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E-governance and Citizen Information 22 Theoretical Framework. The Network Administration2.1.1. Our Conceptual PerspectiveDespite the wide diffusion of the concept of e-government, a look at the existing bibliographyreveals the problems of trying to pin it down precisely. This problem is explained by both theproliferation of definitions and practices included within the concept. e-Government has avariety of different definitions, including the following:• The uses of ICTs by public administrations.• The use of ICTs to provide public services to citizens and companies.• The optimisation of public services and access to public information by means of ICTs• A new form of government focused on citizens and orientated towards results• The distribution of online public services• The reduction of bureaucracy with the use of technology to improve citizens' access tothe Administration• e-Business within government• The use of ICTs to increase Public Administrations' efficiency and efficacy• The use of ICTs in all functions of governmentIn addition, we often find use of all the following terms: e-government, e-governance,e-administration and e-democracy. We will start by defining the last two. The concept ofthe e-administration emphasises the new way in which Public Administration is organised– not only in the delivery of external services and external government relationships – andhow it redesigns internal processes In this sense, some of the organisational changes thataffect internal information flows, the mechanisms for the coordination of different units orhierarchical relations are highlighted (Prins, 2001). Similarly, e-democracy focuses on theuse of electronic communication means that hand over part of the power to citizens to controlthe responsibility of the actions of legislators and politicians in the public sphere. Thisis achieved by strengthening of the transparency of the political process. In addition, byimproving the quality of information offered to citizens, another aim is to facilitate the creationof opinion and encourage citizen participation decision-making processes (Trechselet al., 2003)As regards e-government, we should make clear that there are many definitions, and thatthey usually come from the private sector and international institutions. A common point isthe determining weight of technology (OCDE, 2001; UN, 2001) and, in particular, the digitisationof public services and their delivery on government websites (Gartner Group, 2000;SIBIS, 2003). In parallel, many authors and companies have started to criticise the restrictedhttp://www.uoc.edu/in3/pic
E-governance and Citizen Information 23 Theoretical Framework. The Network Administrationmeaning of e-government, which basically refers to the digitisation of public services to analysetheir evolution and growth in the uses and methods of work originating from technologicalevolution (Mahler and Reagan, 2002; Layne and Lee, 2001; Finger and Pecoud,2003; Accenture, 2004; Gartner Group, 2000).In this sense, Finger and Pecoud (2003), for example, states that three moments can beidentified in the development of electronic government. One of the first moments is the replacementof traditional management tasks with digital tasks, a second is during the transformationof the way in which governments produce services and a third is seen as the timewhen new services are created, whereby the private sector will probably participate, incorporatingits greater capacity for innovation. During this process, the Administration changesits role, from a predominant role as a service provider to an entity that transforms and managesthe resources generated, thus obtaining the definition of “information manager”. Finally,the conception of the policy making process is changed, incorporating new actors.This incorporation of actors is vital in the transition from e-government to e-governance , thelast and final concept considered.The term “government” includes the different aspects of political organisation and administrationwithin a country. In turn, the concept of governance has a wider scope than government,and includes other organisations that also participate in the management of the publicspace (Peters and Pierre, 2001; Mayntz, 2001; Prats i Català, 2005). Finally, under this concept,we can consider a series of norms, principles and values that establish the interactionof actors that participate in the development of specific public policies (Cerrillo, 2005).We talk about governance when considering the situation in which state and non-state institutions,public and private actors, participate and often cooperate or interact in the formulationand application of public policies (Rhodes, 1997; Mayntz, 1998). Clearly, this form ofmanagement could be seen in many cases before the recent technological transformation.However, ICTs have become an element that has facilitated the implementation of thistrend. The term e-governance introduces a new approach that allows us to observe thechanges in the articulation of power, incorporating different government levels (supra-state,state, regional and local) as well as the private sector and civil society, in a scenario of actionand exchange operating under an organisation supported by the use of ICTs.During this research project, we aim to explore technological innovation in the Public Administration,not only the internal aspect covered by e-administration or by focusing exclusively ontechnological innovation, as in the case of electronic government, but rather by consideringorganisational change, the participation of new actors and the reconfiguration of relationshipshttp://www.uoc.edu/in3/pic
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