long to takedecisions.A key lesson from this early period is that you have to organize within the planningprocess also advantages and disadvantages for no-decisions.Depuis la décision de construire une décharge de déchets centrale n'était pas liée à des prestations ou des sanctions pour les décideurs dans certains comtés, il a fallutrès longtemps pour prendre des décisions.Une des principales leçons de cette première période, c'est que vous avez à organiser au sein du processus de planification a également des avantages et desinconvénients pour aucune des décisions.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl50

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyStep by step the necessary decisions were made.Peu à peu les décisions nécessaires ont été faites.In this phase the media were helpful which reported about the intolerableconditions at the old landfill sites.Dans cette phase les médias ont été utiles, qui a signalé les conditions intolérables dans les sites d'enfouissement ancienneA very convincing action was made from the magazine „Stern“ which broughtyellow waste drums to a lot of local landfills with the inscription: „Waste fromSeveso accident“ - without any problems.Environmental NGOs were also helpful, putting localgovernments under pressure.Les ONG environnementales ont aussi été utiles, en mettant les gouvernements locaux sous pression.http://www.greenpeace.de/typo3temp/GB/9fb6be39b8.jpg09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl51

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyEnd of the 1970s, the resistance or the protest against central landfill sitesincreased dramatically among local populations. This development coincidedwith a flare-up of a general discussion on environmental protection in Germany.Fin des années 1970, la résistance ou la protestation contre les décharges centrale considérablement augmenté parmi lapopulation locale. Cette évolution a coïncidé avec une flambée d'une discussion générale sur la protection de l'environnement enAllemagne.Environmental NGOs supported this protest with essentially two key demands:Les ONG environnementales soutenu cette manifestation avec essentiellement deux exigences principales• There is only landfilling - waste prevention and recycling do not occur.• The standard of the landfill(s) is not high enough, there are (or will be)pollution and in consequence environmental damage and health risks.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 52

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyGovernment's response after many years of controversial debate was creating acomplete set of rules for closed-loop recycling („Circular Economy“) and higherstandards for landfills. Both rules have not been developed in one step, but grew inseveral (sometimes very heated) discussions with the public.In addition, cities and counties were ordered to include their means and policies onthe waste sector into so-called Integrated Waste Management Concepts. TheGerman Bundesländer were obliged, too, to develop overarching wastemanagement concepts. All concepts had to be discussed with the public.One lesson from this period is that site selection should be better made incombination with integrated concepts. Furthermore, it has proven useful to discusswaste concepts in and with the public, as this increases the pressure for necessarydecisions on the local level.Une leçon de cette période est que la sélection du site doit être mieux fait en combinaison avec des concepts intégrés. Par ailleurs, ils'est avéré utile pour discuter des concepts de déchets dans et avec le public, car cela augmente la pression pour des décisionsnécessaires au niveau local.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl53

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyGIZ: Draft „Manual Industrial Waste – Low and Middle iIncome Economies“09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 54

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, history55Extended Producer Responsibility (ERP): The packaging waste exampleResponsabilité élargie des producteurs (ERP): Exemple d'emballage des déchets• > 100 Mio t. sales packagings collected since 1993• high recycling quotas09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl55Rummler 2010

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyDespite the broad technical requirements for landfills like high-quality sealingsystems, resistance to disposal sites was not stopped. Explaining this is a complexsociological issue.This led to the so-called professional multi-barrier concept, in whose course thewaste itself was attributed as a barrier. In this context, the step was not far off toquestioning the dumping of untreated waste.In the beginning of the 1990„s it was required as part of an administrative regulation(TA Siedlungsabfall) that waste with a maximum of 5% of residual organic content(measured as ignition loss) may work as a barrier.A central lesson of this phase is that waste pre-treatment is primarily a demand thatwill help to improve the environmental safety of disposal sites. Today, of course,climate protection and energy recovery of waste are important criteria in additionand often even dominate the argumentation.Malgré les grandes exigences techniques pour les décharges, comme les systèmes d'étanchéité de haute qualité, résistance auxsites d'élimination n'a pas été arrêté. Pour expliquer cela est une question complexe sociologique. Cela a conduit à la soi-disantprofessionnels multi-barrières concept, dont le cours du déchet lui-même, a été attribuée comme un obstacle. Dans ce contexte,l'étape n'était pas loin à un interrogatoire du déversement de déchets non traités.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl56

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyMulti-barrier-concept for minimizing emissions from landfill sites09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 57GIZ, Waste manual,draft 2011

