Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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"fight or flight"those responses thatstressed or frightened ready to fightHR inc, blood to muscles, pupil enlargessalivary glands- stop secreting --dry mouth of speech2. parasympathetic divisionrest + digestsalivatingpupils constrictantagonist <strong>system</strong>s in generalsomatic - neurons directly to musclesautonomic - cardiac, smooth, glands, adipocytescardiac + smooth--visceral muscleeffectorsend organ- end destination of neuronneurons1. impulse transmitting cells2. high metabolic rate (great need for O2 and glucose)3. cells cannot divide (stem cells until age 4)4. transmitting "axons" found in bundles (nerves)5. extreme longevity (100 + years)6. structurea) dendrite (receptive portion of neuron)sends signal towards cell bodyb) cell body (soma)c) axons/nerve fibers (conductive process)sends signal away from bodyd) synaptic knobs (release neurotransmitterPICTUREdendritesomaaxonsynaptic knobsoutneuron neuronneuroneffectorsgrey in colorTypes of neuronsstructural difference in neurons : look differenta) multipolar neuronsmost common 99%most carry motor impulses/interneuronsb) unipolarcell body sits off to sidemost carry sensory impulses
dendrites and axon act as one "pole"c) bipolar neuronsfound in special sense organs -eyesd) anaxonic neuronsstar like (no obvious anatomical axon)located in central nervous tissue and in special sense organsNeuroglia "nerve glue" glial cells1. cannot generate impulse - but neuron can not send impulse w/out2. can divide - 75% of tumors formed by neuroglia3. supportive cells4. neuroglia of the CNSa) oligodendrocytes (CNS) - mylenating the axon- wrap aroundb) astrocytes "star like" - blood, brain barrier - make sure crosses over is safec) microglia "little eaters" - destroy debris, pathogensd) ependymal cells - line central canal of spinal cord and ventriclescerebral spinal fluid and maintain it, synthesize it, and circulate it5. neuroglia of PNSa) satellite cells - located in gangliab) schwann cell - myelinate axons - white matter(grey matter unmyelinated axons)4/7Dura Mater- most superficial - endosteum of cranium attached to bone - in certain spots splits and forms asinus--venous blood flowsArachnoid- wet saran wrap layer--spider web appearancePia Mater- outermost layer of brain in vagination - deepest layerDura Mater- attached tightly to crista galli of ethmoid bonealso divides 2 hemispheresleft + right falx cerebri **transverse fissure- tentorium cerebelli***- has a sinuscerebellum and occipital lobespinal cord- has same 3 layerspia mater towards spinal corddura mater not attached to vertebraepidural space- fat padcerebral spinal fluid - CSFproduced by capillaries + ependymal cells ---choroid plexusbring fluid in from bloodventricles- fluid w/inchoroid plexus floor of lateral ventricle, roof of 3rd, back of 4thfluid baths brain and spinal cordarachnoid granulations reabsorb the fluid - arachnoid villi absorbevery 8 hours recirculatedgranulations formed 3-4 years oldbefore that done by capillariesif not work well - **hydrocephalus- fluid not drawn backknow basic description and flow of cerebral spinal fluidcerebral aqueduct - goes to 4th ventricle
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Anatomy Test 4 - Nervous system

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