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyThe requirement "5% residual organic content" in waste can only be met by thermalpre-treatment (waste incineration). Out of this a long-standing dispute aboutimplementation of this administrative act (TA Siedlungsabfall) developed. Step bystep the counties and cities invested in waste treatment, mainly in incinerators. Butas at that time (late 1990s) waste incineration had its own environmental problems(high emissions), the public discussion focused now on waste incineration.Then the government reacted by significantly strengthening the emission regulationfor waste incineration (17. BImSchV).L'exigence de "5% de contenu organique résiduelle" ne peut être satisfaite par les déchets pré-traitement thermique (incinération desdéchets).Mais comme à ce moment-incinération des déchets (fin des années 1990) avait ses propres problèmes environnementaux (émissionsélevées), le débat public centré maintenant sur l'incinération des déchets.An important lesson from this phase is not to fall back behind the Europeanrequirements regarding waste incineration standards.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 58

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyEmissions from waste incineration in GermanyLes émissions provenant de l'incinération des déchets en Allemagne(per 100 000 t of MSW)210,000 t NO X410,000 t SO 2180 kg Cd130 kg Hg6 g Dioxin36,000 t NO X0.9 t SO 21.2 kg Cd1.2 kg Hg0.003 g Dioxinbefore 1990todayWeltzin; 201009/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 59

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyIn addition to incineration there arose other proposals designed to pre-treat wastein a way that it works as the required barrier. It also meets the requirements of theWaste Recycling and Management Law. The main proposal was the Mechanical-Biological Treatment (MBT). En plus de l'incinération il s'éleva autres propositions visant à pré-traiter les déchetsd'une manière qu'il fonctionne comme la barrière requises et satisfait également aux exigences de la loi recyclage des déchets et degestion. La proposition principale est le traitement mécano-biologique (TMB).The government initially did not respond on this. For years the view remained thatthe 5% ignition loss criterion is the only one for proving the suitability of pre-treatedwaste for landfilling. This led to a polarization of positions and to a decision jam inmany local governments. Since the combustion in spite of the stringentenvironmental protection requirements remained to be controversial among thepublic. This decision jam can be explained by the fact that local politicians had theimpression that they would be forced from the central government into theincineration path way. Although there exist better alternatives.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 60

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyAt the beginning of this millennium, the government made a new attempt to breakthis deadlock. A set of rules was created which made also MBT acceptable as apre-treatment technique before disposal. However, the requirements for MBT wereset in a way that it is „equivalent“ for the barrier function and also for the emissionsto waste incineration. As a result, since then more than 40 MBT plants were built inGermany. The aim was to keep the standards not only for the treated waste, alsofor airborn and water emissions. But today waste is mainly treated in wasteincineration plants (about 70 plants). Waste treatment now is fully implemented(2011). An important result is that the demand for landfill space could besignificantly reduced thereby.It is recommended that in an emerging country for the implementation of wastetreatment, MBT should be permitted as an alternative to waste incineration, but atan emission level equivalent to that of incineration.Il est recommandé que dans un pays émergent pour la mise en œuvre du traitement des déchets, MBT devraient être autorisées en tantqu'alternative à l'incinération des déchets, mais à un niveau équivalent à celui des émissions de l'incinération.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 61

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyRecycling (Incl. Composting) Waste-to-Energy LandfillingSource: EUROSTAT09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 62

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyHave Germany ever encountered publicresistance during the construction of wastedisposal/treatment facilities (especiallyincineration facilities)?http://bilder.nw-news.deThrough what ways to gain public trust and toget the project done smoothly.http://www.kirchenkreis-paderborn.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahlhttp://www.grosshansdorf.de/images/a_bau_mva_demo3.jpg63

The Circle of ProtestsUnit 1: Introduction4. Germany, history09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 64© Fußer 2010

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyThere has been considerable resistance in the population against theexpansion of facilities for waste management.Il a été une résistance considérable de la population contre l'expansion des installations de gestion des déchets.There were protests against all the major waste facilities. Protests werelargest when against waste incineration and landfill sites.Il ya eu des protestations contre toutes les installations de déchets importants. Les protestations ont été le plus importantcontre l'incinération des déchets et des décharges.Government has reacted to important objections with legal improvements.On site, an open policy of information has led to the best results.Le gouvernement a réagi à des objections importantes avec des améliorations juridiques. Sur place, une politique ouverte del'information a eu les meilleurs résultats.But there is no guarantee for the success of a project.Mais il n'ya aucune garantie pour la réussite d'un projet09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 65

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyDynamics of Protests09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl66© Fußer 2010

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyBefore studying the potential or actual social conflict levels and the relevantactors, a critical analysis of site selection is meaningful.Avant d'étudier les niveaux potentiels ou réels conflits sociaux et les acteurs concernés, une analyse critique du choix du site estsignificatif.You are in a comfortable position, if there has been a transparent selection of themost appropriate location predetermined by objective criteria.On est dans une position confortable, si il ya eu une sélection transparente de l'emplacement le plus approprié prédéterminés par descritères objectifs.If such a procedure has not taken place, the legitimacy of the location decision isweaker.Si une telle procédure n'a pas eu lieu, la légitimité de la décision d'implantation est plus faible.But in any case, it should be clear, given by all project participants also jointlysupported argument why the chosen location is suitable.Mais en tout cas, elle doit être claire, donnée par tous les participants au projet a également soutenu conjointement argumentexpliquant pourquoi l'emplacement choisi est approprié.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 67

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyThe clue of transparent public relations is to inform as early as possible,without providing the project itself is damaged.In fact, you cannot answer at the beginning of a project all the technical issuesand concerns that have come from the citizens, because the plans have notbeen completed, yet. But one can represent the situation as it is.L'indice d'une relation transparente publique est d'informer le plus tôt possible, sans fournir le projet lui-même est endommagé.En fait, vous ne pouvez pas répondre au début d'un projet de toutes les questions techniques et les préoccupations qui ont étédes citoyens, parce que les plans n'ont pas été achevées, et pourtant. Mais on peut se représenter la situation comme elle est.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 68

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyIn this early phase, the official representative or the promoters of a projectshould not hesitate to hold personal interviews with those affected.In an early phase, it is also possible to start thinking and planning on abalance of interests.Sometimes there are only small requests to the technical planning, apotential activists can be satisfied easily and the result will then beinterpreted as a fair compromise.Dans cette première phase, le représentant officiel ou les promoteurs d'un projet ne doit pas hésiter à mener des entretienspersonnels avec les personnes touchées.Dans une première phase, il est également possible de commencer à penser et à planifier sur un équilibre des intérêts.Parfois, il n'ya que de petites requêtes à la planification technique, un des militants potentiels peut être satisfait facilement et lerésultat sera alors interprété comme un compromis équitable.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 69

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyFrom a defined escalation stage of conflicted location, one has todecide whether or not to look for a professional support for processingsocial matters.Despite intensive efforts to transparent and honest information to thepublic frustrations are not uncommon, because - despite of informationand openness - interest conflicts cannot be overcome.D'une étape de l'escalade de l'emplacement défini en conflit, l'un de décider si oui ou non pour chercher un soutienprofessionnel pour le traitement des questions sociales.Malgré des efforts intensifs pour une information transparente et honnête à la frustration du public ne sont pas rares,parce que - en dépit de l'information et l'ouverture - les conflits d'intérêt ne peut être surmontée.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 70

Unit 1: Introduction4. Germany, historyThe motivation analysis, which should take place at the beginning of a social siteplan, shows to the promoter which interests are drivers of this conflict.But one should not expect too much from a policy for more acceptance. Anyoneexpecting an approval for e.g. the construction of a hazardous waste treatmentplant will always be disappointed.L'analyse de motivation, qui devrait avoir lieu au début d'un plan de site social, montre au promoteur dont les intérêts sont les pilotesde ce conflit.Mais il ne faut pas trop attendre d'une politique pour plus d'acceptation. N'importe qui attendent une approbation pour par exemple laconstruction d'une usine de traitement des déchets dangereux seront toujours déçus. .Whoever wants to convince the activists on the side of the project opponents willfail. Who wants - in the width of the society at the site - to achieve someunderstanding for the arguments of the promoter may succeed.This success is then usually rewarded with an official approval of the project.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl 71

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryImportant definitions for waste managementDifferent types of waste:Déchet – Waste:- also know as rubbish, trash, refuse, garbage, junk, and litter- materials are defined as waste, if they are useless or unwanted- the owner of the waste wants or have to throw it awayDéchet assimilé au déchet ménager – household like wasteswaste of industrial enterprises, communes, hospitals, public institutions etc. withqualities similar to garbage from households09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl72

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryDéchet biodégradable – biologically degradable waste- Waste which can be treated by aerobic or anaerobic techniques- By treating the waste the organic matter of the waste is degraded- Products of the aerobic treatment is compost and of the anaerobic treatment is biogasDéchets municipaux – municipal waste- Urban waste from the communes (households)- Consists of different types of municipal waste, e.g. biowaste and green household waste,residual waste, paper, glass, toxic household waste- Different collection systems are used for source separated collection, followed by differenttreatment techniques, tooBiodéchet - Biowaste- Waste with a high share of organic constituents- Biowaste has its origin in vegetable and animal products, e.g. in food waste- Biowaste can be treated aerobically (composting) or anaerobically (anaerobic digestion) toproduce compost or biogas09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl73

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryDifferent kinds of biowastehttp://www.no-burn.org09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl74http://images.zeit.de

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryDéchet dangereux – hazardous waste- Waste with a hazardous, toxic or environmentally harmful effects- This waste has to be collected separately from non-hazardous wastes and has to betreated in an appropriate way in specialized treatment plantsDéchet dangereux des ménages – hazardous household waste- Waste with a hazardous, toxic or environmentally harmful effects from households- This waste has to be collected separately from non-hazardous wastes and has to be treatedin an appropriate way in specialized treatment plants- Included packaging of gas, solvents and waste of medical careDéchet encombrant des ménages – bulky household waste- Bulky waste which cannot be collected by the vehicles collecting household waste- The mass and/or the volume of these wastes is too large for a collection in the regularcollection containers for waste from households- Therefore special transport containers and transport/collecting vehicles are needed09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl75

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryBulky wastehttp://www.muswellbrook.nsw.gov.au09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl76http://img.dailymail.co.uk

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryHazardous wastehttp://www.rams.org.uk09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl77http://cityofdavis.org

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryDéchets d'Equipements Electriques et Electroniques (DEEE) – waste electrical andelectronic equipment (WEEE)- Waste with a special composition of plastic, cables, glass and compounds like circuit boards,etc., containing metals like copper, silver and gold, but even high amounts of hazardoussubstances like cadmium or halogenated flame retardants- The recycling potential of these kind of waste is very high- Because of the high recycling potential and the high ecological impact of improper handling, aspecial collection and logistic concept have to be usedDéchets Industriels Banals (DIB) – simple non-hazardous industrial waste- This waste is produced during production or manufacturing processes- The process steps in the manufacture are separated from each other. Because of thisseparation the purity of the collected wastes is very high- This waste reaches a high recycling rate, because of the structure of the production process09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl78

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE)http://www.createandshare.es09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl79http://www.neuwaste.com

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryDéchet d'emballage – packaging waste- Includes the packaging of products for transport and selling- excepting fabrication materialsDéchet stabilisé – stabilized waste- Waste which was treated in a special kind of treatment plant (composting plant,digestion plant, incineration and so on)- The treated waste is stabilized to minimize its influence to nature- Still occurring reactions of the treated waste are minimal and controllable.- Emissions to the environment – if any – are small and can be neglected.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl80

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryPackaging wastehttp://aconcordcarpenter.com09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl81http://www.u4energy.eu

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryWaste treatmentMechanical waste treatment- Waste is treated with different mechanical aggregates to recover the maximum quantity ofrecyclable material from the waste- The waste is separated into recyclable materials and useless, unwanted materials- The amount of waste for disposal can be reduced by these processes- For recovering of the recyclable material the waste has to pass different processes like- crushing- screening- density separationManual sorting- The delivered waste is separated in different fraction by hand- The amount of waste for disposal can be minimized and it is possible to recover more recyclablematerial- Occupational protection is obligatory.09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl82

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryMechanical treatmentDrum sieveManual sortinghttp://www.bau-truck.dehttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/67/Bundesarchiv09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl83

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryCompostage – composting- Biowaste or appropriate residual waste is treated under aerobic conditions to reduce thewaste amount and to stabilize the waste-The treated waste is non dangerous for humans and environment-The Product of this process compost, which is a valuable organic fertiliser and soil improver; itcan be sold under special conditionsFermentation – digestion- Fermentation is a biological reaction under anaerobic conditions- The organic matter of the waste is degraded by different kinds of microorganism, producingso-called biogas, which mainly consists of methaneBiogaz - Biogas- Biogas is the product of the anaerobic treatment of biodegradable waste and consists mainlyof methane (CH4); other constituents are carbon dioxide (CO2) and other gases in lowconcentrations (water vapor, nitrogen, oxygen, ammonia, hydrogen sulfide (H2S)- The methane of the biogas can be energetically used09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl84

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryGarden compostingProfessional compostinghttp://idreamofeden.files.wordpress.com09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl85http://www.lanuv.nrw.de

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryBiogas plants (planning process and real)http://www.zawiw-html-kurse.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl86http://www.bollmer.de

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryIncinération – incineration- Thermal treatment of different kinds of wastes to produce energy and to reduce the amountof waste- The main output of the incineration process is energy, solid residues and flue gas09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl87

Unit 1: Introduction5. GlossaryIncineration process and planthttp://www.dubai-report.de09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl88http://kein-gift-aus-muell.de

Unit 1: Introduction6. Glossary, useStudents should work with the glossary09/01/2012 | Group of waste management and waste technology | Institute IWAR | Prof. Dr. Uwe Lahl89